生态保护区域饮用水源地水质金属健康风险评价

选择重庆市生态保护发展区域饮用水源地为研究对象,运用健康风险评价模型对其水质金属进行评价。结果表明:7个饮用水源地中27种金属元素均达到USEPA、WHO和《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)限值要求。饮用水源地中致癌健康风险从高到低依次为CrAsCd,均低于USEPA最大可接受风险。非致癌金属的健康风险从高到低依次为SrPbMoFeCuSeAgNiZnMn,非致癌风险水平为9.36×10~(-11)a~(-1)~1.25×10~(-7)a~(-1),远低于USEPA、ICRP等权威机构限值。成人致癌和非致癌健康风险水平均为女男,致癌总风险均大于非致癌总风险2个数量级以上,总健康风险均保持在10-5数量级水平。     

广州不同环境空气PM2.5中金属元素污染特征与风险评价

根据2015年广州城区磨碟沙、内陆郊区天湖和近海郊区万顷沙不同环境空气PM_2.5中金属元素（Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、As等23种）监测数据，分析其污染特征与富集程度，并评估潜在生态风险和健康风险，为大气污染风险防控提供支持。结果显示：广州大气PM_2.5中金属K、Na、Fe、Ca、Al和Zn含量相对较高。总元素浓度总体呈冬季最高、夏季最低的特征，且随PM_2.5污染加重而升高，但总元素在PM_2.5中的占比下降。Cd、Se、Zn、Cu、Mo、Pb和Na富集严重（富集因子>100），体现了人类活动的重要影响，磨碟沙城区站富集因子通常高于另2个站点。广州大气总金属元素潜在生态危害程度为"很强"，Cd贡献为主，Pb、Cu和As元素贡献分别在天湖、磨碟沙和万顷沙位列第二。As、Cr和Mn是大气金属元素健康风险的主要贡献者；磨碟沙的总致癌效应风险高于万顷沙和天湖，但万顷沙的总非致癌效应风险最高。     

运城市区秋冬季大气PM2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评估

为了解山西省运城市大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）中重金属的污染特征和来源及其健康风险，于2020年10月15日—2021年2月14日对运城市大气PM_2.5样品进行连续采集，使用微波消解-电感耦合等离子质谱法（ICP-MS）分析了样品中的铬（Cr）、锰（Mn）、镍（Ni）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）和铅（Pb）等8种重金属元素的质量浓度。结果表明，采样期间，ρ（PM_2.5）平均值为78.96μg/m³，采暖季ρ（PM_2.5）为（79.84±43.79）μg/m³，高于非采暖季（76.54±23.97）μg/m³，采暖季和非采暖季ρ（PM_2.5）均值均超过《环境空气质量标准》（GB 3095—2012）中的二级标准。富集因子法分析表明，Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb的富集因子均高于10，其中Cd元素的富集因子平均值达到1.089，表明受人为污染影响严重。主成分分析结果表明，运城市区秋冬季大气中重金属主要有3个来源，分别为混合燃烧源、机动车尾气源、工业排放源。健康风险评价结果显示，经手口摄入暴露强度最大，呼吸吸入暴露强度最小，皮肤接触暴露强度居中；儿童在3种暴露途径的总暴露剂量高于成人，儿童重金属暴露风险高于成人。各途径的非致癌风险强度叠加值＜1，表明非致癌风险较小；但As、Pb的非致癌风险相对较高。4种重金属的呼吸吸入途径致癌风险程度排序为：As＞Cr＞Cd＞Ni，单种重金属的致癌风险（TR）值以及重金属的总致癌风险（R）值均＜10^-6，表明本研究中重金属不具有致癌风险。     

重庆城区PM2.5中金属浓度及其来源

利用环境空气多金属在线监测仪对23种金属元素连续观测1年,分析了重庆城区PM2.5中金属元素浓度变化规律和来源。23种金属年均浓度值为(2.22±0.42)μg/m3,PM2.5样品中金属元素占2%~4%,浓度较稳定且季度特征明显,同时PM2.5中金属主要为K、Fe、Ca、Zn、Mn、Pb。K、Ca、Mn等3种金属既来源于自然源也来源于人为源,Zn、Pb、Cu、As、Cd等5种金属主要来自人为源。利用因子分析得出重庆城区PM2.5中金属元素主要来自土壤风沙扬尘、机动车尾气排放、冶金工业燃烧排放、燃煤燃烧排放。     

苏州工业园区大气PM_(2.5)中主要重金属污染特征及其健康风险评价

通过2015年1月、4月、8月、11月对苏州工业园区大气中PM_(2.5)及Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Ni 5种元素质量浓度的监测,并采用《污染场地风险评估技术导则》(HJ 25.3—2014)中推荐模型对该5种元素通过呼吸途径引起的人体健康风险进行评价。结果表明,Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Ni 5种元素平均质量浓度分别为76.2 ng/m3、6.92 ng/m3、1.45 ng/m3、4.14 ng/m3和5.71 ng/m3,平均质量浓度从高到低依次为PbCrNiCdAs;5种元素的致癌风险与危害熵分别为6.89×10-15~6.84×10~(-12)和2.57×10~(-9)~4.80×10~(-7),分别低于可接受致癌风险水平(10-6)与可接受危害熵(1)。整体而言,苏州工业园区大气重金属污染程度相对较低。     

会泽某铅锌矿周边农田土壤重金属风险评价研究

采用现场采样与室内测试方法测定了会泽某铅锌矿周边农田土壤中Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni的含量,利用地积累指数法、潜在生态指数法对其土壤环境质量进行了评价,并应用US EPA推荐的健康风险评价法对重金属的健康风险进行了初步评价。结果表明,7种重金属均存在不同程度的富集或污染。多种重金属潜在生态风险指数属于中等及以上的风险状态,重金属潜在生态风险指数排序为CdPbAsCuNiZnCr。7种重金属在3种暴露途径下对儿童的非致癌健康风险均大于成人,但对成人、儿童均不存在显著的非致癌健康影响、非致癌健康总风险。As、Ni、Cr、Cd重金属的致癌风险值与4种元素总致癌风险值均未超出10-6~10-4的范围,尚不具备致癌风险。     

桂林市冬季大气PM2.5中重金属污染物健康风险评估

通过监测桂林市2014年冬季大气PM_(2.5)中11种元素的质量浓度,运用富集因子解析其来源,并开展重金属潜在生态风险、人体暴露和健康风险评价。结果表明:Cd富集因子10,表明Cd的来源主要是人为源;其他元素富集因子均10,主要来源为自然源。生态危害程度Cd和Hg为极强,Pb为强,As为较强,其他元素均为轻微。总的潜在生态风险指数(RI)为19 385.3,远高于600,生态风险为极强。各元素经呼吸摄入的非致癌风险由高到低为AsCdCrPbHg,致癌风险由高到低为CrAsCdPb;儿童和成人的总致癌风险分别为1.68×10~(-7) a~(-1)和3.84×10~(-7) a~(-1),风险甚微。     

邯郸市冬季大气PM2.5中金属元素空间污染特征及生态风险评价

为研究邯郸市大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中金属元素的污染特征,选取城区4个功能区(工业区、工业生活区、教学区和交通区)分别布设采样点位,采集2017年冬季PM_(2.5)样品。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析样品中11种金属元素(V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Co、Cu、As、Cd、Ba和Bi)的含量,对其空间污染特征进行比较,并运用主成分分析、聚类分析和绝对主成分得分-多元线性回归模型对金属元素的来源及其贡献率进行模拟计算,对Cr、Ni、Cu、As和Cd的潜在生态风险进行评估。研究结果表明,邯郸市冬季PM_(2.5)污染较为严重,4个功能区的PM_(2.5)日均值远超《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准限值。对金属元素含量的分析表明,教学区大气PM_(2.5)中金属元素质量浓度的总和相对较低,尤其是Fe、Cr、Cd、Mn和Cu的含量均低于其他3个功能区,但是As的含量较高。富集因子计算结果显示,V、Co和Ba在邯郸市的富集系数小、污染程度低,其余金属元素尤其是As、Fe、Cd和Bi的富集系数大、污染程度高。对研究区大气PM_(2.5)金属元素的来源进行解析发现,金属元素的主要来源包括工业生产、自然源、化石燃料的燃烧及交通运输活动。其中,Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Cd和Ba主要来自工业活动,V、Co和Bi的主要来源是自然源,Ni和As主要来自化石燃料的燃烧及交通运输活动。潜在生态风险评估发现,邯郸市4个功能区金属元素的总生态风险指数均较高,尤其是As和Cd在各个功能区的潜在生态风险程度为极强,但Cr和Ni的潜在生态风险程度较低。     

燃煤电厂周边河流中氟、砷和重金属污染健康风险评价

通过在某燃煤电厂周边河流中布设15个采样点,监测其中氟(F)、砷(As)和重金属的含量,并评价其通过饮水和皮肤接触途径对不同人群所产生的健康风险。结果表明:河流中F、As、Cd、Cr监测值均未超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类标准限值,Hg严重超标;河流中污染物所致儿童和成人健康危害的总风险分别为2.62×10~(-5) a~(-1)和1.76×10~(-5) a~(-1),均高于瑞典环保局、荷兰建设和环境部推荐的最大可接受风险水平1.0×10~(-6) a~(-1),其中As、Cr对儿童的健康危害风险较大,分别为1.69×10~(-5) a~(-1)和9.21×10~(-6) a~(-1),应作为风险决策管理的重点。     

下辽河平原地下水健康风险评价

通过在下辽河平原布设217个地下水采样点,调查监测其中典型的无机、有机化合物,并应用美国EPA健康风险评价模型进行风险评价。结果表明:该区域地下水中无机化合物较有机化合物浓度水平高;无机化合物中NO_3~-、NO_2~-、Mn及As浓度较高,有机化合物中γ-六六六浓度较高。所有监测的无机、有机化合物通过饮用水途径引起的致癌风险高于非致癌风险;所有化合物的非致癌风险数值均小于ICRP推荐的最大可接受风险水平10~(-6)a~(-1),As致癌风险最大值为6.15×10~(-5)a~(-1),超过EPA推荐的可接受值5.0×10~(-5)a~(-1)。     

Monitoring of ambient particles and heavy metals in a residential area of Seoul, Korea

In this study, ambient TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 in a residential area located in the northern part of Seoul were monitored every other month for 1 year from April 2005 to February 2006. The monthly average levels of TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 had ranges of 71∼158, 40∼106, and 28∼43 μg/m³, respectively. TSP and PM10 showed highest concentration in April; this seems to be due to Asian dust from China and/or Mongolia. However, the fine particle of PM2.5 showed a relatively constant level during the monitoring period. Heavy metals in PM 10 and PM2.5, such as Cr, As, Cd, Mn, Zn and Pb, were also analysed during the same period. The monthly average concentrations of heavy metal in PM2.5 were Cr:1.9∼22.7 ng/m³; As:0.9∼2.5 ng/m³; Cd: 0.6∼7 ng/m³; Mn:6.1∼22.6 ng/m³; Zn: 38.9∼204.8 ng/m³, and Pb: 21.6∼201.1 ng/m³. For the health risk assessment of heavy metals in ambient particles, excess cancer risks were calculated using IRIS unit risk. As a result, the excess cancer risks of chromium, cadmium, and arsenic were shown to be more than one per million based on the annual concentration of heavy metals, and chromium showed the highest excess cancer risk in ambient particles in Seoul.     

Non-carcinogenic risks induced by metals in drinking source water of Jiangsu Province, China

In this study, we investigated the levels of eight metallic elements in source water of 40 tap water treatment plants (TWTPs) located along Yangtze River, Taihu Lake and Huaihe River in the section of Jiangsu Province, China during 2007?C2009 and assessed the non-carcinogenic risks induced by the metals. Among the metals, Fe had the highest concentration (121.5 ??g L^???1) and Pb contributed most (32.4%) to the average hazard index (HI) of 40 TWTPs, followed by Cd (24.7%) and Cr (21.6%). The average concentration of each metal was below the permissible limit of China and USA except for Pb. Both hazard quotients of individual metals and HI of total non-carcinogenic risk in each TWTP were lower than 1.0, suggesting that these pollutants posed negligible hazards to public health of local residents. Temporal and spatial comparisons showed that high HIs occurred more frequently in low water seasons, and the three TWTPs located along Huaihe River (Dongtai, Jinhu and Yishuichang) had relatively higher HIs.     

Study of seasonal variations and health risk assessment of heavy metals in Cyprinus carpio from Rawal Lake,Pakistan

This study was carried out to find out the comparative distribution of heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co, Cr, Cd and Pb) in various tissues (muscles, gills, liver, stomach and intestine) of Cyprinus carpio from Rawal Lake, Pakistan, during summer and winter. Relatively higher concentrations of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe and Zn were found in the stomach samples, while the highest Pb and Zn levels were noted in muscle and intestine samples, respectively. Correlation study exhibited diverse relationships among the metals in various tissues. Generally, the metal concentrations found during the summer were comparatively higher than the winter. Potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks related to the metals in C. carpio were evaluated using the US Environmental Protection Agency approved cancer risk assessment guidelines. The calculated daily and weekly intakes of Pb, Cd, Cr and Co through the fish consumption were significantly higher than the permissible limits. In relation to the non-carcinogenic risks to human, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co and Zn levels were higher than the safe limits; however, carcinogenic risks related to Cr (3.9?×?10^?3 during summer and 1.1?×?10^?3 during winter) and Pb (2.6?×?10^?4 during summer and 1.5?×?10^-4 during winter) clearly exceeded the safe limit (1?×?10^?6). Consequently, the consumption of C. carpio from Rawal Lake on regular basis was considered unsafe.     

典型铝塑厂周边土壤重金属分布特征与健康风险评价

为探究铝塑园区周边土壤重金属污染情况,选取山东省某城市塑料开发区为研究区,按照分层采样方式获取到80个土壤样品,分别测定土壤中As、Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn含量,运用统计分析法探讨土壤重金属等的分布特征和来源,并利用健康风险评价模型确定了土壤重金属对周边居民的健康风险。结果表明:As、Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn均超出山东省土壤背景值,其中Cd、Hg、Cu和Pb分别超出背景值48. 15%、106. 90%、62. 04%和39. 96%,表明土壤中存在一定程度的重金属积累,在周边140～210 m处最为严重,且受人类活动影响强烈,与风向关系不大;土壤重金属垂直分布特征大致呈现随着深度的增加不断增加,在20 cm深度附近达到最高值,其后不断降低并趋于平稳,Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb和Zn变异幅度大,受到人为干扰较大,As、Cr和Ni主要受成土母质控制,属于自然来源,变动幅度较小;研究区内8种元素不存在非致癌风险,Cr、As、Ni和Cd产生的致癌风险处在可接受范围内,但存在的潜在致癌风险应引起足够的重视。     

Consumption of heavy metal contaminated foods and associated risks in Bangladesh

This study investigated the magnitude of heavy metal contamination and determined the carcinogenic as well as non-carcinogenic risks associated with selected food consumption in Bangladesh. Commonly consumed varieties of rice, vegetables, and fish samples were analyzed to measure the concentrations of heavy metals such as cadmium, chromium, lead, arsenic, manganese, nickel, and zinc. These staple food items showed the greatest probabilities of heavy metal contamination in different phases of their production and marketing. Wide variations of metal concentrations were observed. Specifically, estimated daily intakes of arsenic and cadmium exceeded allowable daily intakes in all three food items. Toxicity scores of the metals were evaluated, and a comprehensive risk assessment was conducted to quantify the risks associated with the daily food consumption. Except for cadmium and lead in vegetables, all the contaminants present in each food item posed significant levels of carcinogenic risks up to 2.99?×?10^?3 compared to the EPA recommended carcinogenic risk level of 1.0?×?10^?6. Cadmium and arsenic intake due to rice consumption also posed unsafe levels of non-carcinogenic risks of 4.587 and 6.648, respectively, compared to the EPA recommended non-carcinogenic risk level of 1.0. Finally, a revised set of permissible limits was proposed for the heavy metals detected in the food items. Those permissible limits would ensure the risks associated with food consumption below the allowable carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk levels. Thus, this comprehensive approach would provide guidelines to formulate adequate control measures and regulatory limits of toxic metals in foods produced and marketed in Bangladesh.     

环鄱阳湖区地表尘土重金属污染及健康风险评价

通过2010年4月采集环鄱阳湖区地表尘土样品,对其重金属污染物进行分析研究,并运用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对所引起的健康风险做了初步评价。结果表明,地表尘土中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn平均含量分别为0.909、74.64、78.37、78.33、213.62 mg/kg,5种重金属平均含量均高于江西土壤背景值。重金属非致癌风险Pb>Cr>Cu>Cd>Zn,均小于非致癌风险阈值1,对人体不会造成健康危害;致癌重金属致癌风险Cr>Cd,均低于癌症风险阈值,表明不具有致癌风险。暴露模型计算表明,重金属慢性每日平均暴露量为手-口接触摄入量>皮肤吸收量>吸入空气量,经手-口直接摄入是地表尘土暴露风险的主要途径。     

Is PM10 mass measurement a reliable index for air quality assessment? An environmental study in a geographical area of north-eastern Italy

The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of some metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Ti) in PM(10) samples collected in one urban and one industrial site and to assess that PM(10) total mass measurement may be not sufficient as air quality index due to its complex composition. Metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and differential pulsed anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). The measured concentrations were used to calculate the content of metals in the PM(10) total mass, and to estimate the enrichment factors and the correlations between PM(10), metal concentrations and meteorological data for the two sites. The mean PM10 concentration during the sampling period in the urban site exceeded the annual European Union (EU) standard (40 microg/m(3)) and, for some sampling days, the daily EU standard (50 microg/m(3)) was also exceeded. In opposite, both EU standards were never exceeded in the industrial site. The overall metal content was nearly double in the industrial site compared to the urban one, and the mean Ni concentration exceeded the EU annual limit value (10 ng/m(3)). The metals with the highest enrichment factor were Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb for both sites, suggesting a dominant anthropogenic source for these metals. Metal concentrations were very low and typical of rural background during Christmas holidays, when factories were closed. PM(10) total mass measurement is not a sufficient air quality index since the metal content of PM(10) is not related to its total mass, especially in sites with industrial activities. This measurement should be associated with the analysis of toxic metals.     

上海市浦东新区大气细颗粒物中重金属污染特征及来源解析

于2017年对浦东城区和郊区大气PM2.5中的重金属特征和来源进行了分析。结果表明,K、Fe、Na、Ca、Mg、Al等矿物元素为浦东新区PM2.5中含量最高的金属元素,其中K的年均值为297.3 ng/m^3。浦东城区的不同元素在季节变化上呈现较为不同的变化规律,郊区的金属元素值大部分呈现春季先逐月下降,在夏、秋季有起伏波动,在10月之后逐渐上升;沙尘+道路源+建筑扬尘、煤燃烧、工业排放、金属冶炼、船舶排放、海盐+垃圾焚烧+生物质燃烧为浦东城区PM2.5中重金属元素的6大类主要来源。其中沙尘+道路源+建筑扬尘对Ca的贡献率为82.7%,煤燃烧对As的贡献率为86.6%,工业排放对SO4^2-的贡献率达到65.9%,金属冶炼对Cr的贡献率为75.7%,船舶排放对V的贡献率为97.5%、海盐+垃圾焚烧+生物质燃烧对Cl^-的贡献率为93.0%。煤燃烧和金属冶炼主要来自于西部方向。船舶排放分布在长江口及其延伸带。浦东新区PM2.5中重金属元素的质量浓度与本地源排放强度、外界传输和大气扩散条件均有密切关系。