岸边污染带计算在饮用水源保护区划分中的应用

结合重庆市饮用水源保护区划分工作的体会，通过计算饮用水源地上游污染源形成的岸边污染带长度，推导饮用水源二级保护区长度的方法．     

《饮用水水源保护区划分技术规范》颁布

由国家环保总局制定颁布的《饮用水水源保护区划分技术规范》将于2007年2月1日起实施。这一标准规定了地表水饮用水水源保护区、地下水饮用水水源保护区划分的基本方法和饮用水水源保护区划分技术文件的编制要求，是防治饮用水水源地污染、保证饮用水安全的指导性标准。     

黄浦江上游近年水质变化分析

通过对黄浦江上游三大支流（斜塘、红旗塘和大泖港）2000年以来的水质监测数据分析与评价，确定黄浦江上游的主要污染指标和污染来源，并通过研究历年变化情况和主要污染物，提出加强苏浙沪省际边界水体管理和保护的具体对策和措施．     

河流型饮用水水源保护区划分比较

比较分析了国内外河流型水源保护区划分的原则、方法和标准,例证了我国不同省份的划分实践。指出,我国各省多采用经验值划分水源保护区范围,部分省份划分方案久未更新,没有充分发挥保护区的作用。提出,应进一步细化水源保护区划分规范指导要求,及时修订省级水源保护区划分方案,并借鉴国外水源保护区划分经验,通过调整水质标准、重视公众参与、利用地理信息系统等方式划分水源保护区,从源头上预防水源污染,降低饮用水公共风险,保障饮用水安全。     

典型产业集聚区地下水优先控制污染物筛选

为明确地下水污染高风险区环境管控目标，快速识别优先控制污染物，于2022年以典型产业集聚区为研究对象，利用污染源产排污状况和地下水基础环境状况调查结果，将污染评价和环境风险相结合，优选污染源超标率、地下水环境污染等级、生物毒性参数和环境迁移转化参数作为筛选因子，利用层次分析法和综合分析法，计算各污染指标综合得分，建立筛选地下水优先控制污染物的方法体系。筛选结果显示，该产业集聚区的优先控制污染物相关指标包括：硝酸盐、耗氧量、石油类、总硬度、亚硝酸盐、镍、锌、硫酸盐、甲苯、氨氮等。筛选结果与园区主导行业产排污特征和地下水质量现状相符，具有一定的可靠性，可为科学、精准管控高风险区地下水质量提供依据。     

罗布泊野骆驼国家级自然保护区水环境概况及其保护

罗布泊野骆驼国家级自然保护区水源十分缺乏,基本无地表水系,水源主要以泉水形式存在。目前保护区内分布的泉水点有40多个,泉水点主要分布在保护区东部阿奇克谷地区域和南部阿尔金山区,北部的库鲁克塔格山区也有少量分布。本文介绍了保护区的自然地理环境、水文条件、泉水点分布情况、水质情况及矿产开发、非法放牧及道路建设等人类活动对水源的影响,并提出了水环境保护的意见和措施。     

石家庄大气中优先控制挥发性有机物筛选

综合考虑国内外优先控制污染物筛选的方法,结合实际调查情况,制定了石家庄市大气中优先控制挥发性有机物筛选的原则。对检出率高、贡献率高,可能对人体健康存在潜在危害性的挥发性有机物作筛选,提出了包含20种化合物的优先控制名单,其中卤代烃7种,芳香烃5种,酯类3种,酮类2种,烯烃、醛类和硫化物各1种。从化合物的用途和应用领域分析,医药化工行业可能是石家庄市区大气中挥发性有机物的主要排放源。     

甘肃省水污染的防治

根据甘肃省水污染现状，提出了在污染防治工作中坚持以“三个突出，二个加强，一个补充”为工作重点，即突出流域管理，加强黄河，石油河等重点流域的污染防治，突出清洁生产，对工业污染防治实施全过程控制，实施可持续发展战略，突出集中控制，提高城市污水处理能力，加强饮用水水源保护，依法严格管理生活饮用水水源保护区，加强环境监督管理，严格依法行政，补充对农业面源污染的控制，对上述六个方面的工作进行了认真总结，并针对存在的问题提出了今后工作的重点。     

甘肃省优先控制有毒化学品名单筛选研究

通过对全省１０４５种化学品基础数据，国内外有毒化学品名单，法规，毒理等资料源的调查收集，在此基础上研究运用了粗选－－粗选－－复审三步法筛选程序，优选出了３８种有毒化学品作为甘肃省优先控制名单，作为管理部门优先管理，控制污染制定法规的科学依据。     

上海市饮用水源地优先控制有机污染物筛选

综合考虑国外优先控制污染物筛选的方法,根据上海市集中式生活饮用水源地特定80项和地表水控制的109项以外项目、全市挥发性和半挥发性有机项目、水源地突发性应急事故有机污染物等实际监测数据和历年来微量有机污染物研究成果,制定饮用水源地优先控制有机污染物筛选的原则、程序和过程,对出现频率高、超标几率高、浓度高,可能对人体健康产生影响的有机污染物进行筛选,提出包括多环芳烃、酞酸酯、卤代烃和其他共4类7种上海市饮用水源地优先控制有机污染物名单.     

铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤铅源的铅同位素示踪

以某铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤为研究对象,通过对其原料及周边土壤中铅含量的检测,结果显示：该冶炼厂周边土壤铅质量比在22.73mg/kg～126.51mg/kg之间,平均值为42.68mg/kg,是当地土壤铅背景值的1.85倍.采用铅质量比空间分布分析和同位素混合模型计算分析了冶炼厂周边土壤中铅的可能来源,分析表明：土壤铅质量比的空间分布及铅同位素比值与冶炼厂的焦化原料煤相近,焦化原料煤对周边土壤铅污染贡献最大.     

Factors affecting the leaching of lead from UPVC pipes

This paper summarizes the results of a series of studies on the various factors that affect the leaching of lead from unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (UPVC) pipes. Factors that were studied include temperature, pH and extractants. Results showed that, for a given UPVC pipe, the rate of leaching of lead depended primarily on temperature and the nature of extractants. While the rate of leaching of lead was quite low with distilled water, it was very much enhanced by the presence of low concentration of anions such as Cl^-, HPO _inf4 ^sup2- HCO _inf3 ^sup- , NO _inf3 ^sup- , SO _inf4 ^sup2- and EDTA. EDTA, being a strong complexing agent, was most effective. Rates of leaching were found to be higher at elevated temperature except in the cases of HPO _inf4 ^sup2- and EDTA. Effect of pH was not pronounced. The temperature at which the UPVC pipes were extruded was found to affect the rate of leaching of lead. Pipes extruded at 190°C were found to have lower rate of leaching than those extruded at 180°C and 170°C. Analysis of the pipes by Scanning Electron Microscopy showed that the distribution of lead in the pipes extruded at 190°C was more uniform than those extruded at 170°C.     

A study of the heavy metal concentrations of the Singapore River

The concentrations of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, iron, and mercury in the water, sediment and biota of the Singapore River were determined. The concentration of the various metals in water showed significant variation at different sampling times and there was enrichment of lead content. The spatial patterns of metal distribution in the sediment could be due to the different pollution sources such as exhaust emission from boats and other environmental variables such as clay content of sediment or tide level. In the biota, higher amounts of metals were found in species inhabiting the river bed while organisms of higher trophic level such as free-swimming fishes and crabs accumulated lower amounts. In general, the flesh of fishes and crabs had the least content of metals compared to other tissues. The Concentration of various metals in bivalve, Mytilopsis sallei, which were found extensively in the river did not reflect the pollution distribution.     

城市土壤Pb污染特征及影响因素分析

以乌鲁木齐市和上海市中心城区为研究区域，按不同功能区对城市土壤采样并进行Pb含量及形态分析，结果表明：两市土壤Pb的平均值含量均超出相应土壤Pb的背景值。上海市土壤Pb的含量远远高于乌鲁木齐市；两市土壤Pb在各功能区的分布均存在明显差异，但两市土壤Pb在功能区的分布规律并不相同；两市土壤Pb的形态分布规律趋于一致，乌鲁木齐市土壤Pb活性要大于上海市。造成上述城市土壤Pb污染特征的影响因素有很多。     

灰色模型在确定关键污染因子中的应用

将灰色模型引入水环境质量评价中 ,通过对某个时间段内污染物原始监测数据的灰色处理 ,从动态演变中找出关键因子 ,客观地判定各污染因子所起的作用 ,并对各因子在下一个时间段的发展趋势作出判断 ,增加了评价的准确性。经过实例运用分析表明 ,该方法物理意义明确 ,简便易用     

Distribution of mercury and other trace metals in the sediments of Cochin estuary (a Ramsar site), Kerala, India

Sediment quality data provide essential information for evaluating ambient environmental quality conditions. Sediments are important carriers of trace metals in the environment and reflect the current quality of the system. In the present study, distribution of mercury, lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, chromium and manganese in Cochin estuary were studied. The distribution of oxides of metals and textural quality were also studied in detail. It was found that the concentration of metals in the sediments near the industrial belt was extremely high. Correlation of different metals and metal oxides were analysed. It was found that all the alloys were correlated significantly (α?<?0.01) but in case of metals, correlation was only among certain metals.     

Lead, arsenic, fluoride, and iron contamination of drinking water in the tea garden belt of Darrang district, Assam, India

Drinking water quality with respect to lead, iron, fluoride, and arsenic has been carried out in and around tea gardens of Darrang district of Assam, India. The district lies between 26°25^′ and 26°55^′ northern latitude and 91°45^′ and 91°20^′ east longitude and covers an area of 3,465.30 km². Twenty-five different sampling stations were selected for the study. Iron, lead, and arsenic were analyzed by using an atomic absorption spectrometer, Perkin Elmer AA 200, while fluoride was measured by the SPADNS method using a UV–VIS spectrometer, Shimadzu 1240 model. The study revealed that the water sources in the area are heavily polluted with lead. Statistical analysis of the data is presented to determine the distribution pattern, localization of data, and other related information. Statistical observations imply non-uniform distribution of the studied parameters with a long asymmetric tail either on the right or left side of the median.     

A study of the distribution of lead, cadmium and copper between water and kaolin, bentonite and a river sediment

Experiments were carried out to monitor the equilibrium distribution of lead, cadmium and copper between an aqueous phase modelling natural water and a solid phase modelling natural sediment, under varying conditions. The aqueous phase was analysed using ETAAS and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV), whereas XRD and FTIR were used to study the solid phase. Sorption isotherms at constant pH were measured. Conditional distribution constants were calculated as functions of the pH, the time of equilibration and the amount of solid material. The results obtained stress the need for standardization of the approaches to the study of water-sediment interactions in order to be able to evaluate and compare the extensive data from field measurements and to predict these interactions.     

中国四城市空气颗粒物中铅的污染水平

在大量实验数据的基础上,研究了中国四城市空气颗粒物中铅的污染水平。探讨了颗粒物中铅的数据分布属对数正态分布类型。分析了铅在ＰＭ２５及ＰＭ１０中的分配比例,指出铅在对人体危害较大的细颗粒物中含量占绝大部分。同时分析了铅在粗细颗粒物中铅的富集因子,结论指出铅更易富集在细颗粒物中