环境样品中有机氯化合物的监测分析

有机物对环境的污染日益受到各国的关注，尤其是多氯代二苯并－ｐ－二类（ＰＣＤＤｓ）、多氯代二苯呋喃（ＰＣＤＦｓ）和ＰＣＢｓ等。在我国新修订的“污水综合排放标准”中，也增加了许多有机氯化物项目；本文就二类等有机氯化物的环境监测分析方法作以概括介绍。     

气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用在我国环境监测中的应用

从系统分析和有机污染分析等方面出发 ,概述了气相色谱 质谱 (GC MS)联用在我国大气、水质、土壤等环境监测中所取得的重要成果 ,例如可测定多环芳烃、硝基多环芳烃、多氯二苯并二、多氯二苯并呋喃、农药、酚类、多氯联苯、恶臭、有机酸、有机硫化合物和苯系物、卤代烃、氯苯类等挥发性化合物 ,以及多组分有机污染物。     

我国有机氯污染物污染现状及监控对策

各类有机氯污染物在我国的污染非常普遍，主要以六六六，滴滴涕，多氯联苯为主．文中阐述了在20世纪80年代初期禁用的这些有机氯污染物在我国的含量变化，引起其含量差异的原因．阐明了这类污染物在大范围内的分布趋势，提出了在全国乃至全球范围内的这类污染物的监控方法，以及微观影响这些污染物的降解，迁移的因素。     

微塑料及卤代有机污染物在洞庭湖的赋存研究进展

洞庭湖是中国第二大淡水湖，其生态价值十分重要。目前洞庭湖新污染物相关研究比较缺乏，也没有系统的综述进行归纳总结。微塑料和卤代有机污染物是近年来备受关注的新污染物，搜集历年研究成果，对这2类污染物在洞庭湖的污染水平、分布方式、污染来源进行归纳总结：洞庭湖微塑料污染水平在世界范围内处于中等，其主要来源包括上游输入、居民日常生活、农业生产及工业生产，湖泊各区域微塑料污染水平差异明显。卤代有机污染物在洞庭湖的浓度呈现随时间推移而降低的趋势，目前整体生态风险较低，但生物累积效应仍然值得警惕。在未来研究中应当关注河流与湖泊之间的相互影响，探究微塑料和卤代有机污染物对洞庭湖区生物造成的生物毒性，建立科学完善的监测方法并结合湖区具体情况对污染防治措施及污染物处理技术开展研究。     

环境中新型阻燃剂检测技术研究进展

新型阻燃剂(NFRs)是传统阻燃剂受到严格管控后的推广替代品,主要包括新型溴代阻燃剂(NBFRs)、新型氯代阻燃剂(NCFRs)和有机磷酸酯阻燃剂(OPFRs)等。NFRs是一类新污染物,大多属于持久性有机污染物。目前,已有多种NFRs在世界各地被检出,引起各国的普遍关注,环境中NFRs的来源及迁移转化规律也由此成为新的研究热点。通过综述环境样品中NFRs检测技术在提取、净化和仪器检测等方面的国内外研究现状,讨论了各种分析技术的特点,分析了NFRs分析过程的质量控制与质量保证问题,展望了该领域未来的发展趋势。     

二噁

１　前言多氯二苯并－Ｐ－二口恶口英（ＰＣＤＤｓ）和多氯二苯并呋喃（ＰＣＤＦｓ）总称为二口恶口英类。它是城市垃圾在焚烧时燃烧的生成物和部分有机氯化物在生产过程中的副产品，严重的污染了大气、水质、土壤和食品等。ＰＣＤＤｓ和ＰＣＤＦｓ的同系物和同分异构体分...     

企业污染物排放达标率统计计算的探讨

企业污染物排放达标率统计计算的探讨狄凌峰（浙江温岭市环境监测站，温岭３１７５）（））本文提出企业污染物排放达标率为各污染物达标率的加权算术平均值，加权的大小取决于各污染物对环境的危害程度，其统计结果可综合体现治理和环境效果，表达式为：。。一，。一一、...     

五氯酚标准样品的研制

五氯酚是美国ＥＰＡ公布的１２９种重点污染物名单以及我国环境优先监测污染物黑名单中的重点污染物，也是环境监测和环境科研工作中的主要对象。本文介绍了这种污染物毒理特性和液体介质标准样品的分析、研究、制备方法。     

江苏省10个监测站被确定为“国家环境污染物监测方法标准验证工作实验室”

近日，环保部印发了《国家环境污染物监测方法标准工作专家名单》和《国家环境污染物监测方法标准验证工作实验室名单》（环科函[2010]62号文），确定了标准工作专家和实验室范围。江苏省环境监测中心，南京市、常州市、无锡市、苏州市、南通市、泰州市、连云港市、扬州市、镇江市环境监测中心站等10个实验室被确定为国家环境污染物监测方法标准验证工作实验室，     

AIRPARIF负责巴黎空气质量监测和烟雾警报

所有环境政策的目的都是为了不断改善周围环境，提高人们的生活质量标准（健康、舒适和环境水平）。采取任何提高生活质量的决策必须依据环境状况和发展趋势的客观信息。可以采取增加对污染物排放（包括交通、供热和工业）控制的方式改善空气质量，然而在环境中各种污染物...     

水体沉积物中有毒有机污染物的监测研究进展

介绍了水体沉积物中有毒有机污染物监测的预处理技术,重点评述了我国水体沉积物中主要有毒有机污染物多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药的监测研究现状,认为水体沉积物中有毒有机污染物研究领域今后发展的重点和方向是广泛开展国内主要河流、湖泊、海洋的监测研究和其在水体环境中的迁移及转化机理、生殖毒性以及污染消减与修复技术研究;加强新型预处理技术及其与大型仪器联用技术的研究;尽早建立水体沉积物中有毒有机污染物的监测方法标准及污染评价标准。     

Environmental contaminants in nonviable eggs of the endangered Mississippi sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla)

Our objectives were to determine if concentrations of environmental pollutants and microbial contamination in nonviable eggs of the endangered Mississippi sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla) contributed to egg failure. Six eggs collected in 1990 and four in 1991 contained only background levels of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and tests for microbial contamination were all negative. Two eggs contained late dead embryos, but neither revealed obvious abnormalities. Three eggs contained potentially harmful concentrations (23, 39, 146 pg/g, wet mass) of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), based on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQ) for combined compounds. Because of the scarcity of material suitable for laboratory examination and the endangered status of the crane, we recommend that nonviable eggs continue to be monitored for toxic pollutants.     

Assessment of health risk associated with persistent organic pollutants in water

This paper presents the results of analyses of water samples taken from water intakes supplying one of the districts located near the city of Wroc?aw. Surprisingly high concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and chloroorganic pesticides, classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), were detected in the monitored sites. Basing on the analytical and toxicological data, the individual health risks related to carcinogenic effects (excess cancer risk over a lifetime) in humans were assessed, resulting from direct ingestion of community water. Also noncarcinogenic effects resulting from exposure to the examined POPs were determined. The conservative approach to risk assessment, taking into account a safety margin for data incompleteness, was adopted. The carcinogenic risk was found to slightly exceed the unconditionally acceptable risk of 10^?6 in the case of polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorocyclohexane, for all the inhabitant populations. The determined values of noncarcinogenic effects expressed by hazard quotient and hazard index indicate that the water pollutants and their concentrations do not cause an increase in noncarcinogenic incidences in the inhabitants using the monitored water sources.     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

Gull eggs--food of high organic pollutant content?

A wide range and occasionally high levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are reported in Arctic regions, especially among top predators. Polar bears (Ursus maritimus), arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus) and some gull species (Larus spp.) often have high levels of these fat-soluble pollutants. Gulls deposit significant levels of these contaminants in their eggs. In northern regions, gull eggs are part of the traditional human diet. In the present study we have investigated the levels of POPs in gull eggs in order to determine the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for humans. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were measured in 214 gull eggs collected in the spring of 2001-02. The eggs were collected from four gull species (herring gulls (Larus argentatus), great black-backed gulls (L. marinus), lesser black-backed gulls (L. fuscus) and glaucous gulls (L. hyperboreus)) at 12 different locations in Northern Norway, on the Faroe Islands and on Svalbard. The pollutant levels in gull eggs were found to be 65.5 +/- 26.9 pg toxic equivalent (TE) for dioxin and PCB g(-1) wet weight. Based on these findings and the TWI-value determined by the EU Scientific Committee on Food it is advised that children, young women and pregnant and nursing women should not eat gull eggs. Other people should limit their intake of eggs to an absolute minimum, considering the health risks associated with gull egg intake.     

Detecting and characterising sources of persistent organic pollutants (PAHs and PCBs) in surface sediments of an industrialized area (harbour of Trieste, northern Adriatic Sea)

A sediment sampling based on a two-dimensional mapping was performed in the harbour of Trieste (northern Adriatic Sea), considering 28 sites exposed to pollutant inputs from harbour and industrial activities. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in surface sediments, because these very persistent pollutants seem to be responsible for the depletion of benthic populations observed in this area. The correlation matrix indicates that PAHs and PCBs are non-correlated, and probably have different sources. Both cluster analysis performed on the sampling sites and graphical drawing of the PAH sediment contents make it possible to locate along the shoreline a band of more polluted sediments, clustered around a site facing a steelmaking factory, to be considered as the main source point for PAHs. The evaluation of phenanthrene to anthracene (P/AN) and fluoranthene to pyrene (FL/PY) ratios permits the assessment of the pyrolytic, industrial origin of these PAHs, rejecting a second possible source of hydrocarbons (i.e., an oil-pipeline terminal, situated near the steelmaking factory). Graphical drawing of the total PCB iso-concentrations reveals a different source-point for this other category of very persistent pollutants.     

A long-term survey of heavy metals and specific organic compounds in biofilms, sediments, and surface water in a heavily affected river in the Czech Republic

To assess the long-term anthropogenic load of the Bílina River (Czech Republic), the concentrations of heavy metals and specific organic compounds in different river ecosystem matrices (water, biofilms, and sediments) were determined. Although the current concentrations of pollutants in surface water are low, frequently below the limits of the quantitative analytical methods used, the river ecosystem is still heavily loaded by anthropogenic pollution, mainly from the chemical and mining industries. This was demonstrated by analyzing biofilms and sediments. These matrices are more accurate representatives of the actual situation in the river and do not depend on hydrological conditions or random variability in water quality. The results indicate that the middle and the lower parts of the river are heavily polluted by mercury, arsenic, vanadium, polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene, and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane. As a tributary of the Elbe River, the Bílina River represents a significant risk for the development of quality in this major European river.     

A complex investigation of the extent of pollution in sediments of the Sava River: part 2: persistent organic pollutants

Sediment pollution of the biggest Danube tributary, the Sava River, was investigated within the sixth framework European Union project “Sava River Basin: Sustainable Use, Management and Protection of Resources” (SARIB). The extent of pollution was estimated by determining the amount of inorganic and persistent organic pollutants in sediment samples at 20 selected sampling sites along the Sava River. For the purpose of clarity, the findings are presented and published separately (part I: selected elements and part II: persistent organic pollutants). This study presents an investigation into the presence of organic pollutants in the Sava River sediment. According to the Water Framework Directive, the following persistent organic pollutants were investigated: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), selected chlorinated pesticides and organotin compounds. The results reveal that PAHs were present in moderate concentrations (sum of 16 PAHs: up to 4,000 ng g^???1) and their concentrations increased downstream. Concen trations of PCB were low (sum of seven indicator PCBs: below 4 ng g^???1) and among the pesticides analyzed only p,p-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane was found in moderate concentrations at two sampling sites in Croatia (up to 3 ng g^???1) and hexachlorobenzene was found in a high concentration in the city of Belgrade (91 ng g^???1), although the use of these persistent pesticides has been banned for decades. Repeated sampling at the same location revealed point pollution near Belgrade. Among the organic pollutants surveyed, organotin compounds were not detected. Overall results reveal the presence of persistent organic pollutants in 20 of the Sava River sediments tested that is, in general, comparable or lower than the levels in the Danube River and other moderately polluted European rivers.     

Effects of sampling techniques on physical parameters and concentrations of selected persistent organic pollutants in suspended matter

This study focusses on the effect of sampling techniques for suspended matter in stream water on subsequent particle-size distribution and concentrations of total organic carbon and selected persistent organic pollutants. The key questions are whether differences between the sampling techniques are due to the separation principle of the devices or due to the difference between time-proportional versus integral sampling. Several multivariate homogeneity tests were conducted on an extensive set of field-data that covers the period from 2002 to 2007, when up to three different sampling techniques were deployed in parallel at four monitoring stations of the River Rhine. The results indicate homogeneity for polychlorinated biphenyls, but significant effects due to the sampling techniques on particle-size, organic carbon and hexachlorobenzene. The effects can be amplified depending on the site characteristics of the monitoring stations.     

Evaluation of the urban/rural particle-bound PAH and PCB levels in the northern Spain (Cantabria region)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels in PM(10) and PM(2.5), at one rural and three urban sites in the Cantabria region (northern Spain). From all of these pollutants, benzo(a)pyrene is regulated by the EU air quality directives; its target value (1?ng/m(3)) was not exceeded. The concentration values of the studied organic pollutants at the studied sites are in the range of those obtained at other European sites. A comparison between the rural-urban stations was developed: (a) PAH concentration values were lower in the rural site (except for fluorene). Therefore, the contribution of local sources to the urban levels of PAHs seems relevant. Results from the coefficient of divergence show that the urban PAH levels are influenced by different local emission sources. (b) PCB rural concentration values were higher than those found at urban sites. Because no local sources of PCBs were identified in the rural site, the contribution of more distant emission sources (about 40?km) to the PCB levels is considered to be the most important; the long-range transport of PCBs does not seem to be significant. Additionally, local PAH tracers were identified by a triangular diagram: higher molecular weight PAHs in Reinosa, naphthalene in Santander and anthracene/pyrene in Castro Urdiales. A preliminary PAH source apportionment study in the urban sites was conducted by means of diagnostic ratios. The ratios are similar to those reported in areas affected by traffic emissions; they also suggest an industrial emission source at Reinosa.