2001年～2008年及奥运会期间天津市大气污染特征分析

根据天津市大气质量监测数据,对2001年～2008年及奥运会期间天津市大气污染特征和主要大气污染物的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明,2001年～2008年天津市的PM10、SO2和NO2污染总体呈下降趋势,但质量浓度仍相对较高。2008年8月奥运会期间天津市PM10和SO2质量浓度达到国家空气质量二级标准,NO2质量浓度达到国家空气质量一级标准,空气质量良好。天津市PM10污染相对稳定,SO2和NO2的污染分布呈现明显的季节性,时间上表现为冬强夏弱。气象条件对污染物浓度影响明显,沙尘、大雾等天气可使污染物浓度急剧升高。     

机动车排气污染对城市道路空气质量的影响

通过对南京市珠江路道路空气质量的监测，掌握了机动车排气污染对街道空气质量的影响，分析了道路中NOx、NO2、CO的变化规律，以及污染物与车流量和大气扩散条件的关系．并通过与城市大气自动监测国控点监测数据的比较，得出国控点NOx、NO2浓度和道路中NOx、NO2浓度变化趋势一致．     

济南市空气污染现状及控制对策

利用2013年1—12月济南市大气监测数据,分析该市空气质量现状及时空分布特征,结果表明:2013年济南市空气主要污染物质量浓度均超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)二级标准限值,空气污染严重时段为冬季采暖期,颗粒物污染严重区域为该市西部和西北部地区,SO2、NO2污染严重区为中心城区,并从点源、面源和移动源3个方面提出相应的污染防治对策。在SO2、NOx和工业烟粉尘分别减排22.5%、18.2%和31.4%的条件下,运用Models-3/CMAQ模型模拟计算得出:2015年1月和7月,济南市空气中SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度与2010年同期相比将分别降低23.9%和29.7%、11.4%和15.9%、21.9%和32.6%、13.5%和26.9%,空气质量得到明显改善。     

长春市大气污染物变化规律及原因分析

本文通过对长春市城区6个监测子站2007年1月至12月监测资料的统计,分析了长春市大气污染物季节变化规律,及各功能区间的空气质量差异。结合2001年以来的大气监测数据分析了长春市空气质量的总体变化趋势。结果表明,长春市空气质量季节变化明显,采暖期的大气污染物浓度明显增高,首要污染物是PM10。历年的数据显示PM10变化不明显,但SO2和NO2具有略有升高趋势。     

重庆铜梁县空气质量历时演变与评价

以重庆市铜梁县为例,分析了西部小城镇空气质量的历时演变规律,并对小城镇空气质量进行了评价。结果表明,小城镇空气质量夏季优于冬季,NO2和O3年均浓度(分别为29~33、18~34μg/m3)有所增加,但均在《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)标准值内,PM10和SO2的年均浓度则逐年下降,2012年年均浓度比2010年分别下降了34%和19%;PM10、SO2、NO2浓度与温度、风速呈显著负相关关系,与大气压、相对湿度呈显著正相关关系,O3浓度与温度、风速、气压、相对湿度的相关性则刚好与此相反。对铜梁县近3年空气质量状况的评价结果表明,铜梁县空气质量稳步提升,相对于2010年的空气质量状况来说,2012年空气质量等级为优和良的天数分别提高了5%和9%,空气质量等级为轻微污染的天数则降低了9%。研究结果可为小城镇空气质量的宏观调控提供参考。     

外来沙尘输送对北京市空气质量影响的预报预警技术初步研究

利用多方位监测数据和气象资料,分析了2010—2011年春季外来沙尘输送对北京市空气质量指数的影响,提出外来沙尘对北京市空气质量级别影响的预报判据。此外,基于NAQPMS模型的沙尘模块,开展数值预报研究,并对北京市2010年3月一次沙尘天气污染过程进行数值模拟试验,结果表明,模拟的PM10浓度值与实测值有较好的一致性。通过判别预报和数值模拟两种预报技术的开展,可以预报沙尘输送影响的空气质量级别、沙尘分布和演变规律,为进一步开展空气质量预报预警和防控沙尘工作打下了很好的科学基础。     

北京市交通环境监测点大气污染特征分析

研究分析了2013—2017年北京市交通环境点位大气污染物浓度分布特征,结果发现:交通监测点NO、NO_2与PM_(2.5)浓度时间变化特征与城区总体状况基本一致,与交通环境密切相关的NO_2浓度采暖季高于非采暖季,重污染日期间交通监测点峰值浓度也明显偏高;周末交通监测点NO浓度在5:00—23:00低于工作日4.9%～32.1%,周末NO_2浓度在7:00—23:00低于工作日0.7%～7.4%,NO_x浓度周末偏低与车流量降低密切相关;重大活动期间空气质量减排措施实施后,北京市作为区域NO_2浓度高值区中心明显消失,PM_(2.5)浓度分布梯度减小,本地减排效果明显。     

2015—2018年春节期间合肥烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量的影响

根据2015—2018年颗粒物浓度数据、颗粒物组分、激光雷达等资料,分析烟花爆竹燃放对合肥市空气质量的影响。研究发现,随着烟花爆竹禁燃措施力度的加强,2018年合肥市烟花爆竹对空气质量影响较2015—2017年显著下降,2018年春节期间PM₁₀与PM_2.5峰值浓度比2017年分别下降44.4%和52.9%,污染峰值容易出现在除夕和初一前后。春节期间合肥市大气污染总体上呈现自东北到西南逐渐减轻的趋势,周边县(市)空气质量的污染程度比城区更加严重。烟花爆竹的燃放导致空气中金属元素浓度和SO₄2-浓度明显增加,富集因子法发现呈现严重富集重金属元素Sr、Zn、Ba、Cu、Pb、Sn、Sb和其他元素(如K、As)。2018年烟花爆竹禁燃措施力度加强后,K、As、Sn、Sb元素富集程度呈现下降趋势,较高消光系数对应的高度范围较2017年大幅减小,并且污染带厚度显著降低,城区依然可能存在外来污染传输的颗粒物下沉现象,周边大片农村和城乡结合部的烟花爆竹集中燃放同样会导致被其包围的城区空气质量迅速恶化。     

基于ＧＩＳ的乌鲁木齐市ＮＯ２ 时空分布特征

以乌鲁木齐市2008-2012年7个空气自动监测点位小时浓度数据为基础数据，利用ArcGIS 技术，分析了其NO2年变化、月变化、日变化、空间分布等污染特征。结果表明，NO2年均值为0．065～0．068 mg/m3，基本保持稳定；NO2呈明显的季节变化，冬季污染较重，春节、秋季次之，夏季空气质量相对较好；NO2呈现“单峰型”的日变化特征，夜间NO2明显高于白天；不同季节 NO2的空间分布特征不同，与交通、供暖、人口密度、地理位置密切相关；NO2分布与风速相关关系明显，而与气温、湿度的关系为非线性。     

2015—2018年春节期间合肥烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量的影响

根据2015—2018年颗粒物浓度数据、颗粒物组分、激光雷达等资料,分析烟花爆竹燃放对合肥市空气质量的影响。研究发现,随着烟花爆竹禁燃措施力度的加强,2018年合肥市烟花爆竹对空气质量影响较2015—2017年显著下降,2018年春节期间PM_(10)与PM_(2.5)峰值浓度比2017年分别下降44. 4%和52. 9%,污染峰值容易出现在除夕和初一前后。春节期间合肥市大气污染总体上呈现自东北到西南逐渐减轻的趋势,周边县(市)空气质量的污染程度比城区更加严重。烟花爆竹的燃放导致空气中金属元素浓度和SO_4~(2-)浓度明显增加,富集因子法发现呈现严重富集重金属元素Sr、Zn、Ba、Cu、Pb、Sn、Sb和其他元素(如K、As)。2018年烟花爆竹禁燃措施力度加强后,K、As、Sn、Sb元素富集程度呈现下降趋势,较高消光系数对应的高度范围较2017年大幅减小,并且污染带厚度显著降低,城区依然可能存在外来污染传输的颗粒物下沉现象,周边大片农村和城乡结合部的烟花爆竹集中燃放同样会导致被其包围的城区空气质量迅速恶化。     

Spatial variability of air pollutants in the city of Taranto, Italy and its potential impact on exposure assessment

Epidemiological studies typically use monitored air pollution data from a single station or as averaged data from several stations to estimate population exposure. In industrialized urban areas, this approach may present critical issues due to the spatial complexities of air pollutants which are emitted by different sources. This study focused on the city of Taranto, which is one of the most highly industrialized cities in southern Italy. Epidemiological studies have revealed several critical situations in this area, in terms of mortality excess and short-term health effects of air pollution. The aims of this paper are to study the variability of air pollutants in the city of Taranto and to interpret the results in relation to the applicability of the data in assessing population exposure. Meteorological and pollution data (SO2, NO2, PM10), measured simultaneously and continuously during the period 2006–2010 in five air quality stations, were analyzed. Relative and absolute spatial concentration variations were investigated by means of statistical indexes. Results show significant differences among stations. The highest correlation between stations was observed for PM10 concentrations, while critical values were found for NO2. The worst values were observed for the SO2 series. The high values of 90th percentile of differences between pairs of monitoring sites for the three pollutants index suggest that mean concentrations differ by large amounts from site to site. The overall analysis supports the hypothesis that various parts of the city are differently affected by the different emission sources, depending on meteorological conditions. In particular, analysis revealed that the influence of the industrial site may be primarily identified with the series of SO2 data which exhibit higher mean concentration values and positive correlations with wind intensity when the monitoring station is downwind from the industrial site. Results suggest evaluating the population exposure to air pollutants in industrialized cities by taking into account the possible zones of influence of different emission sources. More research is needed to identify an indicator, which ought to be a synthesis of several pollutants, and take into account the meteorological variables.     

Ambient BTX measurements in Suzhou, China

Within the Sino-Italian environmental protection cooperation framework established in 2002, a comprehensive air quality monitoring network has been developed in urban Suzhou, a medium-sized Chinese city, in compliance with European standards (Directive 96/62/EC). This paper is among the first attempts to present a systematic and scientific analysis of benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) pollution in China. It presents our analysis of BTX space-related and time-related measurement results. Background BTX concentrations were investigated by passive sampler Analyst® in 2003. We depicted the spatial distribution of average BTX concentrations collected from three 15-day campaigns on isoconcentration maps. This is the first time such detailed BTX concentration maps have been developed in China in a city scale. Continuous measurement of BTX by automatic gas chromatography was carried out at two fixed monitoring stations, one in an urban residential zone and one in a heavy traffic zone, from April to December 2005. The results show similar seasonal trends at both sites, the similarities reaching their greatest level in December and their lowest level in August. The average daily profile of BTX shows greater fluctuation in spring and winter with clear morning and evening peaks. Daily average benzene, toluene, and m,p-xylenes concentrations for the study period were 2.64, 11.52, and 3.52 μg m^???3, respectively. The benzene/toluene ratio we found was lower in Suzhou than those published in studies of other worldwide cities, which indicates serious levels of toluene pollution from local stationary sources. The similarities in seasonal trend and spatial distribution in these manual and automatic measurement results were compared with each other, though the concentration values differed.     

拉萨市大气污染分布特征及气象影响因子分析

以2001～2006年拉萨市的空气环境质量自动监测结果为基础数据,阐明拉萨市区主要大气污染物SO2、NO2、PM10的逐日变化、季节变化以及年变化特征.在此基础上,分析了大气污染物浓度与气象条件的关系.结果表明,除NO2日夜差别不大之外,SO2与PM10质量浓度分别存在典型的单峰、双峰变化;各污染物质量浓度具有冬强夏弱的季节变化规律;就年平均而言,SO2浓度增加,PM10浓度降低,NO2浓度变化不显著,各污染物有明显的突变现象.大多数气象要素与污染物浓度具有较好的负相关,即满足降水量增加、温度升高、相对湿度增大会导致污染物浓度减小的规律,气象要素量级与大气污染天数多少也存在密切关系.     

吐鲁番城区大气污染状况及防治对策

根据近4年吐鲁番城区的大气污染监测资料,对城区大气污染状况进行了分析和评价,对其成因进行了分析,并提出具体的防治对策。     

变电站电磁环境监测布点建模仿真研究

针对变电站电磁环境自动监测站布点方案普遍存在的效率不高、科学性不足等问题,以某500 kV变电站电磁环境自动监测站选址为例,通过建模仿真得到该变电站工频电场和工频磁场的空间分布,并实测验证了仿真结果的准确性。通过统计该变电站工频电场和工频磁场的空间分布特征,提出了基于变电站空间场强分布特征的自动监测站布点方案,建议优先在场强中位数分界线附近区域布点,以更好地反映变电站电磁环境。研究结果可指导变电站电磁环境自动监测站选址,提高变电站电磁环境监测布点的科学性,提升监测效率。     

基于GIS的唐山地区大气污染物时空分布研究

应用数据统计和ArcGIS对北方重工业城市唐山地区2014年14个县(区)18个空气自动监测站的数据进行时空分布特征分析,监测的污染物为PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、PM_(2.5)、O_3、CO共6项。利用ArcGIS对各个自动监测站污染物数据建立网格模型,采用反距离权重法分别对年均、采暖期、非采暖期的环境空气质量综合指数和6项污染因子浓度的空间分布进行估算,直观比较了污染物在不同时期内的空间分布状况。结果表明,空气质量时间分布较为明显,非采暖期明显好于采暖期。同时,计算出每个网格单元污染指数的标准偏差,结合气象气候、地形地势、工业发展等情况,分析得出北部山区、市中心区附近区域空气质量波动较大。为区域大气污染有针对性的综合防治、联防联控及污染物区域削减计划打下数据基础。     

Spatial pattern assessment of river water quality: implications of reducing the number of monitoring stations and chemical parameters

The Tamsui River basin is located in Northern Taiwan and encompasses the most metropolitan city in Taiwan, Taipei City. The Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) has established 38 water quality monitoring stations in the Tamsui River basin and performed regular river water quality monitoring for the past two decades. Because of the limited budget of the Taiwan EPA, adjusting the monitoring program while maintaining water quality data is critical. Multivariate analysis methods, such as cluster analysis (CA), factor analysis (FA), and discriminate analysis (DA), are useful tools for the statistically spatial assessment of surface water quality. This study integrated CA, FA, and DA to evaluate the spatial variance of water quality in the metropolitan city of Taipei. Performing CA involved categorizing monitoring stations into three groups: high-, moderate-, and low-pollution areas. In addition, this categorization of monitoring stations was in agreement with that of the assessment that involved using the simple river pollution index. Four latent factors that predominantly influence the river water quality of the Tamsui River basin are assessed using FA: anthropogenic pollution, the nitrification process, seawater intrusion, and geological and weathering processes. We plotted a spatial pattern using the four latent factor scores and identified ten redundant monitoring stations near each upstream station with the same score pattern. We extracted five significant parameters by using DA: total organic carbon, total phosphorus, As, Cu, and nitrate, with spatial variance to differentiate them from the polluted condition of the group obtained by using CA. Finally, this study suggests that the Taiwan EPA can adjust the surface water-monitoring program of the Tamsui River by reducing the monitoring stations to 28 and the measured chemical parameters to five to lower monitoring costs.     

湛江市空气NO_2浓度变化特征及时频分析

为了探究湛江市空气NO2浓度的变化特征及时频特性,以达到有效防治空气污染,利用数理统计方法和时频分析技术的短时傅立叶变换、小波分解分析、平滑伪Wigner-Ville分布分析、重排谱图及Hough变换等方法进行了分析和研究。结果表明,湛江市空气NO2浓度较全国大多数城市偏低,逐日差异明显,变化辐度波动大,资料离散度高。分布形态属正偏(右偏)分布,偏斜程度较大,分布陡峭,为尖峰分布。湛江市空气NO2浓度的变化逐年呈明显减少趋势,年内跨度也明显减少,波动变小,同时NO2逐日资料的年分布形态偏斜程度明显减少,尖峰分布逐年变得更为平缓。NO2季节变化比较明显,年周期性清楚。NO2年内变化具有冬春季节值大,夏秋季节值小,变化相对平缓的年趋势变化特性;冬春季节振辐大,夏秋季节振辐小,小波分解变化信号的频率从低层至高层细节系数逐层降低的年振荡波动特性。湛江市空气NO2浓度的重排谱图与平滑伪Wigner-Ville分布趋势相近,但没有交叉项,时频聚集性好,可解释性强。平滑伪Wigner-Ville分布的Hough变换可发现湛江市空气NO2浓度年内的辐值变化峰值。     

基于AGNES算法优化BP神经网络和GIS系统的大气污染物浓度预测

建立了大气污染物浓度与影响因子之间的BP神经网络,对城市中各监测点位的次日大气污染物浓度进行预测,采用GIS的插值分析进行污染物空间分布预测,其中BP神经网络的输入向量采用AGNES算法进行处理。以太原市区SO2、PM10浓度预测为例,选择气温、湿度、降水量、大气压强、风速和前5天的污染物浓度等10个参数训练BP神经网络,结果表明,BP神经网络的训练效果较好,预测结果与实际浓度显著相关,R2分别为0.988、0.976;结合太原市8个监测点位的污染物浓度预测值,运用GIS空间差值法绘出SO2、PM10的浓度分布预测图,该图与实际情况大体符合,并且与国控大气污染企业的分布显著相关,Pearson相关系数分别为0.969、0.949。     

Estimation of the global evolution of atmospheric pollution in Salamanca (Spain) during the 1993-2001 period according to one global index (ORAQI)

The aim of this study has been to use a global index to measure the air quality in the city, apart from individual assessment of the values of the concentrations of the different pollutants. We calculated the ORAQI with the data obtained at four air-pollution monitoring stations located in the city of Salamanca over the period between 1993 and 2001. For the calculations, SO2, PM10, NO2, CO and O3 were used as the most significant pollutants for the surroundings of the monitoring stations. The evolution of this index over 9 years is reported, and the repercussion of the most characteristic pollutants of each season of the year on the ORAQI along the whole period analysed is studied. The importance of the summer pollution in the characterisation of the least polluted surroundings was observed. At the most polluted sites, a decrease in the values corresponding to winter occurs, leading the ORAQI to take similar values along the whole year. In general, taking into account the surroundings of all the monitoring stations, the quality of the air to which the inhabitants of the city of Salamanca are exposed to can be said to be good.