环境监测工作定量化管理

随着可持续发展理念逐渐深入人心,人们对环境保护工作越来越重视,环境监测任务也不断增加。为了提高工作水平、工作效率与员工工作积极性,深圳市环境保护监测站自2002年7月开始实行工作定量化考核管理制度,对环境监测工作进行量化处理,将工作效率、工作质量与岗位津贴挂钩,探索环境监测管理的新模式。     

第二次全国污染源普查基层工作方式的思考与建议

按照甘肃省生态环境厅的工作安排,即将开展第二次全国污染源普查数据动态调查更新工作。文章从一线工作人员的视角出发,对污染源普查的工作流程、工作方法等进行了探索性研究,归纳总结了污染源普查工作中易出现的问题,并分析了如何进一步完善普查方式,以期通过改进污染普查形式,为接下来的污染源动态更新调查工作提供参考。     

国家环境保护局文件

国家环境保护局文件环监［１９９４］１４２号国家环境保护局关于进一步加强环境测监工作的决定各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市环境保护局：进一步加强环境监测工作，是贯彻本届政府全国环境保护工作纲要，完成各项工作目标，加强队伍建设，抓好基础工作的重要举措。为...     

福建省各级环境监测站职工思想状况分析

搞好环境监测工作,既要依靠仪器设备、人员素质、监测管理,还要了解职工思想状况,从而有的放矢地做好思想政治工作.近年来的工作和实践,尤其是经过"三讲"教育之后,我们充分认识到思想政治工作虽不是万能的,但是不做思想政治工作却是万万不能的.     

充分认识环境监测工作的战略地位 全面推动我省先进环境监测预警体系建设——甘肃省环境保护局党组书记、局长 冯杰

同志们：刚刚结束的2009年全国环境监测工作会议，是一次十分重要的会议。会上，周生贤部长、吴晓青副部长作了重要讲话，深刻分析了环境监测工作面临的形势和存在的突出问题，对当前和今后的环境监测工作提出了新的更高的要求，大家一定要认真学习领会。今天，召开全省土壤污染状况调查工作会议，主要是研究安排土壤样品分析测试工作，希望大家按照会议安排和要求抓好落实。借此机会，我主要就贯彻落实全国环境监测工作会议精神，加强全省环境监测工作讲几点意见：     

要想有地位 就得有作为

要想有地位就得有作为＊解振华（国家环境保护局，北京１０００３５）总站的领导班子调整之后，新的领导班子工作很努力，很想把全国的环境监测工作，包括总站自身的工作，推上一个新台阶。过去总站的工作，在局里的直接领导之下，在柴站长的带领下，做了很多工作。各省、...     

“十三五”新疆总量控制工作的几点建议

回顾新疆总量减排工作历程,总结以往总量控制工作存在的问题和不足,提出今后"十三五"总量控制工作的几点建议。     

论地级市环境监测站的科学管理——以淮安市环境监测中心站为例

结合淮安市环境监测中心站的管理实践,简述了地级市环境监测站的工作目标定位和实现目标的支撑条件、工作质量要求,提出,地级市环境监测站实现环境监测目标的工作路径为管理体制一体化,信息公开共享化,技术手段现代化,日常工作制度化和职能扁平化。     

论地级市环境监测站的科学管理

结合淮安市环境监测中心站的管理实践，简述了地级市环境监测站的工作目标定位和实现目标的支撑条件、工作质量要求，提出，地级市环境监测站实现环境监测目标的工作路径为管理体制一体化，信息公开共享化，技术手段现代化，日常工作制度化和职能扁平化。     

江苏召开省监测工作会议——省暨13城市的局、站长共商“八五”大计

于5月20～22日在镇江举行的江苏省环境监测工作会议,回顾总结了江苏“七五”监测工作,讨论研究了“八五”监测工作计划及1991年工作要点.省环保局局长袁克昌同志到会并讲了话.他要求争取江苏环境监测工作上新台阶要从四方面做起:①从管理角度重视和发挥监测工     

An inquiry into the concept of SEA effectiveness: Towards criteria for Chinese practice

The importance of improving the effectiveness of Plan EIA and SEA-type evaluations in China cannot be overstated: at a time when the country's economy is being boosted by a stimulus package worth over RMB 400 trillion – largely for infrastructure – the pressure on China's already strained environment and resource base is bound to increase. The aim is to propose the criteria for plan EIA's effectiveness to raise the awareness of the need to strengthen the performance of the assessment and maximize its potential benefits. The authors first review critically the discourse on the effectiveness of the impact assessment, identifying three dimensions: substantive, procedural and incremental. The resulting conceptual framework allows them to interpret the weaknesses of the Chinese discourse on the effectiveness and of the practice of the Plan EIA to date. The result is the identification of a clear gap, both in terms of the breadth of the concept, and in terms of the quality of the existing criteria, which tend to be very generic to the point of inapplicability. The analysis also reveals a need for transitioning from formal models of the Plan EIA to more strategic approaches, in a gradual manner that is consistent with context-specificities. The proposal of a set of preliminary criteria for effectiveness is therefore structured on three levels. This framework is meant to input into the ongoing debate on how to improve the practice of PEIA and the SEA-type evaluations in China, and provide ideas for a government strategy aimed at maximizing the positive impact of PEIAs on planning, as well as on the context of application.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

马鞍山市酸雨污染分析及控制对策研究

从马鞍山市降水常规监测数据资料入手 ,比较详细地分析了该市酸雨时空分布特征、原因以及降水酸度和酸雨频率年度变化情况 ,并结合马鞍山市有关环境资料对该市酸雨发展趋势作了较深的分析 ,也对酸雨污染控制对策作了一定的研究探讨。研究结果表明 ,该市存在酸雨污染问题 ,上半年比下半年污染重 ,主要集中在一中点 ,二氧化硫是影响降水酸度的主要因素 ,酸雨类型以硫酸型为主。随着经济发展 ,酸雨污染有扩大趋势 ,必须采取果断措施进行治理。     

Assessment of Air Quality After the Implementation of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as Fuel in Public Transport in Delhi, India

Public transport in Delhi was amended by the Supreme Court of India to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) instead of diesel or petrol. After the implementation of CNG since April 2001, Delhi has the highest fraction of CNG-run public vehicles in the world and most of them were introduced within 20 months. In the present study, the concentrations of various criteria air pollutants (SPM, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂ and NO_x) and organic pollutants such as benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed before and after the implementation of CNG. A decreasing trend was found for PAHs, SO₂ and CO concentrations, while the NO_x level was increased in comparison to those before the implementation of CNG. Further, SPM, PM₁₀, and BTX concentrations showed no significant change after the implementation of CNG. However, the BTX concentration demonstrated a clear relation with the benzene content of gasoline. In addition to the impact of the introduction of CNG the daily variation in PAHs levels was also studied and the PAHs concentrations were observed to be relatively high between 10 pm to 6 am, which gives a proof of a relation with the limited day entry and movement of heavy vehicles in Delhi.     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Comparison of Numerical and Experimental Results for the Evaluation of the Depollution Effectiveness of Photocatalytic Coverings in Street Canyons

Towards the aim of improving the air quality in the urban environment via the application of innovative TiO₂ based photocatalytic coverings, a field campaign took place within the frame of the EU PICADA project () to asses the expected depollution efficiency of such materials under realistic conditions. Furthermore, extensive numerical modeling was performed via the application of the RANS CFD code for microscale applications MIMO, in an effort to asses the sensitivity of the developing flow field and the corresponding dispersion mechanism and hence of the depollution efficiency of the PICADA products on a wide range of factors, with most notably the length of the street canyon, the thermal exchange between the heated street canyon walls and the air and the approaching wind direction. For the needs of the PICADA project a new, simple module had to be implemented into MIMO to be able to model the removal of NO_x from a street canyon whose walls have been treated with a photocatalytic product. The model simulations results presented in this paper, show that MIMO is indeed capable of predicting the effectiveness of the photocatalytic products in question. At the same time, they reveal a strong dependence of the developing flow and concentration fields inside the field site street canyon configuration on most of the aforementioned factors with most notably the direction of the approaching wind.

河北省近岸海域氮磷变化及其影响因素分析

根据2011—2018年河北省近岸海域海水、入海河流、降水中氮和磷的监测数据,分析了海水中氮和磷的变化趋势及其影响因素。结果表明：2011—2018年,河北省近岸海域海水中无机氮（DIN）和无机磷（DIP）的平均浓度均低于第二类海水水质标准,海域富营养化状况以贫营养和轻度富营养为主,超标（第二类海水水质标准限值）点位和中度、重富营养区域主要集中在沧州市近岸海域。河北省近岸海域海水中DIN的平均浓度在2011—2014年、2015—2017年呈现阶段性上升趋势,2018年大幅下降;DIP的平均浓度在2011—2013年无明显波动,2014年陡增后开始逐年下降;N/P在2011—2014年无明显变化,2015—2018年呈逐年上升趋势。自2016年起,入海河流中氨氮和总磷的平均浓度、降水中氨氮的平均浓度均呈逐年下降趋势。近岸海域海水、入海河流、降水中的氮和磷表现出一定的相关性和协同性,陆源污染输入总量降低是海水中氮磷浓度降低的主要原因。应警惕污染物控制力度的不同所导致的海水中生源要素结构的改变,及其引发的潜在海洋生态风险。     

德阳市农用地土壤中镉的分布特征及异常来源分析

通过龙门山区域的德阳市6个县市农用地土壤中镉的采样监测,分析了该区域镉的分布特征及区域分异原因,并对其环境生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,德阳市农用地土壤中镉含量总体水平为0.11~4.68 mg/kg,呈现西北到东南逐渐降低的分布特征;西北部绵竹和什邡市农用地土壤中镉出现超标的范围较广,2个城市约62.5%的监测点土壤中镉出现超标,且绵竹市农用地土壤中镉超标程度和生态风险程度最重,绵竹地区约25%的监测点土壤中镉出现了轻中度超标;监测区域土壤中镉出现较重生态风险点共有4个,均出现在绵竹;但较高含量的镉在该区域并非大范围连片存在;区域农用地土壤中镉异常的来源主要为龙门山中段的地质背景和部分以矿石为原料企业的综合影响。     

A quantitative methodology for indexing environmental sensitivity and pollution potential

A methodology for rating the suitability of sites forthe location of industrial facilities is formulated and appliedto the case of a coal-fired power plant location. The methodologycomprises two major interlinked components: the environmentalplant location indexing component, which involves theidentification, scaling and weighting of environmentalsensitivity factors; and the impact analysis component, whichinvolves the superimposition of the pollution generation impactsof an industrial facility on spatially gridded zones of variousenvironmental sensitivities. For each rectangular areal unitdefined by a square grid, the Unit Pollution Potential Index isdetermined by the severity and distribution of key environmentalsensitivity factors and the coverage of superimposed pollutanteffects as determined by contaminant fate and transport models.For any alternative site of a planned facility, the summation ofthe unit indices over the area of influence of the facilityprovides the quantitative Pollution Index, which can be used as abasis for comparison of alternative sites for planned facilities.For this paper, this methodology is applied to the hypotheticalcase of the siting of a coal-fired power plant in thenortheastern region of the United States, in which threealternative sites are considered. The three sites: A, B and Cyielded indices of 47.83, 47.91 and 47.6, respectively, indicatingthat site C is the most suitable for siting the power plant.     

Modeling the Hydroclimatic Disturbance of Soil Landscapes in the Southern Canadian Plains: The Problems of Scale and Place

The sensitivity of soil landscapes to climatic variability andhydroclimatic events can be expressed as a landscape change safety factor, the ratio of potential disturbance to resistance to change. The use of a geographic information system (GIS) enables the spatially-explicit modeling of landscape sensitivity, but also raises the risk of violating the characteristic scales of disturbance and resistance, because the GIS technically simplifies the extrapolation of models, and associated concepts, to landscapes and scales notrepresented by the digital data base. Embedding landscape sensitivity into hierarchy theory, the formal analysis of the hierarchical structure of complex systems, provides a conceptual framework for the transfer of models and variablesamong landscape scales. In the subhumid southern Canadian plains, major hydroclimatic events (strong winds, intense rain,rapid snow melt) cause much of the physical disturbance of soillandscapes and terrestrial ecosystems. Prolonged dry or wet weather influences the resistance of soil and vegetation to these events. The potential disturbance of soil landscapes therefore can be derived from the probabilities of extreme events and seasonal conditions, as recorded in instrumental and proxy climate records. This time series analysis can belinked to the modeling of landscape sensitivity by establishingthe probabilities of hydroclimatic events and climatic conditions which may exceed or lower the resistance of individual soil landscapes.