江苏省土壤污染重点监管单位管理现状与对策建议

与水、大气污染相比，土壤污染具有隐蔽性、滞后性、累积性等特点，污染土壤治理恢复成本高、周期长、难度大，需要强化源头防控，防患于未然。简述了我国土壤污染重点监管单位的管理要求，从环境准入期、施工期、运营期和退役期4个环节梳理了重点监管单位的管理要点，分析了江苏省土壤污染重点监管单位的管理现状和存在问题，并从强化宣传培训，实施分类分级管理，探索开展边生产边管控技术模式，提升基层监管能力等方面提出了对策建议，以期为江苏省土壤环境管理工作提供决策参考。     

新疆环境监测总站顺利通过国家上岗证考核

2014年7月6～8日，受中国环境监测总站委派，由上海市环境监测中心、安徽省环境监测中心站、湖南省环境监测中心站一行4人组成的国家上岗证考核专家组，对新疆环境监测总站进行了上岗证考核。新疆环境监测总站高度重视上岗证考核工作，全站上下全力以赴，科学安排，认真准备，多次召开内审会议，查摆问题，督促相关科室和人员进行整改，开展了多个专项技术培训，并进行了摸底考试。另所有参考人员开展了百分之百的自认定考核，为全面迎接上岗证考核做好了充分的准备。经过3天紧张忙碌的考核，新疆环境监测总站31名持证上岗人员、10大类，531项次顺利通过了考核，考核成绩得到了专家组的充分肯定。通过此次上岗证考核进一步提升了本站的队伍素质和人员能力，单位质量管理体系得到更进一步完善，为今后的转型发展奠定了坚实的基础。     

遥感监测土壤湿度综述

遥感技术具有大面积同步观测，时效性、经济性强等特点，为大面积动态监测土壤湿度提供了可能。本文对近年来国内外遥感监测土壤湿度的理论、方法的发展和应用进行了回顾，重点介绍了目前已经比较成熟和广泛应用的基于可见光与热红外波段的植被指数方法以及在干旱、半干旱地区的应用，通过对比分析了各种遥感监测方法的优缺点，指出了土壤湿度遥感监测方法存在的不足，展望了土壤湿度遥感监测方法的发展趋势。     

自然降尘与常规气象因子的相关分析

笔者整理统计了１９９２年至１９９４年逐月自然降水和与之相应的常规气象因子监测数据，找到了自然降尘的季节性分布规律。在此基础上，求得了自然降尘分别与月平均气温、月平均气压、月平均风速、月平均温度、月降水量、月蒸发量的相关系数，并进行了检验，为污染预报工作提供了科学依据。     

水质生物毒性在线监测技术研究进展

从生物分子、细胞、个体、种群和群落水平，系统介绍了国内外研发的水质毒性在线监测技术，归纳分析了各种技术的特点及应用，并提出了其发展前景与趋势。     

国家污染源监测数据管理系统构建

针对全国污染源监测数据管理和应用需求，设计了一套污染源监测数据指标集，分析了污染源排放达标评价对象及评价结果表征方法，突破了建立电子化排放标准库、数据录入全过程多层次质量控制等关键技术，并在需求分析、功能设计和技术方案选择的基础上，开发了覆盖国家、省、市3级应用的污染源监测数据管理信息软件平台，取得了很好的应用效果。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水中微量钡

通过一系列条件试验，研究了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水中微量钡的石墨管类型、最佳加热程序和最佳基体改进剂等。本方法降低了背景吸收干扰，提高了灵敏度，改善了精密度，与其他方法比较，具有操作简便、快速、自动化程度高的特点，可用于水中微量钡的检测。     

审时度势 创新发展 全方位推进环境监测现代化建设

回顾了环境监测的发展历程，指出环境监测还面临着定位不明、服务单一、投入不足、监测能力建设滞后的问题。阐述了环境监测现代化建设的总体目标和要求，提出面向“十一五”，围绕建设环境友好型社会、构建和谐社会的时代要求，环境监测必须抓住战略发展机遇，努力开拓创新，健全法制，理顺体制，多元投入。激活机制。强化科研。拓展领域，增强能力。发展事业。全方位推进现代化建设。     

《2010年度江苏省环境监测工作实施方案》正式发布

为组织做好江苏省环境质量监测工作，确保为环境管理提供及时有效的环境质量监测数据，近日，省环保厅正式印发了《2010年度江苏省环境监测工作实施方案》（简称《方案》）。《方案》详细规定了全省各环境要素例行监测点位、监测项目、监测频次和上报要求，《方案》内容全面覆盖了空气质量、水环境质量、生物和生态、海洋、噪声、污染源等环境领域，还新增了全省环境监测质量监督内容，进一步加强了全省监测工作的质控力度。     

认清形势 明确任务 推动环境科技监测工作再上新台阶——在全省环境科技监测工作会议上的工作报告

1.过去五年工作回顾 过去的五年，全省环境科技监测战线的广大干部职工，认真贯彻落实科学发展观，紧紧围绕污染减排、土壤污染调查、污染源普查等重点工作，积极推进环境科技监测能力创新，取得了很大成就，为推进环境保护实现三个转变，做出了积极的贡献。     

城市生活垃圾理化特性研究

本文对北京昌平冬季城市生活垃圾的理化特性进行了研究。测定了垃圾的物相组成，分析了垃圾中Ｃ、Ｈ、Ｏ、Ｎ、Ｓ的含量，进行了原生垃圾浸出毒性试验，测定了垃圾的发热量及其它化学性能，为探索城市垃圾的减量化、无害化、资源化的技术途径提供了技术支持。     

Monitoring quantity and characteristics of municipal solid waste in Dhaka City

A reliable estimate of the quantity of solid waste generation in the city is very important for proper solid waste planning and management. However, reported estimates of solid waste generation vary widely and lead to questionability. The reported values have been derived on the assumption of demography, standard rate of waste generation by households, density values, number of trucks engaged for waste transportation and monitoring of truck movement at dump sites, etc. This diverse nature of the available data and the question of accuracy necessitate a rigorous study that has tried to document the waste quantity in the recently formulated master plan of Dhaka City. The socio-economic parameters, behavioral characteristics, generation sources, seasonality, and per capita growth rate are considered in estimating the waste quantity along with its future projections. The findings from the estimation of waste quantities state that seasonal differences in the municipal solid waste stream are not substantial. The most seasonably variable material in the municipal solid waste stream is food waste. Residential waste is relatively homogeneous. Although there are some differences in waste generation depending on demographic and other local factors, most households dispose of essentially similar types of wastes. Variation occurs in waste composition dependent upon income levels and category of sources. Variation also occurs based upon the extent of source reduction and recycling opportunities. As opportunities exist to recycle wastes, the recycling facilities might have to grow at a similar pace to the generation of waste. Physical and chemical characteristics of solid waste are important to implement the waste disposal and management plan for the selection of resource and energy recovery potentials. A number of studies have been conducted to determine the composition of wastes including moisture content and calorific value. The data show that the moisture content in city waste is significantly higher and the calorific value is much lower, which determines the viability of composting or anaerobic digestions rather than waste combustion.     

Feature extraction using Hough transform for solid waste bin level detection and classification

This paper deals with the solid waste image detection and classification to detect and classify the solid waste bin level. To do so, Hough transform techniques is used for feature extraction to identify the line detection based on image’s gradient field. The feedforward neural network (FFNN) model is used to classify the level content of solid waste based on learning concept. Numbers of training have been performed using FFNN to learn and match the targets of the testing images to compute the sum squared error with the performance goal met. The images for each class are used as input samples for classification. Result from the neural network and the rules decision are used to build the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) graph. Decision graph shows the performance of the system waste system based on area under curve (AUC), WS-class reached 0.9875 for excellent result and WS-grade reached 0.8293 for good result. The system has been successfully designated with the motivation of solid waste bin monitoring system that can applied to a wide variety of local municipal authorities system.     

Accelerated fractionation of heavy metals in contaminated soils and sediments using rotating coiled columns

A new approach to performing an accelerated sequential extraction of trace elements from solid samples has been proposed. It has been shown that rotating coiled columns (RCC) earlier used in counter-current chromatography can be successfully applied to the dynamic leaching of heavy metals from soils and sediments. A solid sample was retained in the rotating column as the stationary phase under the action of centrifugal forces while different eluents (aqueous solutions of complexing reagents, mineral salts and acids) were continuously pumped through. The procedure developed is time saving and requires only 4-5 h instead of the several days needed for traditional sequential extraction (TSE), complete automation being possible. Losses of solid sample are minimal. In most cases the recoveries of readily bioavailable and leachable forms of Pb, Zn, and Cd are higher, if a dynamic extraction in RCC is used. Since naturally occurring processes are always dynamic, continuous extraction in RCC may help to estimate the contents of leachable forms and their potential risk for the environment more correctly than batch TSE. The Kersten-Foerstner and McLaren-Crawford leaching schemes have been compared, the former has been found to be preferable.     

Long-Term Planning of Waste Management System in the City of Regina – an Integrated Inexact Optimization Approach

In this study, an integrated solid waste management system based on inexact fuzzy-stochastic mixed integer linear programming (IFSMILP) has been applied to the long-term planning of waste management activities in the City of Regina. The model can effectively reflect dynamic, interactive, and uncertain characteristics of the solid waste management system in the city. The results have provided useful answers for the following questions: “What waste reduction goals are desired if the existing landfill's life is prolonged for 15 years?”, “What should be the waste flow allocation pattern in the city?”, “What should be done if the waste generation rate increases rapidly, while the relevant handling capacity is limited?”, and “What level of reliability will we have given the suggested waste management plan?”     

中国固体废物的环境管理与环境监测技术现状

为加强中国固体废物的环境管理和环境监测技术，回顾了中国自１９８５年以来制定的固体放心物环境管理法规制度以及１９８４年至１９９８年颁布的２０多年家或行业的固体废物处置标准体系等固体废物的环境管理状况，着重论述了中国固体废物环境监测技术的发展历史与现状。指出经过２０多年的努力，在固体废物环境监测技术与方法上初步形成了该领域框架体系，有固体废物的采样与制样技术；危险废物的有害特性试验鉴别方法，固体废物具     

Evaluating pollution potential of leachate from landfill site, from the Pune metropolitan city and its impact on shallow basaltic aquifers

Leachate produced by municipal solid waste dumping site near the metropolitan city of Pune, India was examined for its pollution potential and impact on surrounding shallow basaltic aquifers. Twenty-eight physico-chemical parameters during post- and pre-monsoon seasons (Nov 2006 and May 2007) were determined to assess the seasonal variation in the leachate pollution index (LPI) as well as in the groundwater quality. The leachate demonstrated higher LPI value during pre-monsoon, comparable to those at other metropolises outside India. Potentially toxic leachates derived from the dumping site have largely influenced the adjoining basaltic aquifers through two different modes of transport. Despite high contents of heavy metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the leachate, the aquifers in the close proximity of landfill site are least polluted by metallic contaminants possibly due to redox controls. Various geoenvironmental features governing the dispersal of leachate contaminants in the basaltic aquifers under semi-arid climatic regime have been identified and discussed. Although a few remedial measures have been suggested to mitigate the impact of leachate percolation and dispersion, the present study demands for a proper solid waste management in metropolitan cities.     

Design of a Leaching Test Framework for Coal Fly Ash Accounting for Environmental Conditions

Fly ash from coal combustion contains trace elements which, on disposal or utilisation, may leach out, and therefore be a potential environmental hazard. Environmental conditions have a great impact on the mobility of fly ash constituents as well as the physical and chemical properties of the fly ash. Existing standard leaching methods have been shown to be inadequate by not representing possible disposal or utilisation scenarios. These tests are often criticised on the grounds that the results estimated are not reliable as they are not able to be extrapolated to the application scenario. In order to simulate leaching behaviour of fly ash in different environmental conditions and to reduce deviation between measurements in the fields and the laboratories, it is vital to study sensitivity of the fly ash constituents of interest to major factors controlling leachability. pH, liquid-to-solid ratio, leaching time, leachant type and redox potential are parameters affecting stability of elements in the fly ash. Sensitivity of trace elements to pH and liquid to solid ratio (as two major overriding factors) has been examined. Elements have been classified on the basis of their leaching behaviour under different conditions. Results from this study have been used to identify leaching mechanisms. Also the fly ash has been examined under different standard batch leaching tests in order to evaluate and to compare these tests. A Leaching Test Framework has been devised for assessing the stability of trace elements from fly ashes in different environments. This Framework assists in designing more realistic batch leaching tests appropriate to field conditions and can support the development of regulations and protocols for the management and disposal of coal combustion by-products or other solid wastes of environmental concern.     

环境中多环芳烃前处理和分析方法

多环芳烃(PAHa)是一类广泛存在于大气、水体、土壤、沉积物中的持久性有机污染物,对环境和生物体存在较大危害.介绍了国内外部分水体中PAHs的污染状况,对液态和固体PAHs的主要前处理方法和分析方法进行了比较和归纳,展望了环境样品中PAHs的前处理和分析方法的发展方向.     

固相微萃取技术在环境监测分析中的应用进展

样品前处理是整个样品分析过程中的关键一环,其目的在于减少杂质对待测物的干扰及对目标物进行富集。固相微萃取技术是集采样、萃取、富集、进样于一体的样品前处理新技术。近年来,固相微萃取技术在环境污染物监测分析领域得到了广泛应用,该文章系统地综述了固相微萃取技术在不同环境基质(水体、大气、土壤及沉积物)预处理的方法,比较了不同类型涂层材料(如纳米材料、离子液体等)与装置形式(如内部冷却固相微萃取、箭形固相微萃取等)的优缺点及应用范围。针对现阶段固相微萃取技术应用于不同环境基质中存在的问题和不足,提出进一步研究的方向。