太湖饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价

介绍了水环境健康风险评价方法,并根据太湖饮用水源地水环境质量监测数据,对4个饮用水源地通过饮水途径引起的水环境健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,2005～2009年,4个饮用水源地水环境健康个人年风险多数超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的标准,主要风险因子为化学致癌物六价铬和砷;化学致癌物对人体健康危害个人年风险度远高于非化学致癌物;化学致癌物所致健康危害的个人年风险呈波动降低变化,非化学致癌物所致健康危害的个人年风险基本保持稳定。     

乌鲁木齐市饮用水源地中邻苯二甲酸酯健康风险评价

采用美国环保署(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型,对乌鲁木齐市饮用水源地中的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)通过饮水途径致人体健康危害风险进行初步评价。结果显示,乌鲁木齐市地表饮用水源地的2种PAEs[邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二四酸二丁酯(DBP)]浓度全部达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)特定项目标准限值要求,DEHP总检出率达58.3%~100.0%,DBP总检出率达100%,DEHP通过饮水途径引起的致癌和非致癌总风险数量级达10^(-10)~10^(-8),DBP通过饮水途径引起的非致癌风险数量级达10^(-13)~10^(-11)。乌鲁木齐市地下饮用水源地的DEHP浓度全部达到《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848—2017)中Ⅰ类标准限值要求,总检出率达66.7%~100.0%,通过饮水途径引起的总风险数量级分布中,城市集中式饮用水源地为10^(-10)~10^(-9),县城(区)饮用水源地为10^(-10)~10^(-8)。地表和地下饮用水源地的致癌和非致癌总风险均低于US EPA和国际癌症机构(ICRP)的最大可接受风险水平,并低于瑞典环境保护署、荷兰建设和环境署以及英国皇家协会的最大可接受风险水平,处于Ⅰ级,低风险状态。     

以嘉定区为例对上海市郊区饮用水源水重金属进行健康风险评价

对上海市嘉定区饮用水源地水中重金属污染物进行了调查研究,并应用美国环保署推荐的健康风险模型对其作了健康风险初步评价。结果表明,重金属致癌物质所引起的健康危害较高,镉、铬、砷的平均个人年风险等级分别为10^-7a^-1、10^-5a^-1、10^-5a^-1,铬、砷的年均风险值非常接近国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平,致癌风险极大,应优先控制;非致癌物质所引起的健康风险较小,平均个人年风险大小次序为铅、铜、锌、汞,风险值在10^-11～10^-9 a^-1之间,远低于ICRP推荐的最大可接受风险水平。     

乌鲁木齐市主要饮用水源地水质健康风险评价

运用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对2011—2013年乌鲁木齐市主要地下和地表饮用水源地水体中污染物通过饮水途径致人体健康危害风险进行初步评价,结果显示:致癌物和非致癌物所致个人健康危害年风险均低于USEPA和国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)最大可接受风险水平,致癌物产生的健康危害年风险数量级10-9~10-5,高出非致癌物101~107数量级,各饮用水源地的个人健康危害年总风险以致癌物风险为主,致癌物中的重金属六价铬和砷风险占总风险的比例高达99.6%,应优先控制,地表水源地中挥发性有机致癌物对人体产生的潜在健康危害也不容忽视,非致癌物中要特别重视氟化物的危害。     

青岛市饮用水源地重金属污染物健康风险初步评价

对青岛市某饮用水源地饮用水的钼、铍、硼、锑、钡、钒、钛、铊、砷、镉、铅、汞、镍、铜、锌共15种重金属元素进行了分析,并应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对其所引起的健康风险作了初步评价。结果表明,通过饮水途径所致健康风险中,由致癌物砷所致的健康风险为8.15E-6 a-1,低于国际辐射防护委员会ICRP推荐的最大可接受风险水平5.0×10-5a-1;由非致癌物所致的健康风险中砷最大,铜和硼次之,二者的风险水平为10-9a-1和10-10a-1,均低于ICRP推荐的最大可接受风险水平。     

农村饮用水健康风险评价

通过对某农村饮用水中化学污染物的健康风险评价,初步探讨了目前农村居民饮用水水质状况对人体健康的影响。选取2010~2014年饮用水源地水质检测数据,运用健康风险评价模型对饮水途径所引起的健康风险进行评价。结果表明该区域主要水质指标的暴露风险均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平,饮用水中化学致癌物所致健康风险度大小顺序为:Cr6+AsCd,非致癌性污染物所致风险度大小顺序为NH3-NPbHgCN-挥发酚。该村饮用水中化学致癌物有一定的风险度,应加以优先检测与控制。     

2016—2020年四川省地级市(州)饮用水源地总α、总β放射性水平及健康风险评估

为了解四川省各地级市(州)饮用水源地的放射性水平,评价其水源地辐射水平的安全性,于2016—2020年对全省各地级市(州)饮用水源地进行布点、采样,分析水中总α、总β的放射性水平,利用健康风险模型对居民的健康风险进行评估。结果显示:各地级市(州)饮用水源地的总α、总β放射性浓度范围分别为0.008~0.094、0.011~0.190 Bq/L,不同年度、不同水源地、不同水源地类型的总α和总β放射性水平间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同水期的总α、总β放射性水平的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),总α和总β放射性对各年龄段居民的总致癌风险均低于WHO和ICRP发布的最严格控制限值。该次调查显示,四川省21个地级市(州)饮用水源地的总α和总β放射性处于安全水平,各年龄组的健康风险都是处于可接受的范围内。     

辽宁大伙房水库水质健康风险评估

对大伙房水库水质健康风险进行了评估,结果表明水库水质中各类污染物所致健康危害的个人年总风险为1.0×10^-6/a。水质中基因毒物质所致健康危害的个人年风险由大到小排列为六价铬>砷>;躯体毒物质所致健康危害的个人年风险由大到小的排列为铅>汞>氰化物>氨氮>挥发酚。因此在管理上应重视对基因毒物质中化学致癌物排放量的控制。     

乌鲁木齐地表水饮用水源地水体有机氯农药健康风险评价

为了解乌鲁木齐市地表饮用水源地水体中有机氯农药(OCPs)对人体产生的潜在健康危害风险,从一号冰川、英雄桥、乌拉泊水库的9个采样点采集水样,采用液液萃取-气相色谱/质谱法对其中的有机氯农药残留状况进行了测定,水样中9种有机氯化合物的总质量浓度为15.1 ng/L～41.2 ng/L。应用美国国家环保局(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价方法,对乌鲁木齐市地表饮用水源地水体中有机氯农药通过食用途径进入人体的危害进行了风险计算和初步评价。结果表明,各监测断面的致癌风险和非致癌风险低于ICRP和USEPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平,初步认为目前乌鲁木齐市地表饮用水源地水体中有机氯农药不会对人体产生明显的健康危害。     

乌鲁木齐乌拉泊水库水体中重金属健康风险评价

为了解乌鲁木齐市主要饮用水源地乌拉泊水库水体中重金属含量,特对此进行了调查研究,并应用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对其进行健康风险的初步评价。结果表明,乌拉泊水库由致癌物质Cr、As、Cd通过饮水途径引起的个人年健康风险值表现为CrAsCd,风险值为10-7~10-5a-1,Cr的风险值高于国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)的推荐值(5×10-5a-1),成为乌拉泊水库水体的主要致癌因子;乌拉泊水库由非致癌物Pb、Cu、Zn、Hg所引起的健康危害的个人年风险以Cu为大,Pb次之,Hg和Zn较小,风险水平为10-10~10-8a-1,远低于ICRP和USEPA推荐的最大可接受风险水平。     

南方某河流型饮用水源地重金属健康风险评估

对南方某河流型饮用水源地水中重金属含量进行调查研究,并应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对其进行健康风险评价。结果表明,该饮用水源地水中重金属类污染物健康风险值相对较低,其中重金属类致癌污染物的健康风险均值大小顺序为CrAsCd,其值分别为8.19×10-6、2.11×10-6、1.59×10-7a-1,Cr、As的风险值高于瑞典、荷兰、英国推荐的最大可接受水平(1×10-6a-1),而低于国际(ICRP)与美国环保局的健康风险可接受水平(5×10-5a-1和1×10-4a-1),成为该饮用水源地的主要致癌污染因子。重金属类非致癌污染物的健康风险均值大小顺序为CuNiZn,其值分别为1.95×10-10、1.19×10-10、5.73×10-12a-1,均远远低于致癌污染物的健康风险值。     

遂宁城乡集中式饮用水水源地钡分布特征及健康风险评价

为考察遂宁市辖区内集中式饮用水水源地污染物钡的分布特征和健康风险水平,通过电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法对研究区域内市级、县级和乡镇级所有在用的56个集中式饮用水水源地钡的浓度进行分析检测,借助空间分析与统计分析的结果,探讨了其空间分布和浓度差异,并利用环境健康风险评价模型,对不同类型水源地钡的健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,38个地表水水源地钡的浓度范围为0.065~0.180 mg/L,均值为0.110 mg/L;18个地下水水源地钡的浓度范围为0.027~0.370 mg/L,均值为0.130 mg/L。地表水与地下水水源地间钡的浓度差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),钡的空间分布也存在不同程度的差异性。各水源地中的钡经饮用和皮肤暴露两种途径对成人和儿童所引起的非致癌风险值为1.34×10~(-8)~1.62×10~(-8),远低于推荐的最大可接受风险水平(1.0×10~(-6)),各水源地因污染物钡导致的非致癌风险极低。     

Potential health risk of arsenic and cadmium in groundwater near Xiangjiang River, China: a case study for risk assessment and management of toxic substances

As part of our efforts to find effective methods to the drinking water risk management, the health risk assessment of arsenic and cadmium in groundwater near Xiangjiang River was analyzed. The results suggest that although the arsenic and cadmium concentrations in 97% of groundwater sources are less than the requirement of Water Quality Standards for Drinking Water (GB5749-2006) in China, the residents served by almost all of the investigated centralized drinking water sources have a significant potential health risk by consumption, especially cancer risk. It is justified through analyses that risk assessment is an effective tool for risk management, and the maximum permissible concentration of arsenic and cadmium in drinking water (0.01 and 0.005?mg L^-1, respectively) is suitable for China at present, considering the current economic status of China. Risk managers develop cleanup standards designed to protect against all possible adverse effects, which should take into account highly exposed individuals, effects of mixtures of toxic substances, attendant uncertainties, and other factors such as site-specific (or generic) criteria, technical feasibility, cost?Cbenefit analyses, and sociopolitical concerns.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, sediment and soil of the Songhua River Basin, China

The Songhua River is the third largest river in China and the primary source of drinking and irrigation water for northeastern China. The distribution of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water [dissolved water (DW) and suspended particulate matter (SPM)], sediment, and soil in the river basin was investigated, and the associated risk of cancer from these PAHs was also assessed. The total concentration of PAHs ranged from 13.9 to 161 ng L^?1 in DW, 9.21 to 83.1 ng L^?1 in SPM, 20.5 to 632 ng g^?1 dw (dry weight) in sediment, and from 30.1 to 870 ng g^?1 dw in soil. The compositional pattern of PAHs indicated that three-ring PAHs were predominant in DW and SPM samples, while four-ring PAHs dominated in sediment and soil samples. The spatial distribution of PAHs revealed some site-specific sources along the river, with principal component analysis indicating that these were from pyrogenic sources (such as coal and biomass combustion, and vehicle emissions) and coke oven emission distinguished as the main source of PAHs in the Songhua River Basin. Based on the ingestion of PAH-contaminated drinking water from the Songhua River, cancer risk was quantitatively estimated by combining the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk assessment model and BaP-equivalent concentration for five age groups of people (adults, teenagers, children, toddlers, and infants). Overall, the results suggest that the estimated integrated lifetime cancer risk for all groups was in acceptable levels. This study is the first attempt to provide information on the cancer risk of PAHs in drinking water from the Songhua River.     

Health risk assessment of fluoride in drinking water from Anhui Province in China

This study analyzes the concentrations and health risks of fluoride in 249 drinking water samples collected from different regions of Anhui Province in China. Results indicated that fluoride content in drinking water ranged from 0.12 to 1.94 mg L^?1 (mean?=?0.57 mg L^?1) in the following order: Huaibei plain region > Jianghuai hill region ≈ Dabieshan mountainous region > plain along the Yangtze River region > southern Anhui mountainous region. The fluoride contents were less than 0.50 mg L^?1 in 66.66 % of the drinking water samples, 0.51–1.0 mg L^?1 in 23.29 %, and higher than 1.0 mg L^?1 in 12.04 %. The fluoride levels in some samples were lower than the recommended values for controlling dental caries (0.50–1.0 mg L^?1). The total fluoride intake from drinking water was between 0.14 and 2.33 mg per day in different regions of the province, supposing an individual consumes 1.2 L of water per day. Therefore, measures should be taken to increase fluoride intake in the Jianghuai hill region, Dabieshan mountainous region, plain along the Yangtze River, and southern Anhui mountainous region to control dental caries. On the other hand, the fluoride levels must be reduced in the Huaibei plain region to decrease endemic fluorosis. The results serve as crucial guidelines for managing fluoride safety in drinking water and controlling endemic fluorosis in different regions of Anhui Province.     

Human health risk assessment of environmental and dietary exposure to natural radionuclides in the Catalan stretch of the Ebro River, Spain

This study was aimed at assessing the levels of ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po concentrations as well as gross alpha and beta activities in environmental monitors from the Catalan stretch of the Ebro River (Spain), potentially influenced by the presence of sediments with high concentrations of ²³⁸U and its decay chain daughters in the Flix reservoir. The chronic daily intake of ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po through ingestion and inhalation of soils was evaluated, and the derived non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were characterized. The low concentration of radioisotopes in soils resulted in a negligible annual effective dose. The levels of ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po were determined in various groups of highly consumed food (fish and seafood, vegetables, fruits, and rice), and their dietary intake was calculated. The annual effective dose for the adult people from food intake was estimated in 3.3 × 10^???2 mSv, mostly due to ²¹⁰Po. Overall, the current radioactivity levels in the Catalan stretch of the Ebro River should not mean any additional health risk for the population living nearby. However, an integral assessment of the risks derived from exposure to other pollutants (e.g., metals and organochlorine compounds) jointly with radionuclides could be of great interest.