南京市机动车排气污染控制和管理对策

简述了南京市机动车排气污染控制和管理对策。对新机动车排气控制实施了新车上牌的环保注册登记目录制，鼓励生产厂家采用先进的排放控制技术，达到国家制定的排放控制目标和排放标准；对在用机动车排气控制实施检测／维护(I／M)制度，对尾气排放不达标车辆进行正常的维修和保养，保证其发动机处于正常技术状况；对高排放污染机动车辆，安装尾气净化装置，以改善机动车排放水平。定期检测中各类型车辆维护前后排气污染物削减结果表明，85％的高排放污染车辆能达标，且CO的削减率最高，达50％左右；定期检测中各类型车辆安装机内净化器前后排气污染物削减结果表明，二次补气机内净化器对CO的净化率为22．5％～30．0％，对HC的净化率为9．7％～30．0％；高能电子点火机内净化器对CO的净化率为5．4％～22．2％，对HC的净化率为17．2％～30．8％。不定期检测中，一些高排放污染车辆安装三元催化反应器后，其净化率可达80％～90％。     

全面建立机动车排气污染监管体系探讨

对南京市机动车排气污染监督管理工作进行了分析，指出了存在的问题，设计了未来监督管理工作的思路。提出对机动车排气污染监管要构建完整的监管体系，重在对部门的监管；加强车辆使用全过程污染防治监管，建立对各级机动车维修企业尾气治理行为的监管制度；启用严格的排放标准和检测手段，全面控制机动车排气污染。     

南京市机动车排气污染现状分析

阐述了南京市机动车发展现状、道路交通现状和机动车污染监测情况，对机动车排放因子、机动车污染、交通干线的污染物日排放特征、机动车源排放污染物的分担率以及机动车尾气污染物排放进行了分析和预测。指出南京市机动车污染状况必须采取有效措施加以控制，并提出了贯彻机动车尾气控制标准，完善污染控制管理机制；重点控制公交、出租和专业物流的机动车污染；严格控制车用油品质量；建立车辆污染数据库；加快道路建设，运用交通综合管理制度削减污染；实施保护区和控制区管理以及实施机动车标志管理等合理化建议。     

机动车尾气对南京市道路环境空气质量的影响

调查 了南京市机动车尾气对道路环境污染的状况，分析了城市道路建设对空气质量的影响。指出，从1991年以来，南京市机动车总量和道路车流量持续快速增长，但由于城市道路条件的改善，道路通行能力有了较大的提高，道路两侧污染物NOx,CO浓度均有所下降，但仍分别高于对照点2.2倍、3.2倍，道路汽车排气对城市环境空气质量的影响不容忽视。提出，随着道路车流量的不断增加，要改善城市环境空气质量，必须推广清洁燃料以及低污染车和零污染车，同时进一步加强道路建设，提高车辆通行能力，增加植树绿化。     

利用MOBILE 6.2模型预测LPG出租车排放因子

针对MOBILE6．2预测天然气汽车排放因子的功能，分析了其在预测液化石油气（LPG）轻型汽车上的可行性。并根据LPG出租车汽车排放总量分析系统（VMAS）测试结果，得到所需参数，预测了实验车队的排放因子，与实测值的误差≤10％，表明MOBILE6．2预测LPG轻型汽车排放因子具有良好的适用性。     

欧洲对汽车排气和燃料质量的新规定

汽车在行驶的过程中不断排出ＣＯ、ＮＯＸ、ＨＣ和ＰＭ等有害物质 ,影响人类身体健康。近年来 ,随着汽车数量的增加 ,汽车排气造成的危害越来越大 ,因此 ,欧委会以削减汽车排气对大气污染为目标 ,对汽车排气和燃料质量进行了新规定。新规定的汽油和柴油排气标准见表 1。表 1　汽车排气的规定 ｇ/ｋｍ①轿车油品种类规定年限ＣＯＨＣ ＨＣ ＮＯＸ ＮＯＸ ＰＭ汽　油现　行2 0 0 0年2 0 0 5年2 2 02 301 0 0-0 20 100 5 0---0 150 0 8--柴　油现　行2 0 0 0年2 0 0 5年1 0 00 6 40 5 0---0 700 5 60 30-0 5 00 2 50 0 80 0 5…     

南京市机动车排气监测与评价

通过对南京市机动车排气污染物的年检监测,表明南京市的汽油车、柴油车、摩托车排气合格率总体呈上升趋势,2002年全市机动车排气监测总合格率为99.9%,比1993年上升了8.6个百分点;汽车尾气达标率也呈上升趋势,2002年达83.8%,比1993年上升了2.6个百分点。对机动车排气路检结果表明,CO超标的车辆占84.4%,CO、HC两项指标都超标的车辆占31.1%。对各类汽油助力车排气监测结果表明,二冲程汽油助力车尾气中CO、HC排放量要高于四冲程汽油助力车的排放量。对各类正三轮摩托车排气抽检结果表明,大部分四冲程正三轮摩托车尾气排放污染物能达标,且排气管无碳烟;二冲程正三轮摩托车尾气中HC值偏高,排气管碳烟明显。     

道路机动车活动水平调查及其污染物排放测算应用——上海案例研究

采用上海市车辆数据和机动车年检站实地调查方式获取车辆技术及分布，用GPS设备采集机动车行驶工况，通过交通流量录像的现场计数的方法获得道路车流分布。调查结果显示，在用汽车排放水平85％以上都达到或超过国Ⅱ标准；在低速、怠速工况区间内，社会车辆的比功率比例最低；道路轻型客车（含出租车）日平均车流量占总车流量的80％以上。机动车活动水平的详细调查将有助于上海实际道路机动车排放清单的精确计算，并获取主要的排放源及其影响因素。     

南京亚青会环境空气质量状况及原因分析

利用南京市空气质量监测结果，对2013年8月及亚青会期间空气质量状况进行评价与分析，并结合采取的临时管控措施及气象条件状况，分析空气质量变化的相关原因。结果表明，8月份南京市空气质量均达到良的等级，亚青会期间空气质量进一步改善，多项污染物浓度达到一级标准，且同比上年明显下降，这一方面与针对工业点源、机动车流动源及扬尘面源采取了临时管控措施，一定程度降低污染排放有关；另一方面与亚青会期间的气象条件有利于污染物扩散有关。     

南京亚青会环境空气质量状况及原因分析

利用南京市空气质量监测结果，对2013年8月及亚青会期间空气质量状况进行评价与分析，并结合采取的临时管控措施及气象条件状况，分析空气质量变化的相关原因。结果表明，8月份南京市空气质量均达到良的等级，亚青会期间空气质量进一步改善，多项污染物浓度达到一级标准，且同比上年明显下降，这一方面与针对工业点源、机动车流动源及扬尘面源采取了临时管控措施，一定程度降低污染排放有关；另一方面与亚青会期间的气象条件有利于污染物扩散有关。     

新车免检新政实施后对高污染车的管理思路与对策的探讨

2014年9月1日起,国家试行6年以内的非营运轿车等车辆免检制度。大多数城市根据此规定,对于车辆的排放定期检验也同步实施6年免检。随着汽车保有量的快速增长,车辆尾气排放对大气环境的影响不容忽视。因此,地方环保部门应针对机动车污染排放的管理重点,从管理手段、管理体制机制、管理对策等方面进一步加强对高污染车辆的监管。     

深圳市汽车排气污染的管制与防治

深圳地狭人多,特区人口密度高达7310人/平方公里,是中国人口密度最大的城市之一。随着社会经济的高速发展,汽车拥有量的急剧增加,汽车排气污染已成为深圳市最主要的大气污染问题。文章分析了深圳市汽车排气污染的状况及其对城市空气质量的影响,简要介绍了近年来深圳市在控制汽车排气污染方面所做的工作。     

乌鲁木齐市汽车尾气污染状况调查

对乌鲁木齐市主要街道受汽车尾气污染的调查和综合分析得到CO、NOx、HC的污染规律,主要街道路中心空气中CO、NOx日均值已超出国家大气环境质量二级标准,市区主要街道的人行道空气中NOx含量已超出二级标准,Ⅱ、Ⅲ类道路人行道空气中CO含量已超标;在三类街道中,Ⅰ类街道车流量最大,Ⅱ类次之,Ⅲ类最少,而汽车排放尾气对街道空气污染状况为Ⅲ类最重、Ⅱ类次之、Ⅰ类最轻。     

The technological innovation of hybrid and plug-in electric vehicles for environment carbon pollution control

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) have been promoted by providing Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) infrastructure as a possible solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) and other emissions by utilizing energy instead of oil for effective environmental management. The promising solution for reducing air pollution in cities is commonly regarded as electric vehicles, which helps to optimize the environment management more effectively, as a key to future low carbon mobility. However, their environmental benefits rely on the temporal and spatial sense of real use, and challenges such as limited range complicated for the rollout of an Electric Vehicle (EVs). This paper investigates the environmental carbon pollution in cities and control preventions using Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV). Further, the Artificial intelligence model has been introduced, which defines optimal automobile designs and the assignment of vehicles to drivers across a variety of scenarios, including minimum net life cycle expense, GHG emissions, and oil usage for effective environmental management. By designing overspent vehicle power for corresponding output, weight, and cost impact, the life cycle costs and the emission of GHG are reduced utilizing high battery swinging and replacing batteries as needed. Moreover, energy consumption (EC) and pollution have been greatly influenced by the use of energy sources in the environment. The significant energy consumption and pollution variables resulted in a large proportion of coal-fired energy. The results show that the PHEV can achieve better fuel economy by combining the proposed model with an allowable deviation from the state of the charge.     

春季广州城区空气中VOCs来源解析

2013年4月在广州市区对大气中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)进行了观测,对其变化特征和来源进行了分析。结果表明,观测期间测得的VOC总平均混合比为41.35×10~(-9),表现为烷烃芳香烃烯烃炔烃;利用PMF解析出观测时段内影响广州市区的9个VOCs主要来源,各源占比情况依次为:LPG排放老化VOC汽油挥发石化、未知源汽油车排放油漆溶剂柴油车排放天然源;与机动车相关和工业相关的来源分别占到了大气VOCs的46.8%和21.0%。     

Use of significance thresholds to integrate cumulative effects into project-level socio-economic impact assessment in Canada

A longstanding critique of project-level environmental assessment is that it is weak at addressing cumulative effects, and because of this many argue that cumulative effects are best managed at a regional scale. However, in the absence of regional management it is important that project-level assessment supports cumulative effects management as best as possible. In this paper we present case study socio-economic impact assessments of liquefied natural gas development on Aboriginal groups on Canada's west coast. The case studies use an analytical structure modified from typical Canadian practice including unambiguous and non-arbitrary significance thresholds grounded in stakeholder values to focus baselines, impact assessment, and significance determination on cumulative effects. This approach is found to be more capable of informing decision-makers on cumulative effects as well as more rigorous and transparent than typical assessments. Much of this approach is not conceptually new, but at least in western Canada such an approach is not typically used or meaningfully implemented by practitioners. As such, the case studies serve to illustrate how practice can bolster project-level assessment.     

MATLAB在液化天然气储罐泄漏扩散研究中的应用

以高斯烟羽模型为基础,利用MATLAB编程软件,模拟液化天然气(LNG)泄漏的动态过程,并通过分析泄漏后气体浓度空间分布图、俯视图及等浓度线来研究LNG泄漏源有效高度、风速对气体扩散的影响。结果表明:随着泄漏源有效高度的增大,危害范围逐渐减小;随着风速的逐渐增大,危害区域也是逐渐减小;在风速一定的情况下,泄漏源有效高度与泄漏源有效高度的最高点浓度呈反比;在泄漏源有效高度不变的情况下,风速与泄漏源有效高度的最高点浓度也成呈反比。     

南京市机动车污染物减排因素分析

以南京市机动车排污监控系统的实时检测数据为基础,简述了南京市机动车减排效果,在“十二五”期间南京市机动车保有量增长71.8%的背景下,实现了污染物排放量削减18.8%,单车平均排放CO、HC、NOx较3年前分别下降了33%,31%和36%;排放标准和使用年限二因素方差分析表明,其对NOx、CO和HC排放值的影响由大到小排序均为：油品质量〉排放标准〉使用年限。提出,进一步提升油品质量至关重要。     

Health risk assessment of occupational exposure to particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with Chinese, Malay and Indian cooking

Food cooking using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has received considerable attention in recent years since it is an important source of particulate air pollution in indoor environments for non-smokers. Exposure to organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in particles is of particular health concern since some of these compounds are suspected carcinogens. It is therefore necessary to chemically characterize the airborne particles emitted from gas cooking to assess their possible health impacts. In this work, the levels of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) and 16 priority PAHs were determined in three different ethnic commercial kitchens, specifically Chinese, Malay and Indian food stalls, where distinctive cooking methods were employed. The mass concentrations of PM(2.5) and PAHs, and the fraction of PAHs in PM(2.5) were the highest at the Malay stall (245.3 microg m(-3), 609.0 ng m(-3), and 0.25%, respectively), followed by the Chinese stall (201.6 microg m(-3), 141.0 ng m(-3), and 0.07%), and the Indian stall (186.9 microg m(-3), 37.9 ng m(-3), and 0.02%). This difference in the levels of particulate pollution among the three stalls may be attributed to the different cooking methods employed at the food stalls, the amount of food cooked, and the cooking time, although the most sensitive parameter appears to be the predominant cooking method used. Frying processes, especially deep-frying, produce more air pollutants, possibly due to the high oil temperatures used in such operations. Furthermore, it is found that frying, be it deep-frying at the Malay stall or stir-frying at the Chinese stall, gave rise to an abundance of higher molecular weight PAHs such as benzo[b]fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and benzo[g,h,i]perylene whereas low-temperature cooking, such as simmering at the Indian stall, has a higher concentration of lower molecular weight PAHs. In addition, the correlation matrices and diagnostic ratios of PAHs were calculated to determine the markers of gas cooking. To evaluate the potential health threat due to inhalation exposure from the indoor particulate pollution, excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was also calculated for an exposed individual. The findings suggest that cooking fumes in the three commercial kitchens pose adverse health effects.