完善省级土壤环境质量监督管理的思考

概述全国土壤环境质量监管体系，分析江苏省土壤环境质量监督管理现状，存在污染管理制度不完善，土壤环境监测能力不足等问题。建议建立健全相关制度、体系和规范，包括加强污染场地管理，分类制定土壤环境管理办法，建立场地土壤环境质量档案，完善土壤环境质量监测管理体系，深化土壤调查和修复，推进土壤标准研究，创新土壤环境管理制度。     

江苏省风险管控和修复名录地块污染特征分析及对策建议

根据《中华人民共和国土壤污染防治法》,建立并公开《江苏省建设用地土壤污染风险管控和修复名录》（以下简称“名录”）。对2020—2022中江苏省纳入名录的116个污染地块开展系统性分析,结果表明：纳入名录的污染地块数量和面积与地区经济发展水平有关,南京、无锡、常州和苏州排名前列;土水复合污染地块占53%,其中64%的地块地下水最大污染深度大于同一地块土壤最大污染深度;共统计到167种污染物,重金属、石油烃和多环芳烃最为常见,约50%的污染物不在我国现行建设用地土壤及地下水污染评价标准中;已完成修复并移出名录的31个地块中,17%的污染土壤和25%的污染地下水采用原位修复技术。提出了完善土壤环境质量标准体系,探索土水协同治理修复模式,推进土壤污染绿色低碳修复等针对性的对策建议,为促进土壤、地下水环境管理和污染防治行业科学发展提供参考依据。     

淮安市土壤重金属污染状况评价及防治对策初探

针对严峻的土壤污染形势,我市启动了土壤污染状况调查工作,本文重点分析土壤中重金属含量,蔬菜基地、大型交通干线两侧、重污染和农产品中重金属含量,结合土地利用类型,开展土壤环境风险评价,确定环境安全等级,建立土壤污染状况档案,提出土壤污染防治对策。     

加强土壤污染防治 保障土壤环境安全——《江苏省土壤污染防治工作方案》解读

简述了江苏省土壤污染防治现状,对《江苏省土壤污染防治工作方案》进行了解读。该方案从全局和战略的高度对江苏省土壤污染防治工作进行了顶层设计和谋划,提出了当前和今后一个时期土壤污染防治工作的目标与主要任务。指出,土壤污染的形成非一朝一夕,问题的解决也不可能一蹴而就,要充分认识土壤污染防治工作的紧迫性、长期性、艰巨性、复杂性,既要打好攻坚战,也要做好打持久战的准备。     

铅锌矿区耕地重金属污染土壤环境磁学监测方法研究

用环境磁学方法对甘肃徽县铅锌矿区典型耕地污染土壤、自然土壤和修复土壤进行监测研究，结果表明：污染土壤的磁化率（χlf）与频率磁化率（χfd）呈显著的负相关，表明污染土壤磁性增强主要由铅锌矿厂在选矿冶炼过程中释放的含铁矿物所致；污染土壤χlf值在0 cm～30 cm深度范围内最高，污染严重；χlf值在30 cm～60 cm深度范围内明显降低，污染程度减弱；在60 cm～70 cm深度范围内与自然土壤的χlf值接近，污染基本消失。土壤污染程度随深度增加而降低，污染深度范围为0 cm～60 cm；从污染土壤、修复土壤到自然土壤χlf值依次降低，且污染土壤χlf值与重金属元素Pb、Zn等的变化趋势一致。     

农产品产地土壤重金属外源污染来源解析及防控策略研究

分析了工业生产排放、污水灌溉、矿产资源开发、农业投入品施用、大气颗粒物降尘及固体废弃物堆放等农产品产地土壤重金属主要外源污染来源,在此基础上构建了包括工业过程源、固定燃烧源、灌溉水源、废弃物堆放源、流动源和农业投入品源的来源清单,并从建立健全源头预防和强化过程控制2个方面,提出了加强农产品产地土壤重金属污染监管的相关建议。     

全国土壤污染状况详查质量管理工作经验及建议

综述了国内外土壤调查相关质量保证与质量控制工作概况。针对2016—2021年全国土壤污染状况详查（简称“土壤详查”）工作特点，明确了土壤详查质量保证与质量控制技术路线及方法，总结了其在强力协调、全面指导、过程协同、信息化应用、创新质控手段等方面的成功经验，提出了深入挖掘土壤详查质量管理成果、加强土壤环境监测分析方法研究、加强土壤质量控制样品和标准物质研制、研究建立土壤环境调查单位分级评价体系、持续探索日常土壤环境调查质量控制工作模式等相关建议，以期为后续土壤调查的质量管理提供参考。     

农业土壤危险废物污染的风险管理

从环境风险管理出发,探讨危险废物对农业土壤污染的途径,提出土壤危险废物污染的风险管理内容和方法,初步建立辽宁省农业土壤危险废物污染的预警指标体系。     

生态修复后某矿区下游农田土壤金属污染特征与风险评价

为研究广东省某矿区开展生态修复多年后下游农田土壤的金属污染状况，选取该矿区下游某村周边农田土壤及灌溉水渠作为研究对象，对该区域采集了40个土壤表层样本和8个水体样本，利用Arcgis软件对农田土壤样品中As、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Mn和Fe₂O₃的质量分数进行克里金空间插值，解析该区域农田土壤金属的空间分布特征；采用综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对该区域耕作层土壤中As、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn和Mn进行风险评价。结果表明，40个土壤样品中As、Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的超标率分别为77.5%、70%、87.5%、27.5%和67.5%,说明调查区域农田土壤污染属于多金属复合污染，且对农作物的生产和安全产生巨大的威胁。部分土壤样品中As、Pb和Cd含量超过了中国农用地土壤污染风险管制值，需采取严格管控措施。通过分析土壤金属的空间分布，发现土壤金属含量超标点位主要位于灌溉口与受污染河流周边，且含量与离灌溉口距离成反比。结合目前灌溉水样中的金属均未超标的情况，得出该区域农田土壤污染是由该矿区生态环境修复前所产生的含金属灌溉水导致土壤中金属的积累...     

苏州储备地块土壤污染防治项目监理模式的实践与探讨

阐述了我国土壤污染防治项目监理现状,以苏州储备地块为例,分析了其土壤污染防治项目以环境监理为主,以工程监理为辅,由环境检测单位提供独立监测服务的监理模式的实践特点,以及环境监理、工程监理和环境监测各环节的实施要点。在此基础上,提出了在土壤污染防治项目实施过程中落实监理全覆盖,夯实监理的安全监管责任,以及将环境监理与工程监理有机结合,形成一套有针对性的行业监理规范等建议。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...