海口市城区不同下垫面降雨径流污染特征

分析海口市4种主要下垫面的径流水质,研究其污染程度和变化规律,并与国内其他城市进行对比。监测项目包括pH、SS、COD_Cr、TN、TP、Pb、Cr、Cd、Zn、石油类。结果表明,各下垫面径流水样水质较好,除路面径流COD_Cr超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)V类标准2倍,其他水质指标均达到标准要求;各污染物浓度初期较高,随降雨历时降低并趋于稳定,绿地径流污染物浓度下降速率比路面与屋面缓慢;相比国内其他海边城市,海口城区污染程度较轻。     

临安区不同功能区道路降雨径流污染特征及源解析

通过采集杭州市临安区不同功能区6个监测点3次降雨径流过程的水样,监测降雨径流中总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH_3-N)、化学需氧量(COD)的EMC值,分析城市道路地表径流污染特征。结果表明,临安区不同功能区路面降雨径流中相同污染物浓度不同,降雨径流污染物EMC平均值由高到低为商业区交通区居民区文教区。降雨径流污染物EMC值随着降雨时间增加逐渐降低。降雨前期空气污染越严重,降雨径流污染物浓度越高,即冬季降雨径流污染物浓度大体上高于秋季。     

北京市城市屋面径流特征研究

对北京市城区不同功能区和不同类型的屋面进行三场降雨径流监测,并分析屋面径流污染过程和水质特征。采用降雨径流污染物平均浓度(EMC)分析评价径流污染程度,结果表明径流水质与屋面材质、降雨强度等因素有关,沥青屋面污染较重,降雨强度越大,径流水质越差;三场降雨中污染物浓度随降雨历时总体上呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,初期径流水质较差,存在明显的初始冲刷现象。     

基于比值法解析老城区河段氮磷污染特征

2013年12月—2015年2月,对南淝河老城区约4 km河段水体和主要点源的氮、磷污染物进行测定,并利用碳氮比(CODCr/TN)、氮磷比(TN/TP)、氨氮百分含量(NH3-N/TN)等主要指标对所得数据进行分析研究。结果表明,南淝河老城区段水体的氮磷污染严重,氨氮百分含量接近甚至超过50%,具有一般城市生活污水的特征;氮磷比在春夏季处于藻类适宜的生长范围(9.0TN/TP22.6);整个水体处于低碳氮比水平(碳氮比小于2.5),不利于水体的净化;主要受上游望塘污水处理厂、城市生活污水和地表径流的影响。其主要支流四里河水体的氮磷污染亦相当严重,且氮、磷污染物的输入途径一致。     

城市合流制管网降雨径流污染特征分析

对北京市老城区合流制管网排除系统下游干管进行降雨径流监测,分析降雨径流和生活污水混合后的水质变化特征,以便为合流制管网污染控制提供数据依据。结果表明北京市合流制管网污染程度较高,其污染过程受降雨过程、管道汇流过程、地表径流污染特征和管道沉积物冲刷等综合影响。     

滇池流域城市降雨径流污染负荷定量化研究

借助遥感影像处理软件ERDAS IMAGINE9．2和GIS技术对研究区QuickBird影像图进行下垫面类型分类和统计,在对降雨产流过程及地表径流污染特征研究的基础上,根据2008年的降雨总量,定量计算滇池流域全年城市降雨径流污染负荷。结果表明,流域内城镇区域屋顶、庭院、道路、绿地及其他类型面积比例分别为13．8％、11．6％、5．2％、3．8％及65．6％。2008年滇池流域城市降雨径流污染负荷COD、TN、TP分别为2．95×10^4t、1．24×10^3t、103t。滇池北岸昆明主城区内的建成区全年城市降雨径流污染负荷COD、TN、TP的产生量分别为2．39×10^4t、9．89×10^3t、8．24×10^3t,对滇池流域COD、TN、TP的贡献率总和分别为81．2％、79．5％、80．3％。     

天津市区道路地表径流污染特征研究

从实际地表径流水质实地监测和实验室分析出发,理论与实践相结合,揭示了天津市区道路地表径流主要污染物的相关性及不同污染物随降雨历时动态变化规律,全年道路地表径流水质季节变化规律,全面剖析了天津市区降雨径流的污染特征,并由此提出相应的处理措施和合理化建议,为天津城市雨水污染控制提供了基础研究.     

降雨特征对合流制排水系统径流污染负荷的影响

通过对昆明主城区典型合流制排水系统10次降雨径流过程水质水量的监测,计算次降雨污染负荷,并采用M(V)曲线和初期冲刷系数方法对降雨特征与次降雨污染、初期冲刷负荷之间的关系进行探讨。结果表明:10次降雨事件径流污染负荷存在明显的差异,SS、COD、TP和TN的次降雨污染负荷平均值分别为21.5 kg/hm~2、16.9 kg/hm~2、0.3 kg/hm~2、3.9 kg/hm~2;降雨量、最大雨强和平均雨强与次降雨污染负荷及初期冲刷强度呈显著正相关,是影响其初期冲刷的重要水文参数;降雨历时和前期晴天与次降雨污染负荷和初期冲刷强度没有相关性,二者对次降雨污染负荷和初期冲刷无明显影响。     

基于SOM网络的山地城市径流污染影响因素研究

以万州区海绵城市建设试点为研究对象,采用自组织映射神经网络（SOM网络）,通过径流污染指标变量与影响因素变量的U〖CD*2〗矩阵识别降雨径流污染的主要影响因素及其相关性,并利用构建的场次降雨污染物平均浓度（EMC）预测模型分析确定各因素的影响强度。结果表明,有限的监测数据难以识别径流污染的显著影响因素,而采用SOM组分面（矩阵）可直观地半定量解译各污染物间的相关关系,与Pearson定量相关性分析结果吻合。SOM网络可有效识别径流污染物的主要影响因素,其中SS、COD和TP污染物主要受降雨量和径流系数影响,NO-3-N和NH3-N受降雨量和降雨历时影响,而TN则主要受径流系数驱动影响。     

百年一遇大旱后城区降雨径流中重金属与悬浮物相关性分析

为了探讨2009年入秋至2010年春,西南百年一遇大旱后城市降雨径流中重金属污染特性,对昆明市交通干道路面及路旁一处混凝土屋面的3次降雨径流进行了监测,研究了城区降雨径流中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Fe、Mn、Cr的变化过程,分析了不同重金属之间、重金属与悬浮物(SS)之间的相关性。3次降雨径流中重金属质量浓度随降雨呈不同程度下降。大旱后的首次降雨径流重金属污染最严重,次日的降雨径流重金属污染最轻。降雨径流中各重金属均与SS在含量上明显相关,径流中的重金属主要以吸附在SS上的不溶态存在。屋面与路面径流中的大多数重金属具有良好的同源性。     

北京市水环境非点源污染监测与负荷估算研究

文章对北京全市域范围开展水环境非点源污染监测以及污染负荷估算研究。监测结果表明,天然降雨氨氮、总氮污染程度高;城区典型下垫面降雨径流的有机污染十分严重,其中屋面降雨径流总氮和氨氮污染最严重,路面降雨径流COD和总磷污染最严重;下垫面降雨径流汇入城市排水管网后,由于冲洗下水道中的沉积物,使得水质污染进一步恶化。农业典型小流域面源污染对水质影响也很明显。城市非点源污染负荷估算选用SWMM暴雨径流模型,农业非点源污染负荷模型选用改进的输出系数模型,估算结果表明:城市非点源污染主要来自大气湿沉降、综合用地、路面和屋面等,农业非点源污染主要来自耕地和林地;全市污染物排放总量中,点源排放总量与非点源排放总量基本各占50％左右。为进一步挖掘污染减排空间,完善总量减排体系提供了依据。     

Investigation of urban water quality using simulated rainfall in a medium size city of China

Road-deposited sediment (RDS) is an important environmental medium for impacting the characteristics of pollutants in stormwater runoff; it is of critical importance to investigate the water quality of urban environments. The paper develops a rainfall simulator as an important research tool to ensure homogeneity and reduce the large number of variables that are usually inherent to urban water quality research. The rainfall simulator was used to experiment runoff samples from typical residential and traffic areas in the Zhenjiang. The data show that land use is one of the major factors contributing to the difference in the pollutants concentration in the RDS. The maximum mean EMC for TN, TDN, TP, and TDP at residential area was 5.52, 3.07, 1.65, and 0.36 mg/L, respectively. The intense traffic area displayed the highest metal concentrations. Concentrations of runoff pollutants varied greatly with land use and storm characteristics. The correlation of pollutant concentrations with runoff times was another predominant phenomenon. Peaks in pollutants concentration occurred at 1 and 10 min during the whole storm event. A concentration peak that correlates with a peak in runoff flowrate correlates with rainfall intensity. The pollutant loadings (kilograms per hectare) in the Zhenjiang were 11.39 and 55.28 for COD, 8.42 and 57.48 for SS, 0.11 and 0.88 for TN, 0.02 and 0.14 for TP, 0.02 and 0.09 for Zn, and 0.01 and 0.04 for Pb. The higher rainfall contribute to the higher pollutant loading at the residential and intense traffic areas, as a result of the pollutant loadings direct dependence on rainfall intensity. The results confirmed that the rainfall simulator is a reliable tool for urban water quality research and can be used to simulate pollutant wash-off. These findings provide invaluable information for the development of appropriate management strategies to decrease nonpoint source contamination loading to the water environment in urban areas.     

Distribution of vehicular pollutants in street canyons of Varanasi, India: a different case

In present study horizontal and vertical distribution of traffic-related pollutants (CO and SO(2)) within the street canyons in (CO and SO(2)) Varanasi, India was monitored. The results showed that average horizontal profiles of traffic-related pollutant concentrations within street canyon at leeward side were approximately same as that of windward side. However, the vertical concentration of both the pollutants decreases with height above the ground and study indicated that CO and SO(2) concentrations at different heights below the roof showed clear vertical self-gradient. CO and SO(2) concentration decreased with height and the minimum value occurred at the roof. It was concluded from the observed results that pollutants from vehicular exhaust emissions in the street canyon of Varanasi were evenly distributed. This result may be due to the fact that wind vortices are not formed. Therefore, urban planners can use this type of streets so that there is proper ventilation and dispersal of pollutants.     

Characteristics and transport of organochlorine pesticides in urban environment: air, dust, rain, canopy throughfall, and runoff

Characteristics and transport of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in urban multiple environments, including air, dust, rain, canopy throughfall, and runoff water, are explored in this study. Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) dominated in both air and rain water, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) related substances showed a higher affinity to dust. Relatively high concentrations of DDT and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) in air, rain and dust imply that technical DDT in the environment has been degrading, and there may be unknown local or regional emission sources that contain DDTs in the study area. Source identification showed that DDTs in Beijing urban environments with a fresh signature may originate from the atmospheric transport from remote areas. The ratio of α-/γ-HCH in dust, rain, canopy throughfall and runoff were close to 1, indicating the possible use of lindane. OCPs in runoff were transported from various sources including rain, dust, and canopy throughfall. In runoff, DDTs and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were mainly transported from dust, and HCHs were mainly from rain and canopy throughfall.     

绿色屋顶径流水质监测研究进展

概述了国内外绿色屋顶径流水质监测发展状况,并从绿色屋顶径流收集、降雨场次、监测指标、径流水质和污染物传输的影响因子等方面进行了归纳和总结。基于水量和水质管理,从几何尺寸、土壤类型和厚度、植被和维护等方面阐述了绿色屋顶在城市排水系统中的作用和地位。揭示了绿色屋顶需要开展长期的监测和研究,绿色屋顶径流水质监测逐渐向采样自动化和分析自动化方向发展。     

The temporal changes in road stormwater runoff quality and the implications to first flush control in Chongqing, China

This study investigates the quality of stormwater runoff from a driveway in the southwest mountainous urban area of Chongqing, China, from 2010 to 2011. The results showed that the mean concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were 4.1, 2.4, and 2.2 times the grade V levels of the national surface water standard of China. The pollutant concentration peak preceded or synchronized with the rainfall intensity peak and occurred 10 min after the runoff started. The significant high pollutant concentration in the initial stage of the rainfall suggested that first flush control is necessary, especially for the most polluted constitutes, such as total suspended solids, COD, and TN. Three potential pollution sources were identified: the atmospheric dry and wet deposition (TN, NO₃ ^?-N, NH₄ ⁺-N, and DCu), the road sediment and materials (total suspended solids, COD, and TP), and the vehicle emissions (DPb and DZn). Therefore, this study indicates that reductions in road sediments and material pollution and dry and wet deposition should be the priority factors for pollution control of road stormwater runoff in mountainous urban areas.     

长湖流域水质时空分布特征及影响因子

利用2009—2014年长湖5个水质监测点数据,采用时间序列法分析了长湖水质的时间变化规律,采用相关性分析法,分析了流域水污染的影响因子。结果表明:在时间上,长湖水污染物质量浓度季节变化明显,COD、TN、NH3-N均为7、9月较低,1、3月较高,丰水期水质好于枯水期。入湖地区TP质量浓度7月达最高值,且7月份入湖地区的桥河口、关沮口的NH3-N、TN含量稍高于5月。空间上,西北部入湖地区水质劣于湖心及东南部出湖地区。工业、生活等点源污水,以耕地为主的农业非点源以及天然降水量和径流量是影响水质的主要因素,入湖排污量、降水量和径流量与长湖水质呈显著相关关系(P0.05)。