不同木柴在两种条件下燃烧生成的颗粒物中多环芳烃的排放特性研究

将马尾松、赤桉、甜叶桉树和锦熟黄杨四种木柴,使用普通家用木柴燃烧加热炉在两种条件下进行燃烧,采集燃烧所排放的颗粒物样品并分析,获得了颗粒物中多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons简写为PAHs)的排放因子及单个多环芳烃化合物的分布规律。结果显示:在颗粒物中检测出的多环芳烃化合物主要是分子量较大并被称为基因致毒性类的多环芳烃化合物,实验还发现:在四种木柴中,马尾松具有最高的多环芳烃化合物的排放因子,其次是赤桉和锦熟黄杨,最低的是甜叶桉树。两种不同的燃烧条件相比,慢燃烧比快燃烧所产生的总多环芳烃化合物和基因致毒性多环芳烃化合物的量都要高。     

天津城郊土壤中PAHs含量特征及来源解析

以天津市郊环城四区为研究对象,系统采集了环城四区95个表层土壤样品,利用高效液相色谱仪对16种PAHs进行分析测定,结果表明,西青、东丽、津南和北辰土壤中16种PAHs的总量范围分别为62.6～1 994.9、36.1～4 074.7、20.1～2 502.5、22.1～707.7μg/kg;平均含量分别为445.8、841.8、509.5、242.5μg/kg。四区中都以高环多环芳烃为主,西青、东丽、北辰和津南高环多环芳烃分别占多环芳烃总比例的45.4%、42.2%、38.8%和38.7%。空间分析的结果表明,靠近天津市市区样点土壤中多环芳烃的含量要明显高于远离市区土壤中多环芳烃的含量。利用环数PAHs的相对丰度和比值法对天津市郊环城四区土壤中多环芳烃的污染来源进行了解析,研究区土壤监测样点的PAHs主要来自燃烧源,少部分来自石油类来源或几种污染源的共同复合累加的作用。     

南京某县空气、土壤中多环芳烃的分布及来源

采用建立的采样及分析监测程序对南京某县空气、土壤中的多环芳烃进行了调查监测,探讨了多环芳烃在空气、土壤中的分布特征、相关性及可能的污染来源.     

乌鲁木齐市新市区大气气溶胶中多环芳烃的GC/MS分析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC/MS)分析测定了乌鲁木齐市新市区的大气气溶胶样品16种EPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量。通过索氏提取气溶胶样品,抽提物经硅胶层析柱分离,使用16种多环芳烃混合标准样品绘制标准曲线,以外标法对PAHs进行定量分析,并根据所得数据浅析了多环芳烃污染来源。结果表明,乌鲁木齐市新市区大气中由于汽车尾气排放和煤的燃烧造成的多环芳烃污染均存在。     

某石化化工行业聚集区室内外PM2.5中多环芳烃分布特征及来源

于非采暖季和采暖季分别采集某石化化工行业聚集城市中心城区室内外PM_(2.5)样品,采用高效液相色谱法分析PM_(2.5)上载带的16种PAHs,对其分布特征、来源以及室外PAHs污染对室内污染的贡献进行了初步探讨。结果表明,研究区域非采暖季和采暖季室外PM_(2.5)中ΣPAHs浓度日均值分别为36.3、294 ng/m~3,室内PM_(2.5)中ΣPAHs浓度分别为14.8、84.6 ng/m~3,均以4、5环PAHs为主;室内PAHs主要来自室外渗透污染,但同时明显存在室内排放源贡献;PAHs来源分析进一步证实研究区域PAHs主要来自煤炭、石油等不完全燃烧,采暖季煤炭燃烧源贡献更突出。     

南昌市周边农田土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源分析

采集南昌市周边三个县的18个农田表层土壤样品,采用液固萃取-层析净化-高效液相色谱分析技术,研究了土壤中16种优控多环芳烃类物质的含量和组分特征,运用主成分因子荷载方法分析了其污染来源,并初步评价了其风险水平。结果表明,该区域内农田土壤33.3%轻度污染,最高污染样点PAHs含量为422.8ng/g,最低污染样点PAHs含量为75.2ng/g,平均含量为197.9ng/g,且远离城市的农田土壤残留水平明显低于靠近城市的农田土壤;PAHs的组分特征为以毒性水平较低的低环化合物为主;其污染来源主要是煤、天然气和汽油燃烧组成的混合源。     

乌鲁木齐土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及生态风险评价

在乌鲁木齐地区不同功能区采集28个表层土壤样品,对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征进行研究,并运用正定矩阵因子分析法对其来源进行分析,采用苯并[a]芘的毒性当量浓度(TEQBa P)对PAHs的生态风险进行评价。研究显示,土壤中∑16 PAHs含量为331~15 799μg/kg,其平均值为(5 018±4 896)μg/kg(n=28),以3环、4环为主。∑16PAHs的浓度呈现出交通区工业区公园区农业区居民商业区的变化趋势;正定矩阵因子分析法表明,乌鲁木齐表层土壤中PAHs的主要来源及贡献分别为煤的燃烧(51.19%),汽油车燃烧(19.02%),柴油车燃烧(18.35%),机动车石油的泄漏(11.42%);53%的采样点TEQBa P值超过荷兰土壤标准目标参考值,主要集中在交通区和工业区。     

福建省茶园土壤中多环芳烃的分布、来源分析及生态风险评价

利用高效液相色谱分析技术对福建省茶园土壤中16种多环芳烃进行了定量分析,结果表明,PAHs的总量在0.622~812.0μg/kg之间,平均值为48.4μg/kg。其组成以3环的为主,4环次之,主成分分析和PAHs特征参数分析发现,福建省茶园土壤中多环芳烃主要以燃油、木柴和煤燃烧来源为主,部分样点存在油类排放污染。生态风险评价结果显示,福建省茶园土壤中多环芳烃已具有不利生物影响效应。     

常州市秋季大气PM2.5中多环芳烃污染水平及来源

为了研究常州市秋季大气PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染水平及其来源,在常州市布设了6个采样点,分别代表交通干道区、商业混合区、居民文教区、远郊区、工业区和对照点,于2013年10月进行大气PM2.5的采样,采用微波萃取-高效液相色谱法测定其中16种USEPA优控多环芳烃的浓度值,并分别通过比值法和因子分析法判断其主要来源。结果表明,常州市秋季大气PM2.5中多环芳烃的主要来源为煤燃烧和机动车排放。     

莱芜大气污染源排放颗粒物中多环芳烃研究

为了解莱芜市大气污染源排放颗粒物中多环芳烃的浓度及影响因素,采集机动车尾气尘、扬尘、工业燃煤颗粒物、民用燃煤颗粒物等4种样品,分别测定多环芳烃的含量。结果表明,莱芜市大气环境颗粒物中多环芳烃主要来源于机动车尾气和民用燃煤,12种多环芳烃类值分别为(1 536. 48±0. 78)和(299. 83±0. 30)μg/g,机动车尾气尘与扬尘、民用燃煤、工业燃煤多环芳烃均存在显著性差异。不同组分中,苯并(ghi)苝的值最高,为(559. 96±7. 59)μg/g,其次为晕苯,为(445. 36±5. 94)μg/g,城市空气污染呈现煤烟和机动车尾气复合污染的特点。     

Dietary exposure estimates of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Xuanwei and Fuyuan, counties in a high lung cancer incidence area in China

Xuanwei and Fuyuan are located in the southwest of China and have the highest lung cancer incidence in China, possibly even highest in the world. Dietary samples were collected from these two counties and the contamination status of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined. PAH components, food constituents, dietary exposure level, as well as spatial difference, were studied in the different groups. The percentage of dietary intake to total intake of PAHs was calculated and the relationship between the dietary intake of PAHs and the abnormal lung cancer incidence was primarily discussed. The results showed that rice and potatoes were the main foods of the local residents in Xuanwei and Fuyuan. The daily exposure doses of Bap (benzo[a]pyrene), total PAHs, and TEQs (toxic equivalents) based on Bap toxicity in two counties were estimated to be 458 ng d(-1), 14,532 ng d(-1), and 896 ng d(-1), respectively, which were much less than those in other cities reported previously. The lower ingestion amount of food with a relatively higher content of PAHs, such as meat and fish, could account for the lower exposure doses. PAHs with less than 4 rings occupied a high percentage of the total PAHs in food samples. The exposure doses varied significantly among different sites and even different families at the same site. Dietary exposure was not the main exposure route of PAHs at most sites. It appears that there was not a direct relationship between dietary exposure and the lung cancer incidence. However, high ratios of dietary intake to total PAHs intake (1.33%-70.61%) were found in several areas and rational diet suggestions should be given in these areas in the future.     

Environmental Modeling and Methods for Estimation of the Global Health Impacts of Air Pollution

Air pollution is increasingly recognized as a significant contributor to global health outcomes. A methodological framework for evaluating the global health-related outcomes of outdoor and indoor (household) air pollution is presented and validated for the year 2005. Ambient concentrations of PM2.5 are estimated with a combination of energy and atmospheric models, with detailed representation of urban and rural spatial exposures. Populations dependent on solid fuels are established with household survey data. Health impacts for outdoor and household air pollution are independently calculated using the fractions of disease that can be attributed to ambient air pollution exposure and solid fuel use. Estimated ambient pollution concentrations indicate that more than 80% of the population exceeds the WHO Air Quality Guidelines in 2005. In addition, 3.26?billion people were found to use solid fuel for cooking in three regions of Sub Saharan Africa, South Asia and Pacific Asia in 2005. Outdoor air pollution results in 2.7?million deaths or 23?million disability adjusted life years (DALYs) while household air pollution from solid fuel use and related indoor smoke results in 2.1?million deaths or 41.6?million DALYs. The higher morbidity from household air pollution can be attributed to children below the age of 5 in Sub Saharan Africa and South Asia. The burden of disease from air pollution is found to be significant, thus indicating the importance of policy interventions.     

Assessing indoor air quality of school environments: transplanted lichen <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudovernia furfuracea</Emphasis> as a new tool for biomonitoring and bioaccumulation

The aim of this research is to evaluate the ability of transplanted lichen Pseudovernia (P). furfuracea to biomonitor and bioaccumulate in urban indoor environments. The elements As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb and 12 selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were used to assess P. furfuracea as a biomonitoring tool for the indoor air quality of school environments. To achieve this purpose, lichen samples were exposed for 2 months in the outdoor and indoor environments of five school settings located in urban and rural areas. The results demonstrated that transplanted lichen P. furfuracea is a suitable biomonitoring tool for metals and PAHs in indoor settings and can discriminate between different levels of air pollution related to urbanisation and indoor conditions, such as those characterised by school environments. A transplanted lichen biomonitoring strategy is cost-effective, “green”, educational for attending children and less “invasive” than traditional air sampling methods. The feasibility of indoor monitoring by P. furfuracea is a relevant finding and could be a key tool to improve air quality monitoring programmes in school scenarios and thus focus on health prevention interventions for children, who are one of the most susceptible groups in the population.     

室内空气有机污染的研究现状

主要讨论了室内空气中有机物污染的研究现状。重点介绍了室内空气中多环芳烃 (PAHs)、挥发性有机物(VOCs)、醛类化合物等的污染状况及来源。简要叙述了室内空气污染的影响因素及对人体的健康风险评价。     

学龄儿童肺功能水平影响因素的研究

用逐步回归分析方法对与室内、外空气污染和机体状况等有关的因素对广州市学龄儿童肺功能 (FVC、FEV1 、PEFR和 FEF2 5～ 75 )水平的影响进行研究。结果提示 ,影响肺功能水平的主要因素是内因 ,身高的影响最明显 ,呼吸系统疾病或症状发生与肺功能水平下降有关 ;室外空气污染使肺功能水平下降 ,SO2 、NOx 和 PM2 .5 的影响明显 ,PM2 .5 的影响明显大于 PM1 0 和 TSP;居室或厨房通风不良、家庭烹饪用不洁燃料对儿童肺功能的生长不利 ;被动吸烟对女性儿童肺功能有不利影响。对各种影响因素 ,PEFR和 FEF2 5～ 75 比 FVC和 FEV1 更为敏感     

The use of semipermeable membrane devices as passive samplers to determine persistent organic compounds in indoor air

In the study reported here semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were used to sample 28 PAHs and 19 PCBs in the gas phase in 15 single-family houses located in an area where domestic wood burning is widespread. Eight of the households used wood burning appliances whereas the others used other systems for residential heating. Most of the studied compounds were found in the houses: the PAHs at levels that were similar to or slightly higher than published SPMD-sampled levels for background or urban sites in Sweden, and the PCBs at levels that were somewhat lower than those recently found in both indoor and outdoor urban locations. A principal component analysis revealed that wood-burning heating systems may contribute to PAHs in indoor air. The sources may be emissions indoors or penetration from outdoors. The convenience of SPMD technology facilitates its use for semi-quantitative screening and monitoring of various persistent organic compounds indoors in dwellings and working environments.     

Indoor and outdoor concentrations of fine particles, particle-bound PAHs and volatile organic compounds in Kaunas, Lithuania

This complex study presents indoor and outdoor levels of air-borne fine particles, particle-bound PAHs and VOCs at two urban locations in the city of Kaunas, Lithuania, and considers possible sources of pollution. Two sampling campaigns were performed in January-February and March-April 2009. The mean outdoor PM(2.5) concentration at Location 1 in winter was 34.5 ± 15.2 μg m(-3) while in spring it was 24.7 ± 12.2 μg m(-3); at Location 2 the corresponding values were 36.7 ± 21.7 and 22.4 ± 19.4 μg m(-3), respectively. In general there was little difference between the PM concentrations at Locations 1 and 2. PM(2.5) concentrations were lower during the spring sampling campaign. These PM concentrations were similar to those in many other European cities; however, the levels of most PAHs analysed were notably higher. The mean sum PAH concentrations at Locations 1 and 2 in the winter campaign were 75.1 ± 32.7 and 32.7 ± 11.8 ng m(-3), respectively. These differences are greater than expected from the difference in traffic intensity at the two sites, suggesting that there is another significant source of PAH emissions at Location 1 in addition to the traffic. The low observed indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios indicate that PAH emissions at the locations studied arise primarily from outdoor sources. The buildings at both locations have old windows with wooden frames that are fairly permissive in terms of air circulation. VOC concentrations were mostly low and comparable to those reported from Sweden. The mean outdoor concentrations of VOC's were: 0.7 ± 0.2, 3.0 ± 0.8, 0.5 ± 0.2, 3.5 ± 0.3, and 0.2 ± 0.1 μg m(-3), for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, sum of m-, p-, o-xylenes, and naphthalene, respectively. Higher concentrations of VOCs were observed during the winter campaign, possibly due to slower dispersion, slower chemical transformations and/or the lengthy "cold start" period required by vehicles in the wintertime. A trajectory analysis showed that air masses coming from Eastern Europe carried significantly higher levels of PM(2.5) compared to masses from other regions, but the PAHs within the PM(2.5) are of local origin. It has been suggested that street dust, widely used for winter sanding activities in Eastern and Central European countries, may act not only as a source of PM, but also as source of particle-bound PAHs. Other potential sources include vehicle exhaust, domestic heating and long-range transport.     

Fungal flora in indoor and outdoor air of different residential houses in Tekirdag City (Turkey): Seasonal distribution and relationship with climatic factors

This study was investigated the density and monthly distribution of indoor and outdoor microfungi in six different residential houses in Tekirdag City through the exposure of Petri dishes containing Rose-Bengal Streptomycin Agar media. Samples were collected in 1-month intervals over a period of 12 months between March, 2001, and February, 2002. We used 432 Petri dishes and counted a total of 4,205 microfungi colonies, 1,790 from indoor air and 2,415 from outdoor air. As a result, 42 species belonging to 12 genera were identified. The most frequent fungal genera were Penicillium (28.61%), Cladosporium (16.08%) and Alternaria (15.98%). While Penicillium (40.61%) and Cladosporium (15.92%) were the dominant genera of indoor air, Alternaria (20.62%) and Penicillium (19.71%) were isolated most frequently from outdoor air (Table 3). Alternaria citri (10.15%) and Penicillium brevicompactum (10.15%) were found to be the most frequent among the 42 identified species. While P. brevicompactum (19.55%) and Aspergillus niger (6.37%) were the most frequent indoor species, A. citri (13.37%) and Cladosporium cladosporioides (8.20%) were the most frequent outdoor species. Linear Regression Analysis was applied to determine whether or not there was a relationship between the number of colonies of isolated fungal genera and meteorological factors during the research period. Correlations between the presence of Aspergillus and temperature, relative humidity, duration of sunny periods and agents of air pollution such as SO(2) and PM were statistically significant. No significant correlations, however, were found between other fungal genera and environmental variables.     

兰州市空气污染对儿童肺功能影响的前瞻性研究

从不同的角度阐述了室内外空气污染对儿童肺功能 ,特别是小气道功能的影响及其影响程度的前瞻性研究结果。并通过多因素、多指标的综合分析 ,揭示了一些影响儿童肺功能的主要因素。指出了从保护人体健康的角度来说 ,好的环境空气质量和良好的室内空气质量同样重要