烟尘样品分析的实验室质量控制

通过对烟尘样品的试验与比较,提出了烟尘样品的实验室质量控制要求和方法。     

往复推动式锅炉烟尘的测试方法

往复推动式锅炉烟尘的测试方法赵永生（广西省桂林市环境监测站５４１００２）锅炉烟尘的测定，各地采取的测试方式不尽相同。如：所采集的烟尘样品数在３～８个之间，每个样品的采集时间在６～１２ｍｉｎ不等。这对往复推动式锅炉烟尘的测试数据的精密度影响颇大。笔者结...     

关于流量读数对烟尘体积质量数据双重影响的再剖析

在采集烟尘样品时，流量读数对烟尘体积质量数据的影响是双重的，并且都比较大。因此，为了确保烟尘体积质量数据的准确性，流量读数的计算就显得尤为重要。特别是在高原地区，必须应用对流量计进行校准后重新推导的等速采样流量和采样体积的计算公式。     

生活垃圾焚烧炉烟尘、金属元素项目采样测试方法探讨

一直以来,生活垃圾焚烧炉烟尘项目监测和金属元素颗粒物项目监测,样品的采集都是分开进行的,而且样品分析时,各金属元素样品也是分别消解,这样操作不但花费时间长,而且还浪费滤筒、试剂等资源.     

空气—乙炔原子吸收分光光度法测定大气污染源中的镉含量

本文研究了硝酸高氯酸体系消解火焰原子吸收法测定烟尘颗粒物中镉的方法。方法的检测限为３×１０－６ｍｇ／ｍ３（采样体积１０ｍ３）。实际样品测定的相对偏差小于１０％，加标回收率大于８８％     

高灵敏雾化-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定烟尘中低含量铅

将高灵敏雾化技术用于火焰原子吸收光谱法，并测定了烟尘样品中的低含量铅，取得较满意的结果。当采样300L、样品溶液为25mL时，铅的检测限可达0.0012mg/m^3，方法标准曲线线性范围为0mg/L-1.0mg/L，相对标准差小于4.5％，加标回收率在87％-97％之间，并具有简便快速等特点。     

浅议保证工业炉窑烟尘测试质量的几个问题

结合有关的规范要求和从事烟尘监测工作的实际,探讨了工业炉窑烟尘测试中影响监测质量的关键操作,对保证烟尘监测质量提出了意见和建议。     

锅炉烟尘与与烟气α系数同步测试的探讨

锅炉烟尘与与烟气α系数同步测试的探讨赵永生（广西桂林市环保监测站５４１００２）在测试锅炉烟尘的排放浓度时，要在采集烟道气的同时，测定烟气α系数，以α值对实测的烟尘排放浓度进行修正，以防止烟尘的稀释排放，进而达到维持和提高大气环境质量的目的。对烟尘与烟...     

光度计式烟尘浓度监测仪的标定

在过滤式测尘仪前连接一测烟管,即能利用锅炉烟尘对光度计式烟尘浓度监测仪进行标定,此标定值表征仪器光束所穿过烟道上各处烟尘的平均浓度与测定量的比例系数。     

我国烟尘浓度监测的分析误差

烟造气烟尘浓度的则定一直处于只知道测,不知道准确到什么程度的状态,这就影响了我国烟尘测试技术的发展和提高,同时也不能为污染治理和防护提供科学的数据.本文就可以依据专题试验结论来探讨国产预测流速法烟尘测定仪、静压平衡烟尘测定仪和动压平衡烟尘测定仪监测结果的分析误差,同时依据众多工程技术人员的实践经验来分析产生误差的原因,并提出可行的减小测定误差的部分措施,还提出了烟尘浓度测定仲裁方法的建议.     

植物油烟组分的色质联机分析

将植物油烟采集在玻璃纤维滤筒中 ,用环己烷处理样品 ,样品经过净化处理 ,然后进行色质联机分析。对油烟化学成分的分析有助于人们研究油烟对人体健康的影响     

The Effect of Smoke from Charcoal Kilns on Soil Respiration

The objective of the work was a laboratory examination of the effect of a water-soluble fraction of the smoke, emitted during charcoaling by dry distillation, on soil metabolism. The experimental soil was exposed to smoke for ten years and the control soil was taken from a site not exposed to smoke. Oxygen uptake and carbondioxide evolution were measured in soil samples by using the method of volumetric respirometry. When an aqueous smoke solution was added to the soil, the rate of oxygen metabolism increased by a factor 15 for the experimental soil and by a factor 5 for the control soil. A similar increase was observed in carbondioxide evaluation. RQ was clearly higher for the experimental soil. Also after the addition of an aqueous smoke solution to the soil, differences were observed in changes of RQ between the experimental and control soils. These differences suggest that respiratory metabolism is changed in the soils permanently exposed to smoke, and RQ value can be an indicator of the initial stages of soil degradation.     

Near-real-time determination of hydrogen peroxide generated from cigarette smoke

The ability to monitor hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in aqueous smoke extracts will advance our understanding of the relationship between cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and disease and help elucidate the pathways by which the various smoke constituents exert their pathogenic effects. We have demonstrated, for the first time, the measurement of H2O2 production from cigarette smoke without prior separation of the sample. Cigarettes were tested on a commercial smoking machine, such that the whole smoke or gas vapor phase was bubbled through phosphate buffered saline solution at pH 7.4. Aliquots of these solutions were analyzed using an Amplex Red/horseradish peroxidase fluorimetric assay that required only a 2 minute incubation time, facilitating the rapid, facile collection of data. Catalase was used to demonstrate the selectivity and specificity of the assay for H2O2 in the complex smoke matrix. We measured approximately 7-8 microM H2O2 from two reference cigarettes (i.e., 1R4F and 2R4F). We also observed 9x more H2O2 from whole smoke bubbled samples compared to the gas vapor phase, indicating that the major constituent(s) responsible for H2O2 formation reside in the particulate phase of cigarette smoke. Aqueous solutions of hydroquinone and catechol, both of which are particulate phase constituents of cigarette smoke, generated no H2O2 even though they are free radical precursors involved in the production of reactive oxygen species in the smoke matrix.     

Concentrations of PM2.5-associated OC, EC, and PCDD/Fs measured during the 2003 wildfire season in Missoula, Montana

Throughout August and September, 2003, wildfires burned in close proximity to Missoula, Montana, with smoke emanating from the fires impacting the valley for much of the summer. This presented the perfect opportunity to measure the levels of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) comprising ambient forest fire smoke particles impacting the Missoula Valley. An air sampler at the Montana Department of Environmental Quality's (DEQ) compliance site in Missoula measured hourly averages of PM₁₀ throughout the fire season. Three collocated PM_2.5 cyclones collected 24-h smoke samples using quartz filters and Polyurethane Foam (PUF) sorbent cartridges. From the quartz filters, concentrations of Organic and Elemental Carbon (OC/EC) were measured, while PCDD/F were measured from one set of a filter (particle phase) and PUF (vapor phase) aggregate of samples in an attempt to also investigate the different phases of PCDD/F in forest fire smoke impaired communities.Hourly PM₁₀ concentrations peaked at 302.9 μg m⁻³ on August 15. The highest OC concentration (115.6 μg m⁻³) was measured between August 21–22, and the highest EC concentration of 10.5 μg m⁻³ was measured August 20–21. Measurable concentrations of PM_2.5 associated PCDD/Fs were not detected from a representative aggregate sample, with the exception of small amounts of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzodioxin and octachlorodibenzodioxin. PM_2.5 samples collected during the smoke events were composed of approximately 65% OC. However, the OC fraction of the particles collected in the smoke impaired Missoula valley was not composed of significant amounts of PCDD/F.     

Carbon speciation in airborne particulate matter with C (1s) NEXAFS spectroscopy

Recent and current research activities on the chemical characterization of carbon in airborne carbonaceous particulate matter with near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy are reviewed. NEXAFS spectroscopy uses soft X-rays from synchrotron radiation facilities and allows for the bulk and surface speciation of particulates smaller than 2.5 micrometres (PM 2.5). This relatively novel technique is often superior to TEM-EELS and FTIR spectroscopy. In the extreme case, one single PM particle is sufficient for characterization. Liquids, extracts, solid core and surface functional groups can be quantified. Preliminary data on combustion derived PM such as diesel soot, wood smoke and tobacco smoke are compared with ambient samples.     

黑烟车电子抓拍林格曼黑度对比验证研究

对同一场景中同一机动车排放黑烟的行为,采用光电测烟望远镜和黑烟车电子抓拍系统2种方法测定林格曼黑度,以光电测烟望远镜作基准,对黑烟车电子抓拍系统的测量结果进行修正。结果表明,黑烟车电子抓拍系统的测量结果经修正后与光电测烟望远镜的测试结果的相关性系数约为0.977,误差平均值为-0.015,方差为0.032,说明2种测量方法具有良好的相关性和可比性,利用光电测烟望远镜可以为黑烟车电子抓拍系统搭建量值溯源链。     

旧烟度卡的烟度值R_b与新烟度标准烟度值S_F之间的关系

目前我国已发布实施了一些新烟度排放、测量和仪器标准，并规定烟度符号采用ＳＦ，烟度单位为ＦＳＮ。但由于尚未发布实施新的标准烟度卡，而仍然使用旧的标准烟度卡（烟度值为Ｒｂ），因此给烟度测量造成了一定的误差。本文论述了旧标准烟度卡烟度值Ｒｂ与新标准烟度值ＳＦ之间的关系     

The Strange Career of the Ringelmann Smoke Chart

The Ringelmann smoke chart was used in the United States to assess smoke emissions in the early twentieth century. In fact, it may have been the most important method for measuring air pollution between the late 1800s and the environmental era. However, the popularity of the Ringelmann chart stood in stark contrast to its lack of precision, which smoke abatement experts recognized and discussed among themselves. However, the critique of the Ringelmann scale rarely left the circle of experts and never jeopardized its use. This article discusses the reasons for this striking phenomenon, pointing out that the Ringelmann chart had strong practical and symbolic advantages: it allowed smoke abatement to be conducted in a public and transparent way. With that, the history of the Ringelmann smoke chart is an instructive model for the social construction of measuring techniques.     

Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Rougan, a Traditional Chinese Barbecued Food, by Capillary Gas Chromatography

Several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including those which are carcinogenic, have been detected in rougan, a traditional Chinese barbecued pork dish. The food samples were cleaned up by caustic digestion, solvent extraction, liquid-liquid partition, and column chromatography. The determination was carried out using capillary gas-chromatography with a flame ionization detector. A 25-m HP-1 capillary column was used. Fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene and benzo[k]fluoranthene were detected in three of the five samples within the range of 3-17 ng/g. Fluoranthene and pyrene were detected in only two of the samples at similar levels. Two potent carcinogenic compounds, benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene, were not detected in any of the samples. No detectable PAHs have been found in meat cooked without the direct contact of food with flame and smoke. In barbecuing over an open charcoal fire, animal fat and juices dripping onto the open fire probably enhanced the formation of PAHs.     

Atmospheric Aerosol over a Southeastern Region of Texas: Chemical Composition and Possible Sources

Speciated samples of PM_2.5 were collected at a site in Jefferson County, Texas by US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) from July of 2003 to August of 2005. A total of 269 samples with 52 species were measured; however, 22 species were excluded in this study because of too many below-detection-limit data. The data set was analyzed by positive matrix factorization (PMF) to infer the sources of PM observed at the site. The analysis identified ten sources: sulfate-rich secondary aerosol I (35.9%), sulfate-rich secondary aerosol II (21.0%), cement/carbon-rich (11.7%), wood smoke (8.8%), metal processing (6.3%), motor vehicle/road dust (5.7%), nitrate-rich secondary aerosol (3.3%), soil (3.2%), sea salt (2.6%), and chloride depleted marine aerosol (1.6%). Sulfate and nitrate mainly exist as salts. The two sulfate-rich secondary aerosols account for almost 57% of the PM_2.5 mass concentration. The factor containing highest concentrations of Cl and Na was attributed to sea salt due to the proximity of the monitoring site to the Gulf of Mexico. The chloride depleted marine aerosol was related to the sea salt aerosol. Cement/carbon-rich, wood smoke, metal processing, and motor vehicle/road dust factor were likely to be the local sources.