北京工业废水和城市污水中有机氯农药残留分析

建立了基于HLB固相萃取柱和气相色谱-电子捕获(GC-ECD)测定水体中有机氯农药的方法,并对方法的回收率、灵敏度进行了评价,同时分析了北京市七类典型污染点源50个采样点位有机氯农药的浓度,检测到的有机氯农药包括γ-六六六、β-六六六、4,4’-滴滴涕、α-六六六、δ-六六六、硫丹Ⅰ、4,4’-滴滴伊、艾氏剂和异狄氏剂,它们的检出率分别为90%、60%、50%、46%、26%、8%、6%、2%和2%。主要有机氯农药污染残留为γ-六六六、β-六六六和4,4’-滴滴涕。检出有机氯农药浓度范围是0.20~76.40ng/L。方法对有机氯农药的回收率达到60.93%~141.50%,方法检测限为0.27~2.90ng/L。     

毛细管色谱定量分析底泥中有机氯化合物

本工作建立了底泥中六六六、DDT、氯笨、多氯联苯毛细管气相色谱分析方法。以石油醚-丙酮为提取剂,采用索氏提取器对底泥进行提取,硅胶层析柱净化提取液,不分流进样方式进样及电子捕获检测器对底泥中六六六、DDT、氯笨、多氯联苯进行定量分析。分析方法的回收率大于70％,变异系数小于12％,最低检测限为0.9～0.09ng/g。     

ASE萃取-SPE净化-气相色谱法测定土壤中有机氯农药

建立了加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-气相色谱测定土壤中α-六六六、β-六六六、γ-六六六、δ-六六六、P，P′-DDE、P，P′-DDD、O，P′-DDT、P，P′-DDT等8种有机氯农药的方法。在0μg／L～500μg／L范围内方法线性良好，8种有机氯农药的检出限在0．06μg／kg～0．21μg／kg之间，基质加标试验的相对标准偏差为2．2％～5．8％，回收率为81．5％～113％。     

固相萃取-GC/MS法测定水中持久性有机污染物

采用Envi-18固相萃取小柱富集水样,用正己烷/丙酮混合溶剂洗脱水样中42种POPs化合物,再用气质联用法测定。通过优化仪器监测条件,使目标物在0.250 mg/L~5.00 mg/L范围内线性良好。方法检出限为50.9 ng/L~11 640 ng/L,实际水样加标回收率为57.1%~129%,测定结果的RSD为0.1%~13.8%。将该方法用于测定浙江省东苕溪流域的45份水样,结果滴滴涕、六六六等有机氯农药的检出率较高,其他POPs的检出率较低。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中痕量有机氯农药

建立了固相微萃取-气相色谱联用快速测定水中14种痕量有机氯农药的方法,对比研究了浸入式直接固相微萃取与顶空固相微萃取两种方式对不同有机氯农药的富集效率,优化了试验条件.方法线性关系良好,检出限为0.1 ng/L～10 ng/L,定量下限为0.2 ng/L～40 ng/L,RSD＜8%,实际水样的加标回收率为67.0%～133%.     

湖南省农田土壤中HCH和DDT残留状况研究

2009年6月采集了湖南省农田土壤中的160个样品,采用ASE萃取技术,用GC-MS方法测定了样品中的六六六(HCH)、滴滴涕(DDT)。结果表明:HCH和DDT的检出率为100%,说明湖南省农田土壤中有机氯农药残留现象普遍存在。HCH和DDT的平均含量分别为8.03和36.26μg/kg,范围分别在0.20～17.89μg/kg和5.05～45.96μg/kg。与国内不同区域的同类研究相比,湖南省农田土壤的有机氯残留水平处于中等水平。在不同类型土壤中,有机氯残留状况有所差异,HCH在水稻土中残留量最高,而DDT在棉花田最高。     

SBSE-GC/MS法测定饮用水源水中7种多氯联苯单体

采用搅拌棒吸收萃取(SBSE)-溶剂解吸-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定饮用水源水中7种多氯联苯单体,优化了萃取和解吸条件。方法在5 ng/L~100 ng/L范围内线性良好(r≥0.979),7种多氯联苯单体的检出限为0.8 ng/L~3.4 ng/L(100 mL水样SBSE萃取2 h),加标10 ng/L时实际水样回收率为93.0%~116%。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱-质谱联用法用于地表水中类固醇激素测定

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱-质谱联用法对雌三醇、氟哌噻吨、炔雌醇、雄烯二酮、雌二醇、雌酚酮、睾酮共7种类固醇激素的检测方法。样品经C18萃取小柱富集净化,采用内标法定量时,方法的检出限为0.66～1.95 ng/L,R0.998,回收率为78.5%～94.6%,相对标准偏差为1.1%～7.7%。采用该方法对上海市地表水进行测定,在2个采样点中检出雌酚酮(1.88 ng/L)和雄烯二酮(1.48 ng/L)。     

气相色谱法测定水中酞酸酯类化合物

建立了水中15种酞酸酯的液液萃取/固相萃取—气相色谱测定方法。就液液萃取探讨了萃取溶剂、萃取溶剂用量和水样pH值的影响,就固相萃取探讨了固相萃取柱、水样pH值和洗脱溶剂的影响。根据研究结果,确定液液萃取条件为调节pH至7,以二氯甲烷为萃取溶剂,萃取5 min;固相萃取条件为水样调节pH至7,经C18柱萃取后,以正己烷/丙酮混合溶剂(V∶V=5∶1)洗脱。测定15种酞酸酯类化合物的实际水样,液液萃取加标回收率为68%~128%,固相萃取加标回收率为65%~135%;液液萃取方法检出限为0.36~0.47μg/L,固相萃取方法检出限为0.20~0.39μg/L。     

固相萃取-气相色谱法测定水中多种农药类内分泌干扰物

建立了水样中用固相萃取小柱提取和净化、GC-ECD检测、GC-MSD定性证实的农药类内分泌干扰物检测方法,该方法样品提取、浓缩、净化步骤简便,能实现31种目标物同时检测。方法检测限0.05~0.50μg/L。添加回收率69%~101%,相对标准偏差低于10%。选择农药包括有机氯类(如滴滴涕、六六六、三氯杀螨醇、艾氏剂、异狄氏剂、狄氏剂、七氯、硫丹、氯丹等),氨基甲酸酯类(如甲草胺、乙草胺等),除虫菊酯类(如氯氰菊酯、速灭菊酯等)及其它农药(如氟乐灵、除草醚、毒死蜱)。该方法应用到测定某水库的水样,水库中31种农药类内分泌干扰物总浓度为48.8~890 ng/L,平均浓度295 ng/L。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...