2007-2013年乌鲁木齐市集中式饮用水源地水质变化趋势分析及对策建议

对2007-2013年乌鲁木齐市集中式饮用水源地水质监测数据进行综合分析，泉水型地下饮用水源地米东区三水厂受储水介质及当地地质化学结构的影响，溶解盐类常年超标，水质较差；湖库型地表水源地五、八水厂总磷浓度在个别年份存在一定程度的超标现象，且地表水源地中挥发性卤代烃类、硝基苯和酞酸酯类等有机项目及镍等重金属类检出率较高，存在一定程度的风险。对此提出了进一步完善水源地环境保护及合理开发优质水资源的对策建议，为首府饮用水源地的保护和相关研究工作提供依据。     

中国农村饮用水水源地水质状况研究

为了系统评估中国农村饮用水水源地水质变化情况，根据2009—2018年农村饮用水水源地水质监测数据，综合评价和分析了中国农村地表和地下饮用水达标情况、空间分布和主要超标因子等。监测结果表明：10年来，农村饮用水水源地达标率不断提高，这主要得益于地表饮用水水质整体改善；地下饮用水水质达标率持续偏低，且略有变差趋势，与城市地区的差距逐年加大。农村饮用水水源地超标断面和点位在空间上分布较广，主要超标因子相对集中，且表现出与农村和农业面源污染较强的相关性。建议进一步重视农村饮用水水源地（特别是地下饮用水）的保护，加强农村饮用水水源地水质监测，加快农业面源污染防治。     

山东某沿海城市集中式饮用水水源水质及健康风险评价

基于2017—2020年山东某沿海城市集中式饮用水水源水质监测数据,采用单因子评价法和美国环保局（USEPA）的健康风险模型对该市集中式饮用水水源水质进行综合评价。结果表明,2017—2020年该市集中式饮用水水源地Ⅲ类以上水质比例为98.7%;总健康风险年均值为4.11×10^-6,超过英国皇家协会、瑞典环保局和荷兰环境部的可接受风险水平限值（1×10^-6）,低于USEPA（1×10^-4）和国际放射防护委员会（ICRP）（5×10^-5）的可接受风险水平限值,风险等级为Ⅰ级,处于低风险水平。该市水源地健康风险主要来自致癌物,致癌物健康风险为：砷>镉。2017—2020年该市集中式饮用水水源地水质健康风险分级稳定在Ⅰ级,并呈逐年降低趋势。通过对比分析,水质与健康风险评价结论不尽相同,健康风险评价可作为现阶段水质评价的有益补充,进一步说明水源地的水质状况和健康风险,为生态环境管理及居民生活提供有益参考。     

饮用水源地痕量有毒有害污染物环境健康风险评价

水源地环境污染的健康风险包括化学物的致癌风险、躯体损害风险和辐射伤害风险,通过各自的剂量-反应关系,可建立3类风险的计算模型。在对部分参数进行适应性调整的基础上,运用这些模型对扬州市四水厂进行了分析评价。结果表明,该水源地水体中痕量有毒有害污染物所致健康危害总风险值为4.87×10-8a-1,远低于EPA推荐的风险限值,削减具有潜在致癌效应的卤代烃类排放是控制风险的关键。     

长江口南通地区农村集中式饮用水源水质状况调查

对南通市24座乡镇地表水厂以及199座乡镇地下水厂的水源水质状况进行了调查.结果表明,地表水水源地中有14座水厂达标,其取水量占地表水取水总量62.8%.水体中主要污染物是NH3-N、石油类、Imn.全市乡镇地下水厂饮用水源水质达标水厂为56座,其取水量占地下水取水总量的26.2%.全市地下水中主要污染物为NH3-N、...     

水源地周边风险源风险监控等级判定研究——以镇江征润州水源地为例

以镇江市征润州水源地为例,针对目前存在的工业源众多导致的事故模拟工作量大,码头源难以进行事故模拟等问题,提出基于常规风险影响的水源地周边风险源风险监控等级判定方法。从风险源与水源地沿岸线方向距离、垂直岸线方向距离和上下游关系3方面提出反映风险源相对于水源地位置敏感性的位置敏感指数的计算方法,再以风险源位置敏感性结合风险源风险,确定风险源对水源地的常规风险影响,继而判定水源地周边风险源的风险监控等级。结果表明,征润州水源地周边优先重点监控风险源有4个,主要集中在水源地上游丹徒经济开发区内,水源地下游及对岸12个风险源为低频监控等级,其他24个风险源为优先监控和一般监控等级。     

基于超标风险改进的加拿大水质指数及其应用

将三角模糊数和超标风险度引入加拿大水质指数(CCME-WQI),建立了能够反映超标风险的改进型CCMEWQI。改进后的CCME-WQI通过计算水质指标的超标隶属度与超标风险,可实现对水质不确定性与超标风险的综合考量。在此基础上,评价了重庆市某水库2016—2019年水质状况。结果显示:改进后的CCME-WQI的评价结果较仅反映最差指标类别的单因子评价法的评价结果更为全面、客观。基于超标风险改进的CCME-WQI考虑了即将超标但尚未超标的水质因子存在的风险,在结果显示上比改进前的CCME-WQI更为全面、严格,更适用于评价一段时间内的水体污染程度和超标状态。     

模糊向量加权记分评价水质

本文把模糊综合评判得到的水质模糊等级向量作为权,赋予不同的分值,即模糊向量加权记分,依据评分的高低确定水质级别,宏观上与最大隶属度判别原则判别结果一致,微观上提高了判别灵敏度,从而达到客观评价水环境质量的目的。     

海门市长江水厂饮用水源地富营养化调查及污染防治对策研究

采用综合营养状态指数法对2008年至2011年海门市长江水厂饮用水源地水质状况进行评价，结果表明，该水源地已呈现出富营养化的发展趋势。结合饮用水源地现状，必须采取控制外源和内源的排放、恢复生态系统等措施，遏止水体富营养化，确保人民群众的饮用水源安全。     

淮安市区饮用水源水环境现状调查

为了解淮安市区饮用水源水质状况，江苏省水环境监测中心淮宿分中心于1998年—2002年对淮安市区饮用水源地水质进行了监测，结果表明，二河闸水质达Ⅱ类水标准，五毒项目未检出；杨庄闸上游废黄河水质除1999年达Ⅲ类水标准外，其他年份水质均达Ⅱ类水标准，五毒项目未检出；京杭大运河淮安市区段及里运河水质较差，主要是氨氮超标严重，近5年水质基本都是劣于V类水标准。指出，淮河污染问题还没有根本解决，沿淮上游积蓄的污水，时常以小流量下泄，并不时有所增大，经常发生水污染事故；淮阴第二抽水站抽水流量超过40m^3／s时，京杭大运河及里运河污水对淮安市区北京路地面水厂、淮阴区地面水厂两取水口水质产生一定的影响。     

集中式饮用水源地邻苯二甲酸酯类物质分布特征与健康风险评估

以某地区7个集中式饮用水源地为研究对象,采用固相萃取气相色谱-质谱法(SPE-GC-MS)对水体中16种邻苯二甲酸酯的分布特征和溯源进行了研究,并利用健康风险评估模型对水体PAEs进行了健康风险评价。结果表明:邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯在所有PAEs同系物中含量丰富,而所有样品均无邻苯二甲酸二(2-甲氧基)乙酯和邻苯二甲酸二戊酯的检出;二水厂和亨达水务断面Σ_(16)PAEs浓度最高,四水厂和五水厂断面Σ_(16)PAEs浓度最低;水体12种PAEs共提出3个主成分,揭示了91%的影响因子;层次聚类分析表明:7个采样断面聚为2类,分别代表了内河和长江水体。水体中PAEs的致癌风险值和非致癌风险值均远低于参考值,说明研究水体PAEs不会对居民构成致癌风险或其他明显的健康风险,但需加强该地区PAEs使用的规范与监管,强化末端处理,以规避风险。     

南山国家森林公园人工森林植被调查及区系研究

对南山国家森林公园主要植被物种资源进行调查和区系结构研究。结果表明,南山国家森林公园森林覆盖率达73%,自然生态系统中目前已知的高等植物(藻菌、苔藓、地衣除外)共计有74科、251属、340种。构成镇江市区各类植被的优势成分共有约27种,其中东亚分布的种占55.6%,热带分布为主的植物占7.4%,连同东亚分布以及我国特有热带、亚热带分布为主的成分,一起可达88.9%。南山国家森林公园植被在区系组成上具有明显的亚热带特点,同时也反映出一定的过渡性,与江苏省森林木本植物区系分布特点基本一致。     

Three-year monitoring results of nitrate and ammonium wet deposition in Thailand

Wet deposition is one of the important sources of nitrogen input into the ecosystem. It also contributes to rain acidity in some environments. In this study we reported the annual as well as seasonal trends of nitrogen wet deposition at three locations in Thailand: Bangkok, Chiang Mai and Nan. Comparison of nitrogen wet deposition between in rural and in the urban areas was also made. Daily rainfall was measured and monthly rainwater was collected for nitrogen analysis during 1999–2002. The average NO₃ ^– concentration in rainwater collected from the rural sites (60 km from urban area) was around 0.2–0.3 mg L^–1, while that from the urban areas of Chiang Mai and Nan cities it was 0.4–0.5 mg L^–1. NH₄ ⁺ concentration in rainwater showed the similar ranges to that of NO₃ ^– , except at Nan where concentration was not significantly different between the urban and rural sites. On the other hand, the average concentrations of NO₃ ^– were higher at Bangkok site than other sites, while concentration of NH₄ ⁺ was almost the same between Chiang Mai and Bangkok. Wet deposition of NO₃ ^– at the rural sites of Chiang Mai and Nan ranged from 2.1 to 3.2 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1, while at the urban sites this ranged from about 6 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 in Chiang Mai and Nan Cities to 8.6 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 in Bangkok. Wet deposition of NH₄ ⁺ at the rural sites of Chiang Mai and Nan was about 2.4 to 3.6 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1 and at the urban sites of Chiang Mai, Nan and Bangkok this was 7.7, 4.9 and 8.1 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1, respectively. Thus, it was concluded that wet deposition of both nitrogen species was significantly higher at the urban sites than at the rural sites.     

Occurrence of organotins in the Yangtze River and the Jialing River in the urban section of Chongqing, China

The occurrence of organotins in the Yangtze River and the Jialing River in the urban section of Chongqing, China and their impact on drinking water waterworks are reported in this study. Water samples were extracted by solid-phase microextraction and measured using a gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer. The results showed that the rivers studied were polluted by both butyltins and phenyltins and that the butyltin species was the dominant pollutant. Butyltins, especially monobutyltin, were detected in all 18 sampling stations, and phenyltins were detected only in 11 sampling stations. Majority of the organotins were MBTs with concentrations varying from 27.3 to 1,145.8 ng Sn L^?1. Diphenyltin and dibutyltin were the second most common with the highest levels of 113.7 and 202.5 ng Sn L^?1, respectively. Monophenyltin, tributyltin, and triphenyltin had the lowest detection rates with concentration levels of 9.7, 161.8, and 37.2 ng Sn L^?1, respectively. Some of the organotins were also detected in drinking water waterworks, which posed a threat to the water quality of Chongqing.     

乌鲁木齐市饮用水状况卫生监测分析

为了评价乌鲁木齐市居民饮用水卫生状况，对该市６个自来水厂的出厂水，末梢水和二次供水的水质及卫生设施进行监督监测。结果表明，该市居民供水水质基本符合国家生活饮水卫生标准规定，但末梢水和二次供水中余氯合格率偏低，分别为６１．０２％和４５％。二次供水设施使用的防水材料均未按国家规定输涉及水产品卫生许可批件。     

嘉陵江南充段水质主要污染物分析

运用主成分分析法对嘉陵江南充段3个监测断面的监测数据进行分析,用信息量集中的几个综合指标代替了众多的监测指标.找出了对南充河段有影响的水体主要污染物,反推出污染源类型,并分析形成的原因,为嘉陵江南充段水资源保护、管理提供了科学依据.     

基于区间数排序法的农田土壤重金属生态风险分析

将土壤中重金属浓度以区间形式表示,运用土壤重金属生态风险分析模型得出风险区间。为区分风险等级并引入区间数排序法,建立了一种基于不确定性的区间数排序法的土壤重金属污染风险评价模型。运用该模型对不同研究区域土壤重金属生态风险和同一研究区域土壤中不同重金属生态风险进行分析。结果表明,A采样区的风险最大,其区间排序向量为0.275 5,区间向量排序为ABDEC,与内梅罗综合污染指数排序结果一致。区间数排序法考虑到评价过程中的不确定性,避免主观因素的影响。因此,土壤重金属生态风险量化结果更加客观直观,为风险管理提供较为精确的理论依据。     

遗传神经网络在累积性环境风险评价中的应用

以太湖流域常州段为研究对象，构建了累积性水环境风险评价指标体系，利用主成分分析法选取输入变量，并应用MATLAB建立遗传神经网络综合评价模型。运用遗传算法对BP神经网络的权值和阈值进行优化，将遗传算法全局搜索能力和BP算法局部搜索能力相结合，提高了收敛速度和精度。应用模型对2004—2009年常州市累积性水环境风险进行了综合评价，结果表明：2004—2009年风险综合指数总体上处在中级与高级之间，累积性水环境风险较大；2008—2009年风险综合指数不断增大，趋于低级；农业和畜禽养殖业等面源风险源、污水处理和风险管理投资等控制机制以及人口和环境敏感目标等风险受体是造成太湖流域常州段累积性水环境风险较大的主要原因。     

Comprehensive analysis of an ecological risk assessment of the Daliao River estuary, China

At present, most estuarine ecological risk studies are based on terrestrial ecosystem models, which ignore spatial heterogeneity. The Daliao River estuary has representative characteristics of many estuaries in China, and we used this estuary as the study area to formulate an estuarine ecological risk evaluation model. Targeting the estuary's special hydrodynamic condition, this model incorporated variables that were under the influence of human activities and used them as the major factors for partitioning sections of the river according to risk values. It also explored the spatial and temporal distribution laws of estuarine ecological risk. The results showed that, on the whole, the ecological risk of the Daliao River estuary area was relatively high. At a temporal level, runoff was the main factor resulting in differences in ecological risk, while at the spatial level, the ecological risk index was affected by pollutants carried by runoff from upstream, as well as downstream pollution emissions and dilution by seawater at the mouth of the sea. The characteristics of this model make it possible to simulate the spatial and temporal risk distribution in different regions and under different rainfall regimes. This model can thus be applied in other estuarine areas and provides some technical support for analysis and control of ecological destruction in estuary areas.     

Tailoring a non-path-dependent model for environmental risk management and polycentric urban land-use planning

This study attempts to develop a non-path-dependent model for environmental risk management and polycentric urban land-use planning in Gorgan Township area, Iran. Applying three suitability layers of environmental risk (soil erosion, flood risk, fire risk, and land susceptibility), urbanization potential, and integrated surface (environmental risk plus urbanization potential layers), a non-path-dependent Cellular Automata-Markov Chain (CA-MC) model was configured to execute three scenarios of polycentric urban growth allocation. Specifically, the modeling approach improved the traditional functionality of the CA-MC model from a prediction algorithm into an innovative land allocation tool. Besides, due to its flexibility, the non-path-dependent model was able to explicitly include different characteristics of the landscape structure ranging from physical land attributes to landscape functions and processes (natural hazards). Accordingly, three polycentric urban growth allocation efforts were undertaken and compared in terms of connectivity and compactness of the resultant patterns and consumption of other land resources. Based on results, the polycentric allocation procedure based on integrated suitability layer produced a more manageable pattern of urban landscape, while the growth option based on environmental risk layer was more successful for protecting farmlands against excessive urbanization. This study suggests that polycentric urban land-use planning under the strategy of rural land development programs is an available option for designing an urban landscape with lower exposure to natural hazards and more economic benefits to rural residents. Finally, the non-path-dependent modeling is a recommended approach, when highly flexible and interactive decision-support systems as well as trend-breaking scenarios are desired.