平原感潮河网地区农业非点源污染产污规律

平原感潮河网地区非点源污染严重,同时由于本身具有的交叉污染等特性,造成了整个平原河网存在严重的环境污染和环境安全问题。文章在南通平原河网地区选择圩区作为典型区,以野外观测和室内分析相结合的方法开展野外原位试验,研究平原河网典型圩区各形态污染物随降雨径流的迁移特征,建立了稻季农田营养盐的迁移通量与径流通量、施肥量及降雨距施肥时间间隔三者之间的定量化关系。     

平原感潮河网地区不同土地利用下营养盐迁移特征

分别在南通平原河网地区选择典型非圩区开展野外原位试验,用野外观测和室内分析相结合的方法,研究平原非圩区典型试验小区不同土地利用下营养盐在自然降雨—径流驱动下迁移的时空分布特征.结果表明,导致营养盐迁移时空分布存在显著差异的主要原因为不同的土地利用类型、施肥条件及植被覆盖度等,不同土地利用下的径流量差异是导致营养盐迁移通...     

望虞河西岸河网区沉积物营养盐和重金属污染时空分布特征

以无锡市望虞河西岸河网区为研究区域,于2018年12月—2019年9月分冬、春、夏、秋4个季节采集了上覆水和沉积物样本,研究氮磷营养因子在沉积物-上覆水界面的释放规律,探究主要水质指标、沉积物氮磷和重金属含量的时空分布特征。结果表明:研究区域内的水质状况不佳,主要是氮含量超标,污染严重的点位集中在人类活动较为密集的市区和工业区;受上覆水氮磷浓度、溶解氧浓度等变化的影响,沉积物营养盐含量季节变化明显,污染状况较为严重,75%的点位属于中度和重度污染;沉积物重金属含量季节变化不显著,部分重金属的空间分布特征相似,污染程度排序为Zn>Cd>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>As。     

京杭运河(苏州段)水质急性综合毒性研究

从2009年3月至2010年10月对京杭运河(苏州段)的4个监测断面进行了水质急性综合毒性和地表水主要理化项目的调查,结果表明:京杭运河(苏州段)水质急性综合毒性基本处在低毒水平,各断面基本呈现水质急性毒性水平枯水期>平水期>丰水期的规律,水质急性综合毒性测定结果基本与同步理化监测结果一致。     

长兴入太湖河网水文变化特征与水质时空差异

以长兴县入太湖的泗安塘-合溪-乌溪河网为研究对象，将入湖河网划分为水源区、河网区、西苕溪区和入湖区，于2018年8月和2019年1月分别对长兴县入太湖河网丰水期和枯水期的水质状况进行了调查，采用空间聚类法、水质标识指数对水质的时空分布进行评价。结果表明，长兴入太湖河网不同片区氨氮（NH₃-N）和总氮（TN）的质量浓度平均值呈现枯水期较丰水期高的特征，而高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）和总磷（TP）则呈现丰水期较枯水期高的特征。空间聚类分析结果表明，水质指标分布具有明显的空间差异性，呈现水源区>西苕溪区>河网区>入湖区的分布特征，入湖区是污染物聚集的主要区域。综合水质标识指数分析结果表明，长兴入太湖河网主要以Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类水为主；单因子水质标识指数分析结果表明，溶解氧（DO）、COD_Mn、NH₃-N、TP指标均优于Ⅲ类水标准，TN是入太湖河网的特征污染物，且在丰水期和枯水期质量浓度平均值分别达到2.24,3.49 mg/L。因此，进一步削减氮污染是缓解其河网富营养化的关键。     

新安江水库主要入流营养盐的时间变化特征及其影响因素分析

流域上游来水是水库的重要补给源，其水质状况直接决定下游受纳水库的生态系统状态和功能，研究入库来水营养盐的时间演变特征并揭示其变化的影响因素，为水库水质管理提供重要科学依据。以新安江水库安徽辖区为研究区，分析了2007—2016年期间流域入库水质的变化特征，探讨水文、气象等环境条件对入库水质的影响。研究结果表明，2007年以来，COD_Mn和透明度表现为下降趋势，TN、TP、NH₃-N呈明显上升趋势，来水营养水平上升，但叶绿素a呈下降趋势。流域降水带来的水文情势的变化对来水水质起重要作用，来水中N、P营养盐丰水期显著高于枯水期，同流域降水过程显著正相关。     

河口混合区划定及营养盐标准限值构建

河口是河流和海洋生态系统的过渡带,目前中国缺乏河口区划界和水质评价标准,河口区及其附近海域环境质量评价直接使用《海水水质标准》(GB 3097—1997)对标评价的方式,评价结果往往与实际不符,对河口地区开发建设和管理保护不利。笔者系统分析了中国河口区划分及水质评价的现状和存在问题,以北部湾主要入海河口钦州湾为例比较了河口区营养盐背景值与海洋营养盐背景值,两者差异显著,认为使用《海水水质标准》(GB 3097—1997)对河口区进行评价不能很好地反映环境质量。因此依据现行的《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)、《海水水质标准》(GB 3097—1997)和《近岸海域环境功能区管理办法》,提出使用盐度等数据探讨河口混合区划定及建立河口混合区水质营养盐标准限值的方法。在钦州湾的应用案例中,河口混合区的划定和河口区营养盐标准限值确定,都具有科学性和可操作性。使用河口混合区营养盐标准进行评价的结果比直接使用《海水水质标准》(GB 3097—1997)评价能更准确地反映环境质量,可为河口区划界及水质评价提供方法参考。     

梅雨季节京杭运河镇江段水体污染影响研究

以京杭运河镇江段为研究对象,根据2017—2019年6—7月、2020年6月1日—8月3日、2020年6月17日—19日3个时间段的镇江段5个控制断面监测数据、江苏省水环境监控系统平台监控数据和现场专项调查监测数据,分析了梅雨季节降雨期间高锰酸盐指数和总磷浓度时空变化规律,总结出了可能影响水质波动的原因。结果表明:不利气象条件、起始处受污染、雨污分流建设滞后、支流水质较差和农业面源污染是造成京杭运河镇江市段水体污染的原因。提出,应加强全市排涝泵站的管理、加强入河排污口监管、加快建成区雨污分流建设、减少农业面源污染等建议。     

夏季太湖蓝藻水华暴发与臭氧污染的关联性

夏季受东南季风、湖流等因素影响,太湖蓝藻向西北部水域集聚,该区域平均藻密度可高达1×109个/L以上,其中蓝藻集中堆积的近湖岸区域藻类密度更高,蓝藻在不同生命阶段释放的藻源性VOCs的成分谱和产生量有较大差异,其中烯烃和有机胺反应活性较强。蓝藻水华高发期太湖西岸非甲烷总烃的浓度约为常州市区的3.3倍,日变化趋势符合蓝藻代谢规律。太湖西部蓝藻水华、湖西区的非甲烷总烃浓度和臭氧污染程度时空变化规律表明:太湖西部(宜兴)是整个流域臭氧污染最严重的区域,其臭氧污染的形成与太湖蓝藻水华暴发有关联性。     

鄱阳湖平原区农村门塘形态特征及底泥营养状况分析

通过在鄱阳湖平原选取典型农村门塘,对其形状、进出口布置、水下地形、水深、淤塞、水质和底泥营养盐含量等指标进行调查测定分析.结果表明,鄱阳湖平原农村门塘多呈长条形;进水口设置随意,多且分散;淤塞较为严重,淤积物主要以外源输入为主;水体总氮和总磷一定程度超标,污染程度总氮总体表现为冬季＞秋季＞夏季＞春季,总磷总体表现为夏季＞春季＞秋季＞冬季;底泥营养盐和有机质含量相对较高,呈现一定的污染状态;底泥中有机质、有机碳和总氮的同源性较高,主要以内源污染物为主;底泥中磷以陆源输入为主.     

基于数值模拟的河道再生水补充区地下水监测网构建

再生水作为改善城市景观用水纳入河道,可其对地下水具有潜在的污染风险。通过构建区域地下水数值模型,应用质点追踪技术,计算出永定河补水区在河湖受水后地下水5 a运移1.47 km、20 a运移6.32 km,年均运移0.32 km。在数值模拟的基础上,依据地下水运移轨迹,结合区域水文地质条件,将研究区划分为核心监控区、二级监控区和控制监控区3个地下水监测分区,并提出各分区地下水监测井的布设原则及布设方式,实现地下水环境监测网络的优化。     

徐州市地表水体底泥重金属污染特征研究

文章对徐州市地表水体底泥重金属的污染特征进行了研究。对流经徐州市的四条主要河流和云龙湖的55个底泥采样点的重金属含量进行了测试,并采用单因子污染指数法进行了评价。结果表明,徐州市地表水体除云龙湖之外均不同程度地受到了重金属元素的污染。荆马河污染最为严重,其次是奎河、故黄河、京杭大运河。云龙湖的第五个采样点也受到了Hg的污染。污染元素的种类及污染程度与徐州市的产业结构密切相关。     

Limnochemistry and nutrient dynamics in Upper Lake, Bhopal, India

In limnetic ecosystem, water quality depends upon physical, chemical, and biological factors. Effects of temperature, light scattering, and absorption by suspended and dissolved matter, transport, and mixing of nutrients within the lake are the significant factors as far as water quality is concerned. Nutrient loading into the lake and internal cycling of nutrients is always a matter of concern and critical to number of processes. During the winter season, heat and momentum transfer at the lake surface and the temperature-density relation of water destabilize the water column and drive vertical mixing and transport processes. The deepening of the surface layer produces nutrient transfer from the hypolimnion into the euphotic zone of epilimnion. It may also resuspend sediments that would have settled under stratified conditions, or redistribute particles that may still be in suspension. Thus, there exists a complex connection between the hydrodynamics and water quality issues. Present study is an effort to understand how seasonal changes in the limnetic ecosystem regulate the limnochemistry and movement of nutrient. The study revealed that significant variations of nutrients and organic load were observed between epilimnion and hypolimnion during summer season, and the lake was found in hyper-eutrophic condition throughout the study period.     

Estimation of phosphorus flux in rivers during flooding

Reservoirs in Taiwan are inundated with nutrients that result in algal growth, and thus also reservoir eutrophication. Controlling the phosphorus load has always been the most crucial issue for maintaining reservoir water quality. Numerous agricultural activities, especially the production of tea in riparian areas, are conducted in watersheds in Taiwan. Nutrients from such activities, including phosphorus, are typically flushed into rivers during flooding, when over 90 % of the yearly total amount of phosphorous enters reservoirs. Excessive or enhanced soil erosion from rainstorms can dramatically increase the river sediment load and the amount of particulate phosphorus flushed into rivers. When flow rates are high, particulate phosphorus is the dominant form of phosphorus, but sediment and discharge measurements are difficult during flooding, which makes estimating phosphorus flux in rivers difficult. This study determines total amounts of phosphorus transport by measuring flood discharge and phosphorous levels during flooding. Changes in particulate phosphorus, dissolved phosphorus, and their adsorption behavior during a 24-h period are analyzed owing to the fact that the time for particulate phosphorus adsorption and desorption approaching equilibrium is about 16 h. Erosion of the reservoir watershed was caused by adsorption and desorption of suspended solids in the river, a process which can be summarily described using the Lagmuir isotherm. A method for estimating the phosphorus flux in the Daiyujay Creek during Typhoon Bilis in 2006 is presented in this study. Both sediment and phosphorus are affected by the drastic discharge during flooding. Water quality data were collected during two flood events, flood in June 9, 2006 and Typhoon Bilis, to show the concentrations of suspended solids and total phosphorus during floods are much higher than normal stages. Therefore, the drastic changes of total phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, and dissolved phosphorus in rivers during flooding should be monitored to evaluate the loading of phosphorus more precisely. The results show that monitoring and controlling phosphorus transport during flooding can help prevent the eutrophication of a reservoir.     

An ecosystem report on the Panama Canal: monitoring the status of the forest communities and the watershed

In 1996, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and the Republic of Panama's Environmental Authority, with support fromthe United States Agency for International Development, undertook a comprehensive program to monitor the ecosystem of the Panama Canal watershed. The goals were to establish baselineindicators for the integrity of forest communities and rivers. Based on satellite image classification and ground surveys, the2790 km² watershed had 1570 km² of forest in 1997, 1080 km² of which was in national parks and nature monuments. Most of the 490 km² of forest not currently in protected areas lies along the west bank of the Canal, and its managementstatus after the year 2000 turnover of the Canal from the U.S. to Panama remains uncertain. In forest plots designed to monitorforest diversity and change, a total of 963 woody plant specieswere identified and mapped. We estimate there are a total of 850–1000 woody species in forests of the Canal corridor. Forestsof the wetter upper reaches of the watershed are distinct in species composition from the Canal corridor, and have considerably higher diversity and many unknown species. Theseremote areas are extensively forested, poorly explored, and harbor an estimated 1400–2200 woody species. Vertebrate monitoring programs were also initiated, focusing on species threatened by hunting and forest fragmentation. Large mammals are heavily hunted in most forests of Canal corridor, and therewas clear evidence that mammal density is greatly reduced in hunted areas and that this affects seed predation and dispersal. The human population of the watershed was 113 000 in 1990, and grew by nearly 4% per year from 1980 to 1990. Much of this growth was in a small region of the watershed on the outskirts of Panama City, but even rural areas, including villages near and within national parks, grew by 2% per year. There is no sewage treatment in the watershed, and many towns have no trashcollection, thus streams near large towns are heavily polluted. Analyses of sediment loads in rivers throughout the watershed did not indicate that erosion has been increasing as a result ofdeforestation, rather, erosion seems to be driven largely by total rainfall and heavy rainfall events that cause landslides.Still, models suggest that large-scale deforestation would increase landslide frequency, and failure to detect increases inerosion could be due to the gradual deforestation rate and the short time period over which data are available. A study of runoff showed deforestation increased the amount of water fromrainfall that passed directly into streams. As a result, dry season flow was reduced in a deforested catchment relative to aforested one. Currently, the Panama Canal watershed has extensive forest areasand streams relatively unaffected by humans. But impacts of hunting and pollution near towns are clear, and the burgeoningpopulation will exacerbate these impacts in the next few decades.Changes in policies regarding forest protection and pollution control are necessary.     

升钟湖水体叶绿素a动态特征及其影响因子分析

2011—2015年每月监测升钟湖湖区的4个代表性断面的水质指标,分析水体中叶绿素a时空分布特征、变化规律及影响水体水质状况的其他要素。结果表明:升钟湖的叶绿素a具有显著性的年际差异,表现为夏季高、冬季低且呈现逐年下降的变化趋势,总磷、总氮、氨氮、溶解氧、透明度监测指标同样表现为夏季高、冬季低的变化趋势,除溶解氧和透明度的监测指标逐年上升外,其他监测指标均逐年下降。构建了叶绿素a与总氮、总磷的多元回归方程模型,该模型可根据水体营养盐状态准确预测升钟湖叶绿素a的变化趋势。     

塔里木河下游植被指数的遥感监测

为了了解塔里木河下游9次应急输水的生态环境效益，利用MODIS—NDVI最大合成法、差值法，分析了塔里木河下游植被指数的年际变化情况，结果表明：（1）塔里木河下游地区植被覆盖度变化中增加区面积呈增加趋势。（2）2002年与输水初期相比，植被覆盖度增加区主要分布于上段和中段的老塔里木河及其文阔尔河河道两侧，下段河道覆盖度增加区仅零星分布于距河道0．3km左右的地势低洼区域。2003年以后，下段植被覆盖度增加区面积已达84．30km^2，是2002年的3．16倍，主要分布在距离河道0．5km左右的河道两侧。至2007年塔里木河下游河道两侧植被覆盖度增加区的变化是比较显著的，特别是下段植被覆盖增加区呈带状分布于距河道1．5km左右的范围内。植被指数遥感监测说明塔里木河下游地区的生态环境得到明显改善。     

兴凯湖中国区域水质及污染现状调查研究

基于调查监测数据和历史数据，分析兴凯湖中国区域水质及污染现状。结果表明，兴凯湖为Ⅳ类水质，水质状况为轻度污染，处于轻度富营养化状态。主要污染指标为总磷，浓度呈逐年升高的趋势。分析其原因，穆棱河分洪水是兴凯湖地面水的主要来源，这部分水质远较其他入湖河流水质差，因此穆棱河湖北闸在洪水期的泄洪水是兴凯湖的一个主要污染源。