秸秆焚烧对哈尔滨市灰霾天气的影响

2015年11月1—4日,哈尔滨市及周边地区发生了连续的灰霾天气,颗粒物浓度急剧升高。污染发生时,监测仪器均布设在哈尔滨市区上风向30 km处(哈尔滨市双城区)并开展了连续96 h的监测分析。综合利用气象观测资料,3D可视激光雷达监测资料及地面空气污染监测资料分析了灰霾天气发生的气象条件和污染边界层特征,根据哈尔滨市双城区大气污染物排放源谱库对主要成分进行来源解析,结合颗粒物质量浓度和气象条件研究了秸秆焚烧对灰霾天气的影响。结果表明,灰霾天气持续期间,夜间生物质燃烧源成为该地区颗粒物的第二大源;秸秆焚烧产生的大气污染物,由于地面长时间静风,污染边界层降低等原因,致使本地污染物累积、不易扩散,加剧了本次污染。     

2008年1月广州颗粒物数浓度污染特征

于2008年1月利用颗粒物计数器(CPC)、颗粒物在线观测仪(TEOM1400a)、自动气象站以及现时天气现象传感器(PWV22)获得了大气颗粒物中每分钟颗粒物数浓度、每30分钟PM2.5>浓度、风速、相对湿度、降雨量等气象因子以及大气能见度.结果发现,1月份能见度低于10km的天数达到25天,其中灰霾天气有17天.灰霾天气下,颗粒物敖浓度为22032±4731个/立方厘米,PM2.5,浓度为123.1±64.5 μg/m3.非灰霾和灰霾天气下颗粒物数浓度日变化趋势总体比较接近,但在13:00～16:00时段,非灰霾天气条件下颗粒物数浓度变化比较明显,而灰霾天气条件下颗粒物数浓度变化比较平缓.现测期内颗粒物教浓度与大气能见度、相对湿度、风速呈负相关,与PM2.5质量浓度、温度呈正相关.灰霾天气下颗粒物数浓度与PM2.5浓度、相对湿度的相关性系数绝对值明显高于非灰霾天气下颗粒物数浓度与这两者的相关性系数绝对值.     

重庆市区灰霾天气变化及特征分析

分析了近15年重庆市区灰霾的时间变化特征以及主要大气污染物与能见度的相关性。1997—2012年,灰霾天气占41.2%,发生天数没有明显变化,严重程度有所减缓。灰霾在冬季发生的天数最多,持续时间长,且容易发生重度的持续灰霾。夏季灰霾天数最少,程度最轻。PM10、PM2.5、SO2、NO2浓度随灰霾的加重而增加,其中PM2.5浓度增幅最大,O3浓度随灰霾的加重而降低。灰霾对能见度的影响大于降水天气对其的影响。灰霾天气下能见度受PM2.5的影响较大,非灰霾天气下,能见度主要受O3的影响。     

夏收和秋收期间泰州市空气质量特征研究

利用2012—2015年泰州市空气质量监测数据,分析夏、秋收期间城市环境空气质量特征,探讨引发重污染天气的原因。结果表明,夏收期间空气质量整体优于秋收,2012年、2013年秋收期间空气质量最差,达到重污染以上的天数分别为10 d、6 d,颗粒物尤其是PM_(2.5)超标较严重,2015年秋收期间空气质量显著好转。秸秆焚烧日PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度呈较高相关性,PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)值比非秸秆焚烧日高。基于气团后向轨迹及秸秆焚烧卫星遥感监测火点图将污染事件分类,研究得出秸秆焚烧和区域输送是导致城市污染加重的主要因素。     

遥感技术在灰霾监测中的应用综述

介绍了灰霾遥感监测的基本原理,论述了基于图像变换的TC法、HOT法和基于反演气溶胶光学厚度的灰霾遥感监测技术,以及造成灰霾天气的秸秆燃烧遥感监测方法.指出卫星遥感技术可以提供大尺度、长时间序列的污染物时空分布特征和变化趋势,以及全球性的大气环境综合遥感数据,是灰霾监测与综合治理的重要途径.     

成都大气污染物在焚烧秸秆时的溯源初步探究

在空气污染指数(API)的数据基础上,结合卫星遥感、气团后向轨迹及气象数据,通过初步分析秸秆焚烧对本地及区域范围输送对城市空气质量影响,研究不同空气污染类型(本地型、本地区域相结合型、输送型)特征,探索重污染条件的大气污染物溯源方法。     

颗粒物质量浓度对大气能见度水平影响分析

通过观察不同天气条件下颗粒物质量浓度水平上升伴随大气能见度水平下降,对颗粒物质量浓度-大气能见度相关性分析,得到相关方程,根据颗粒物污染水平分析预测大气能见度,为灰霾预报提供依据.     

新版《环境空气质量标准》热点污染物PM2.5监控策略的思考与建议

随着工业化和城市化进程的加速,大气气溶胶污染日趋严重,由气溶胶细粒子PM2.5污染造成的能见度恶化事件越来越多,中国东部地区灰霾天气迅速增加.灰霾天气的本质是细粒子气溶胶污染,与光化学污染相关联,形成灰霾天气的气溶胶组成非常复杂.近年来由于灰霾天气日趋严重引发的环境效应问题,以及气溶胶辐射强迫引发的气候效应问题,已引起科学界、政府部门和社会公众的广泛关注,成为热门话题.在此背景下,国家出台了新版《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012),增设PM2.5浓度限值,对环境监测、环境管理和环境评价提出了新的要求.通过分析中国大气污染背景、国际组织和其他国家的PM2.5标准,及近期热点问题,提出在环境监测、环境管理和环境评价过程中实施新标准,监控PM2.5的策略.     

灰霾天气条件下天津市环境空气中颗粒物污染特征分析

针对天津地区灰霾天气条件下环境空气中颗粒物的污染程度及变化特征进行分析。指出出现灰霾天气是污染加重的直观反映，将其发展成为一项环保指标，将对大气污染控制起到一定的积极作用。     

灰霾天气城市空气污染程度判据指标体系建立的探讨

灰霾天气加重空气污染程度,是空气污染呈现区域性、复合型污染的重要天气污染现象,对视觉空气质量以及人体健康造成很大影响与危害.针对灰霾天气下城市空气污染加重程度判据系统建立,对灰霾天气下空气污染程度评估方法及建立污染程度与能见度量化相关关系进行了初步探讨.     

Characterization of ambient air quality during a rice straw burning episode

Spatiotemporal characteristics and impact of ambient air-quality attributed to open burning of rice straw were analyzed and estimated with measured data. Two multivariate analytic methods, factor analysis and cluster analysis, were adopted to analyze the temporal and spatial impact on ambient air-quality during the rice straw burning episode. Temporal features of three scenarios were cited to compare the concentrations for ambient air-quality between the rice straw burning episode and non-episodes over two typical stations by factor analysis. Factor analysis demonstrated that the first rotational component, identified as being highly correlated to the open burning of rice straw, accounts for about 40% of the concentration variance for ambient air-quality. In typical air-quality stations, the average hourly incremental concentrations between the episode and non-episodes were greater than 300 μg m(-3) for PM(10), 1.0 ppm for CO and 35 ppb for NO(2) during the impact of rice straw burning. Factor analysis presented that the first rotated component was highly correlated with several primary pollutants (NO(2), NMHC, PM(10) and CO) during the rice straw burning episode, while every component was only highly correlated with a unique air pollutant during non-episodes. The delineation isopleths indicated that factor analysis could serve as a better method than cluster analysis and provides cross-county cooperation for local governments located in the same separated district during the rice straw burning season. The results of factor analysis revealed that CO is the best index to demonstrate the impact of rice straw burning than the other six air pollutants measured during the episode. Backward trajectory analysis supplied a cause-effect relationship between measured stations and specific rice planted regions during the rice straw burning episode.     

中国秸秆焚烧的遥感监测与分析

用最近四年的MODIS火点数据,通过相关处理和分析,得出了全国秸秆焚烧状况的时空分布规律。结果表明,秸秆焚烧最严重的区域一直分布在淮河流域和陕西关中平原,这是秸秆禁烧工作的重点;南部各省秸秆焚烧点密度较小,比较分散,造成的危害相对较小。秸秆焚烧的主要时间,北方集中在夏秋季节,主要是小麦、玉米、油菜等的秸秆;南方集中在冬春季节,主要是水稻、甘蔗、油菜等的秸秆。秸秆焚烧的时空分布规律在最近几年基本无大的变化,秸秆焚烧面积在2002年~2005年期间逐年上升。文章结论反映了各地执行秸秆禁烧政策的效果,可为相关政府部门进行秸秆禁烧工作提供依据。     

苏州市霾日细颗粒物的化学组分及来源分析

随着社会和经济的快速发展,灰霾现象发生有逐渐上升趋势,严重影响城市形象和群众的身心健康。2012年苏州市的霾日发生频率1—2月最高(45.0%),7—8月最低(4.8%)。通过分析霾日细颗粒物(PM2.5)的化学组分变化,有助于判别不同化学组分在不同季节霾日形成中的作用。采用基于因子分析的主成分提取方法,将9个化学组分监测资料整合为4个主成分,并逐一揭示2012年苏州市霾日条件下4个主成分的支配因子的污染物来源情况。结果表明:2012年苏州市霾日大气PM2.5中的主要化学成分按质量浓度从高到低排序依次为SO42-NO3-NH4+OCNa+EC。霾日PM2.5中的污染物组分受到光化学二次反应、燃煤、机动车尾气、农作物秸秆焚烧以及海盐等来源的综合影响。     

秸秆焚烧对空气质量影响特征及判别方法的研究

利用南京空气自动监测数据及PM_(2.5)组分监测结果,分析了2011年夏收秸秆焚烧期间大气污染特征,并探寻快速判别秸秆焚烧影响的指标及方法。结果表明:秸秆焚烧期间PM_(2.5)污染特征显著,其组分中K~+、EC、OC等浓度相对偏高。基于离子组分及碳元素在线监测数据,可选取K~+作为快速判别指标,并根据K~+与PM_(2.5)的相关性,计算秸秆焚烧对PM_(2.5)的贡献。同时结合OC、EC浓度变化,综合判别秸秆焚烧对空气质量的影响程度。     

秸杆焚烧对大气环境质量的影响

对泰兴市秸杆焚烧的状况及造成大气污染的结果进行了调查统计分析,焚烧秸杆产生的PM10对大气环境质量污染影响大,成为首要污染物,其受重力影响较大,自净较快;产生的SO2和NO2受风力的影响大,但自净速度慢,停止焚烧后,仍对大气质量有较大影响。同时根据焚烧现状及污染特点,提出了预防焚烧污染的措施及建议。     

秸秆焚烧对南通市空气质量的影响分析

为加强对秸秆焚烧的管理,通过对国家环境保护总局公布的夏冬收获季节卫星遥感探测的火点情况的统计分析,2004年-2009年夏冬收获季节南通市空气质量日变化趋势分析及典型秸秆焚烧日环境空气中污染物的小时变化趋势分析,得出秸秆焚烧对南通市环境空气质量影响的程度,掌握了南通市秸秆焚烧地域分布情况.     

CH4 and CO emissions from rice straw burning in South East Asia

Atmospheric samples collected during rice straw burning at four different locations in Viet-Nam during the dry (March 1992, February 1993) and wet season (August 1992) were analysed for CO₂, CO, and CH₄. The emission ratios relative to CO₂ for CO and CH₄ for rice straw burning during the dry season were comparable to those observed on samples collected during burning of savanna in Africa or forest in the USA. During the wet season, however the emission ratios for CO and CH₄ relative to CO₂ were 3 to 10 times higher. With these emission ratios and estimates of rice production from Southeastern Asia, we estimated that burning of rice straw emits annually about 2.2 Tmol of CO (26 TgC) and 0.2 Tmol of CH₄ (2.4 TgC) to the atmosphere. Taking into account these new results, CO and CH₄ fluxes from biomass burning could be reevaluated by 5–21% and 5–24%, respectively, in respect with previous estimates of these gas emissions from all biomass burning activities.     

Statistical analysis of PM10 concentrations at different locations in Malaysia

Malaysia has experienced several haze events since the 1980s as a consequence of the transboundary movement of air pollutants emitted from forest fires and open burning activities. Hazy episodes can result from local activities and be categorized as "localized haze". General probability distributions (i.e., gamma and log-normal) were chosen to analyze the PM(10) concentrations data at two different types of locations in Malaysia: industrial (Johor Bahru and Nilai) and residential (Kota Kinabalu and Kuantan). These areas were chosen based on their frequently high PM(10) concentration readings. The best models representing the areas were chosen based on their performance indicator values. The best distributions provided the probability of exceedances and the return period between the actual and predicted concentrations based on the threshold limit given by the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (24-h average of 150 μg/m(3)) for PM(10) concentrations. The short-term prediction for PM(10) exceedances in 14 days was obtained using the autoregressive model.