福建省各级环境监测站站长管理工作思路分析

用德尔菲法咨询形式，对福建省33个县级环境监测站、8个地市级环境监测站和省级环境监测站的站长进行了调查，结果表明：在20项的调查内容中，“领导重视”、“晋级（技术）”、“单位的领导水平”和“规章制度及正规化水平”等项的“很重要”和“重要”得票率均在95％以上。     

新疆石河子市环境监测网络经验交流座谈会召开

新疆石河子市环境监测网络经验交流座谈会于1997年10月17日召开。会议由石河子市环境监测站主办，参加会议的有网络成员单位的环保办（站）主任和网络监测站（室）的质量保证人员共20人。经验交流座谈会的目的是提高网络的整体水平和对网络的管理提出建议。会议组织全体人员参观了网络的四家优质实验室，听取了各优质实验室的经验介绍，同时也对各优质实验室的各项工作进行了认真的检查。在此基础上进行了讨论座谈，肯定了各单位的先进之处，指出工作中的不足。会议决定1998年网络工作的重点是提高网络监测人员的业务水平和质量保证水平，提…     

基于非参数检验的水质变化趋势分析

综合应用Mann Kendall（M K）、季节性Kendall(S K)非参数检验方法和局部加权回归散点平滑法（LOWESS）分析东江流域长时间尺度（16 a）和短时间尺度（5 a）水质变化趋势,解析流量与点面源污染对水质指标变化的贡献。结果表明：东江干流DO呈明显下降趋势,TN呈明显上升趋势;二级支流淡水河整治成效显著,水质呈明显改善趋势。流域中上游水体耗氧有机物相对稳定且水平较低,而下游存在较大量耗氧有机物排放。S K检验有利于发现不同月份水情影响下的水质变化,检验出东江干流NH3-N呈明显下降趋势。M K（LOWESS）模型有利于解析各水质指标受上游集雨区汇水过程和点面源污染影响情况。     

基于遥感的区域人居环境指数构建及其应用

基于生态宜居和以人为本双重理念,选取区域绿度、区域热度、区域蓝度、区域亮度、区域透明度和区域起伏度等6个指标,利用主成分分析法构建基于遥感的区域人居环境指数（RHEI）。以福建省为例,分季度测算其RHEI,揭示区域人居环境的时空差异。结果表明：福建省RHEI随着季节变化逐渐降低,呈现东南低西北高、沿海岸线向内陆上升的空间分布格局。通过比较各指标的回归模型系数,发现区域蓝度对区域人居环境的影响最大,区域透明度的影响最小。由年度均值回归模型预测,未来每增加0.166单位的区域蓝度或减少0.278单位的区域热度,能提升0.1单位的人居环境质量。     

临危受命 不辱使命——记江苏省环境监测系统支援松花江污染事故工作代表队

1、临危受命，勇挑重担 2005年12月5日下午4点左右，江苏省环境监测中心接到中国环境监测总站要求增援黑龙江省松花江污染监测的指令，省中心领导研究后，于5点发文征集有关省辖市（县）的技术人员增援名单，有关省辖市（县）监测站于6月上午10点之前将自己单位实力最强的技术骨干名单上报，     

乌鲁木齐市环境科研监测中心站档案管理工作又上新台阶

乌鲁木齐市环境科研监测中心站的环保档案管理工作于1997年12月27日通过了自治区级考评验收。乌鲁木齐市环境科研监测中心站1994年成立了综合档案室,同年晋升为自治区档案管理三级标准单位。该站根据工作需要和自身特点编制了一批基本目录索引以便查阅,档案检索工作水平高、服务完善。在短期内开发并实现了计算机储存和微机检索,并着手新的软件系统的开发,这在升级的同类单位中是不多见的。该站的档案编制成果层次深入、容量大,不仅为领导决策、环境科研、管理、监测和宣传教育发挥了重要作用,而且为社会提供服务发挥了积极作用。由自…     

乌鲁木齐市第四次环保会议召开

乌鲁木齐市3月二2日隆重召开了第四次环保会议。会议传达了全国及自治区第四次环保会议精神；总结交流了“八五”环保工作经验．明确提出了实施两大举措．改善环境质量．确保“几五”环保目标实现。自治区有关领导吴教夫、买买提明·扎克尔、市人大、政协、各区（县）大专院校、企事业单位、新闻单位负责人共300多名代表参加了会议。自治区环保局局长安惠民到会并宣读了贺信。市环保局局长张志范受市政府的委托间大会做了（抓住机遇。迎接挑战。为实现“九五”环徒目标而奋斗》的工作报告。吴敦夫在讲话中阐述了加强环境保护实施可持续发展…     

硒,锌和汞等金属对大鼠肝细胞的联合作用

采用大鼠淳离肝细胞，以细胞半数中毒浓度（ＴＣ５０）细胞培养上清液山梨醇脱氢酶（ＳＤＨ）、谷丙转氨酶（ＧＰＴ）活性和肝细胞还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）作为观察指标，对硒和锌与镉、汞、铅、铜、铬、锑、砷七种金属人合物的联合作用进行了研究。结果表明，硒和锌对肝细胞毒性较小，而汞、镉、铅则对肝细毒性较大。上清液中的细胞内生化指标是较为敏感的毒性指标。     

基于改进PSR模型的长株潭地区土地生态系统健康评价研究

基于改进的PSR模型构建土地生态系统健康评价指标体系,运用组合赋权法确定指标权重,对长株潭地区及其各县（市、区）的土地生态系统健康进行定量分析和评价。研究表明：2002—2014年,长株潭地区土地生态系统健康综合指数由5002下降至4132,呈波动下降趋势,主要影响因素为单位耕地农药施用量、单位耕地化肥施用量、水土流失比率、森林覆盖率、环保投资额占GDP比例、封山育林及当年造林面积。该地区15个县（市、区）的土地生态系统健康状况呈现明显的时空差异,1个属于综合指数快速上升区,6个属于基本稳定区,7个属于慢速下降区,1个属于快速下降区。     

原子吸收法测定水中镉的质量控制指标研究

通过全国多家实验室的大量监测数据,研究分析了镉测定的质量控制指标,并与《水质镉的测定双硫腙分光光度法》（GB/T 7471-1987）和《环境水质监测质量保证手册》（第二版）进行了比较,旨在为环境监测工作提供质量控制依据和质量控制指标。研究表明,标准样品的精密度质量控制指标范围：RSD≤5.0%和RSD’≤8.0%;准...     

新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区建设及效益分析

艾比湖是典型的干旱区湖泊,具有特殊湿地的干旱生态系统.晚更新世晚期开始,由于气候逐渐变干,艾比湖不断萎缩.20世纪50年代至80年代末,由于湖区人口的激增及其对水土资源的不合理开发利用,加速了湖泊干缩的进程,80年代后期至今,随着新疆北部的气候向暖湿转变,以及湖区人口和耕地增长趋缓,艾比湖湖面出现波动扩张态势.本文对艾比湖湿地自然保护区的建设及效益情况进行了阐述.     

Recent changes in the montane spruce-fir forests of the northeastern United States

Intensive study of the montane spruce-fir forests of the northeastern United States has been underway since 1980. Crown-vigor assessments, tree-ring studies, and resurveys of plots established in the 1960's have revealed a deterioration of the red spruce populations at high elevations in New England and New York. Forested sites surveyed in the 1960's and 1980's have shown decreases in density and basal area of greater than 50%. Many of these sites have not been logged or cut since settlement times and it is not expected for red spruce, a long-lived species, to undergo such a rapid, widespread decline in basal area and density. The most prominent feature of red spruce decline in the high-elevation forests of the Northeast is the loss of foliage from the tops of the crown down and from the tips of lateral branches in. Winter injury is responsible for this pattern of needle loss and, in some years, browning of needles occurs in early spring and is followed by needle loss by mid-summer. Reports from the 1800's and earlier this century describe a similar occurrence of needle browning but the previous extent and severity of this phenomenon is not known. Climate including adverse winter conditions are in part responsible for the current red spruce decline. The role of air pollution in red spruce decline has not been determined. Foliar nutrient deficiencies may exist in some high-elevation red spruce and their role in red spruce decline is not known either.Contribution from Fourth World Wilderness Congress—Acid Rain Symposium, Denver (Estes Park), Colorado, September 11–18, 1987.     

M-估计在水质监测中的应用

Ｍ估计是极大似然估计的一种简称。以水质蒸馏后４氨基安替比林分光光度法测定挥发酚和纳氏试剂比色法测定氨氮为例,分别考察了Ｍ估计与传统的最小二乘法（ＬＳ）所获取的校准曲线方程。回收试验结果表明个别异常值（＜３０％）不影响Ｍ估计,而ＬＳ估计则不然,前者在水质监测中的稳健性亦得以充分证明     

Mean Annual Temperature and Total Annual Precipitation Trends at Canadian Biosphere Reserves

This article examines instrumental climate records from a varietyof stations associated with the following Biosphere Reserves across Canada: (i) Waterton Lakes, (ii) Riding Mountain, (iii) Niagara Escarpment, (iv) Long Point, and (v) Kejimkujik (Candidate Biosphere Reserve). Annual series are generated fromdaily temperature and precipitation values. In addition, homogeneous data are used from other stations and regional records to supplement the records from the local biosphere stations. Long term trends are identified over the period of the instrumental record. In general, data from the interval 1900 to 1998 show cooler temperatures in the 1920's, warmingfrom the early 1940's into the early 1950's, cooling into the1970's, and subsequent warming. At many stations, 1998 is the warmest in the instrumental record. Comparisons with the regional data sets show good agreements between the temperatureseries. The 20th century warming is approximately 1.0 °C in the Riding Mountain area and 0.6 °Cin the Long Point, Niagara Escarpment, and Waterton Lakes areas.There has been slight cooling in the Kejimkujik area over the past half century. Precipitation data show increasing trends inthe Kejimkujik, Long Point, Niagara Escarpment, and Waterton Lakes areas with no long term trend in the Riding Mountain area. This work is part of the Canadian Biosphere Reserves Association (CBRA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI), designed to present climate change information to Biosphere Reserve communities to allow local organizations to understand climate change and adapt to potential impacts.     

The collection of PM10 for toxicological investigation: comparisons between different collecting devices

A positive correlation has been established between increased levels of airborne particulate pollution and adverse health effects, the toxicological mechanisms of which are poorly understood. For toxicologists to unambiguously determine thesemechanisms, truly representative samples of ambient PM₁₀ are required. This presents problems, as PM₁₀ collecting equipment commonly employed, such as the Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM®), heat the inflow toexclude moisture or use fibrous filters, resulting in a PM₁₀sample that may have undergone significant chemical change on thefilter surface or is contaminated by filter fibres. Other systems(i.e. Negretti and Partisol) can successfully collect PM₁₀ without chemical alteration or filter contamination. Comparativecollections from Port Talbot, S. Wales suggest that TEOMs and Negretti/Partisol systems collect different PM₁₀'s; the principle difference arising from the TEOM's heating chamber, which precipitates water-soluble ions and volatilises some organic components. This results in both the mass and compositionof the PM₁₀'s being altered. Particle size distributionsfor Negretti and Partisol collections highlighted differences mainly attributed to different flow rates. The results of thiswork demonstrate that simple correlations between PM₁₀ massand adverse health effects are problematic. Furthermore, elucidation of the complex fractionation and chemical changes indifferent collectors is necessary.     

Large-scale mercury variations in Lake Vänern (Sweden) 1974-98

Lake V?nern, the largest lake in Sweden, has been seriously contaminated with mercury during the 20th century. In the 1970's and 80's the direct load, mainly from a chlor-alkali industry in the area, of mercury was drastically reduced as a response to new legislation, from three to five tons down to between five and ten kg yr(-1). Large amounts of the disposed pollutant have accumulated in the sediments. The question posed in this work is now, is the effect of the drastic load reduction after more than two decades visible in the sediments? The question is relevant as large areas still are blacklisted for fishing, but also as a follow-up of a major remedy action. The lake also serves as a freshwater reservoir for even Sweden's second largest city. This work synthesises and compares data of mercury in the sediments from three major field programs, in 1974, 1984 and 1998. The interest is focused on both spatial heterogeneity and temporal trends. In 1974, the surface concentrations are significantly higher than in subsequent surveys. Significant differences are also found between 1984 and 1998. Significant spatial differences within the lake are found for respective year. The most contaminated area is located in the north, close to the major point source (a former chlor-alkali industry). This is also the area with the largest improvement, as a direct response to the reduction in load. Further from the outlet, the recovery is more affected by burial and transport processes out into the deeper basins.     

Inhibitor resistance and in situ capability of nanoparticle based gene quantification

We have demonstrated the preliminary results of the in situ monitoring capability of an inhibitor resistant gene quantification assay using magnetic bead (MB) and quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles (hereafter "MB-QD assay") for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 in environmental samples. The selectivity of the MB-QD assay was demonstrated via the discrimination of the target bacteria in the presence of nonspecific microbial populations. The effect of temperature on the assay was examined to evaluate the necessity of elevated temperature incubation. The reagents (i.e., particle complex and particle-DNA conjugate) were also shown to have a stability of at least 10 days without refrigeration, therefore enabling prior preparation and the subsequent storage of these reagents. In addition, it was found that the MB-QD assay was resistant to the presence of naturally occurring inhibitors (i.e., humic acids, Ca(2+)) and residual reagents from DNA extraction (i.e., surfactant, ethanol). Overall the results indicated that the MB-QD assay is potentially suitable for further development as an in situ bacteria monitoring method for working with inhibitor laden samples without requiring additional purification steps and elevated temperature processes.     

Historical trace metal fluxes in the Mexico City Metropolitan Zone as evidenced by a sedimentary record from the Espejo de los Lirios lake

The accumulation of selected trace metals (Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) was studied in a sediment core collected at Espejo de los Lirios lake, a precipitation-dominated seepage lake in Northern Mexico City Metropolitan Zone (MCMZ). A (210)Pb-derived chronology, obtained from the same core, was used to reconstruct the historical metal fluxes at the site, allowing evaluation of the impact of environmental changes promoted by the development of the City during the last approximately 125 years. The highest levels of metal enrichment above natural concentration levels (NCL) in the sediments from Espejo de los Lirios lake were found for Ag and Pb (approximately 250%) as well as a slight enrichment for Cd (55%), Cr (84%), Co (20%), Cu (60%), Hg (47%), Ni (45%), V (59%) and Zn (66%). Fluxes of trace metals appeared to have noticeably increased from the last 45 years showing the maximum increments for Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, V and Zn during the 1980's (9 to 13 fold natural fluxes), for Ag and Cu (17 and 12 fold, respectively) during the 1990's and for Hg and Pb (2 and 13 fold) during the middle 1970's. Low levels of metal enrichment observed have evidenced that the most conspicuous consequences of the expansive growth of this area of the MCMZ, are mostly related to deforestation and erosion of the surrounding areas, rather than to trace metal pollution. Based on PCA, it can be assumed that atmospheric deposition, weathering of bedrock and soil within the watershed and authigenic production, are the most important processes that explain the trace metal distribution in the site.     

内蒙古呼和浩特市沙尘天气变化规律及防治对策

以呼和浩特市30年(1971~2000年)气象资料为基础,运用数理统计理论,分析了呼和浩特市沙尘天气的时间变化特征及其与降水量、气温、风速、相对湿度、蒸发量等气象因子的关系。结果表明,沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘等沙尘天气在年代际、年际、季节与月变化上具有一致性。20世纪70年代沙尘天气发生的日数最多,从1970年代到1990年代沙尘天气发生日数总体上波动下降。沙尘天气的年际变化均以1972年最高,但不同沙尘天气发生日数最小值出现的年份不同,最小值为0天,2000年略有上升。沙尘天气呈现春冬季节发生日数多,夏秋发生日数少的季节变化趋势,每年的4月份沙尘天气出现最多,7、8或9月份沙尘天气出现最少。沙尘天气的发生与空气相对湿度、降水量呈现极显著或显著的负相关,与风速、蒸发量呈现极显著或显著的正相关,与气温变化关系不明显。在此基础上,提出了完善监测体系、加强生态环境建设等沙尘天气防治对策。     

Effects of Regional Reductions in Sulphur Deposition on the Chemical and Biological Recovery of Lakes within Killarney Park, Ontario, Canada

The lakes in KillarneyProvincial Park, located 40–60 km southwest ofSudbury, Ontario, were some of the first lakesin North America to be acidified by atmosphericpollutants. Acidification affected thousandsof fish and invertebrate populations in dozensof lakes. Since the 1970's, water quality hasimproved in response to atmospheric pollutionreductions and some lakes have alreadyrecovered to approximately their pre-industrialpH levels, as inferred from diatom microfossilsin lake sediments. Since the 1970's, fishspecies richness has not changed substantially,but zooplankton species richness has increasedin acidified lakes. The critical sulphur load,the amount of SO₂-derived acid depositionthat can occur while still maintaining suitable water quality, was estimated to beexceeded in 38% of the park area in 1997. Depending on which of four possible NorthAmerican emission control scenarios (CLR =currently legislated reduction; CLR + 25%; CLR+ 50%; CLR + 75%) is achieved by 2010, theprojected critical loads will be exceeded inabout 0-30% of the park area in the future. There are many factors that can affectbiological recovery rates of damaged lakes, butit is expected that biological recovery willlag considerably behind observed chemicalrecovery rates.