"三点比较式臭袋法"嗅辨员的优化选择

在利用"三点比较式臭袋法"测定恶臭时,嗅辨员发挥关键作用.在实际测定过程中,由于嗅辨员的嗅觉阈值不同,嗅觉敏感度不同,从而造成监测结果产生较大差别.通过细分嗅辨员的级别,优化嗅辨小组的人员结构,从而保证监测结果的准确性.     

恶臭国标测定方法和便携式恶臭测定仪测定结果的比对分析

比对了恶臭国标测定方法《GB/T 14675—1993》和便携式恶臭测定仪对厂界环境空气无组织排放臭气浓度的测定结果。结果显示,恶臭国标测定方法和便携式恶臭测定仪的测定值基本在同一范围内,具有一定的可比性,但2种方法在嗅辨方式、工作地点、结果计算方式、配气方法、样品原始性和测定范围上都存在差异。     

对三点比较式臭袋法的浅见

针对臭气浓度的标准分析方法——三点比较式臭袋法,在分析过程中引入"无法辨别"选项,并建议稀释倍数由标准限值确定。经实际案例验证,采用改进后的方法,分析结果更接近现场的真实状况,从而提高了嗅辨结果的准确性,并减轻了嗅辨员的嗅觉疲劳。     

利用“三点比较式臭袋法”进行恶臭监测时有关问题的探讨

"三点比较式臭袋法"是一种嗅觉感官测试技术,在进行嗅辨分析时人的嗅觉特征常常给以一种假象结果,影响恶臭监测的准确性,经常出现的干扰因素有嗅疲劳、嗅辨结果正解率表面无规律性、出现多个嗅辨正解率现象,结合这些实际问题,通过嗅觉原理和相对气味强度理论进行了解释,并指出正确的操作方法,对正确掌握"三点比较式臭袋法"技术和嗅辨技术进行了探讨.     

现场嗅辨测量仪与三点比较式臭袋法测定恶臭的分析比对

本文对恶臭监测的现场嗅辨测量仪法与三点比较式臭袋法(GB/T 14675-93)的两种方法进行实验分析比对,通过稳定模拟环境条件下和复杂实际环境条件下的测定结果比较,对现场嗅辨测量仪的准确性和适用性进行研究,为恶臭监测中现场嗅辨测量仪的使用提供经验依据。     

三点比较式臭袋法测定污染源臭气的改进建议

提出采用三点比较式臭袋法测定污染源臭气样品时,可能出现因初始稀释倍数设定过高而无法准确计算结果的情况,单一的初始稀释倍数无法适用于同一批样品和低浓度样品.建议取消判定师的初步嗅辨试验环节,直接从第一级稀释倍数开始嗅辨试验,低浓度样品转为环境空气样品分析,同时实行嗅辨员分级制度.     

某污水预处理厂恶臭治理设施的评价

介绍了恶臭污染物、评价标准及其测定方法。通过引入臭气浓度和臭气强度的概念对某预处理厂恶臭治理设施进行了评价 ,取得了良好的效果     

环境空气中异味物质的监测、评价与溯源

针对环境空气中异味物质及其特点,从嗅辨法和成分浓度分析法2个方面,介绍了异味物质的监测方法,并比较了各方法的适用性。从臭气浓度、强度、恶臭厌恶度、相对气味活度值以及模型预测等方面,描述了异味物质特有的评价方法;从对照标准限值、臭氧生成潜势以及健康风险评价等方面,描述了异味物质普适性评价方法。指出可通过实地调查与监测、污染谱图和源解析模型等方法识别异味物质的来源。提出了环境空气异味的监测调查建议,包括采用多种技术、提高异味物质的快速初辨能力以及监测水平,研制更多的方法标准和控制标准、科学监管异味污染物等。     

三点比较式臭袋法测定环境中臭气浓度

就三点比较式臭袋法在测定环境空气臭气浓度时应注意的现场踏勘、采样点的选择、采样次数、配气、嗅辨过程,以及臭气浓度计算等问题进行探讨,使该方法更加完善、简便.     

中国嗅觉实验室建设现状调查及规范制订建议

嗅觉实验室的环境是影响嗅辨实验准确性的关键因素。中国的嗅觉实验室在建设过程中,由于缺乏具体的技术指导,各地区的嗅觉实验室形态差异较大,不能为嗅觉实验提供规范化的实验场所。通过中国嗅觉实验室的现状调查,分析了目前嗅觉实验室存在的问题,提出了嗅觉实验室建设技术规范的制订原则和重点内容。     

The use of sensory perception indicators for improving the characterization and modelling of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) grade in soils

This paper proposes a multistep approach for creating a 3D stochastic model of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) grade in potentially polluted soils of a deactivated oil storage site by using chemical analysis results as primary or hard data and classes of sensory perception variables as secondary or soft data. First, the statistical relationship between the sensory perception variables (e.g. colour, odour and oil–water reaction) and TPH grade is analysed, after which the sensory perception variable exhibiting the highest correlation is selected (oil–water reaction in this case study). The probabilities of cells belonging to classes of oil–water reaction are then estimated for the entire soil volume using indicator kriging. Next, local histograms of TPH grade for each grid cell are computed, combining the probabilities of belonging to a specific sensory perception indicator class and conditional to the simulated values of TPH grade. Finally, simulated images of TPH grade are generated by using the P-field simulation algorithm, utilising the local histograms of TPH grade for each grid cell. The set of simulated TPH values allows several calculations to be performed, such as average values, local uncertainties and the probability of the TPH grade of the soil exceeding a specific threshold value.     

Factor analysis of H2S emission at a wastewater lift station: a case study

Odor and corrosion are common problems in domestic wastewater collection, transportation, pumping, and treatment processes. Based on the comparison among odorous compounds and onsite observations at a wastewater lift station, H₂S is more likely to have caused the odor and corrosion problems than methanethiol and other organic sulfides. The field data from both air and wastewater quality monitoring demonstrated that more H₂S (1 ppmv) was formed at a more negative redox potential, lower pH, and a higher temperature of wastewater. Since the lower detection level of most current analytical techniques is much greater than human’s smell and the reference concentration for adverse health effects, automatic monitoring on the threshold of H₂S formation provides a mechanism to trigger control techniques only when necessary for cost saving purposes. Based on Gibbs free energy, a more negative redox potential is required to form H₂S with an increase in pH and a decrease in temperature and SO ₄ ^2? concentration. However, pH effect is more significant than both temperature and SO ₄ ^2? concentration for H₂S formation. It is recommended that H₂S control techniques be started when the redox potential is below ?44 mV, the pH is lower than 5.6, and the temperature is higher than 11.5 °C to control H₂S below the reference concentration. Corroded concrete particles were examined by X-ray diffraction, which showed that the dominant crystal form was quartz.     

土壤重金属分析方法间检测结果一致性判断方法——数据对t值检验法的改进与完善

不同分析方法测定结果间的比较,或者说如何判断两种分析方法测定结果的一致性,是检测实验室经常遇到的实际问题。其应用场景包括方法标准验证实验、新方法与经典方法间的比对,特别是在缺少标准样品、测试数据不满足t值检验的条件下,选用合适的判据尤其重要。以采用单波长激发型能量色散X射线荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤和水系沉积物样品中Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Co、V、Mn、Mo、Sb等重金属含量所得数据为例,探讨了《环境监测分析方法标准制订技术导则》(HJ 168—2020)附录B中规定的"数据对t值检验法"的不足及改进办法,即用数据对相对偏差和再现性限合格率作为判据,判断分析方法测定结果的一致性。对一组验证样品分别用两种分析方法进行了测定,在数据对t值检验的基础上,取各元素测定结果的相对偏差与相关限值进行比较,或者取两者的差值与基准分析方法标准规定的再现性限进行比较,利用合格率大小协助判断了两分析方法测定结果的一致性。研究结果表明,此方法符合日常质控技术规范中关于精密度的规定,实用性强,是一条将数理统计原理与专业知识相结合的合理技术路线。     

铅蓄电池企业废气中铅及其化合物便携式XRF检测方法

在企业污染源现场实现污染物排放浓度水平的快速判定和超标风险筛查,对生态环境管理部门提高执法效率、企业提高环境管理水平意义重大。铅是一种对人体危害极大的有毒重金属,目前缺少含铅废气中铅及其化合物的便携式直读检测设备和检测方法。探索性地将X射线荧光光谱(XRF)法应用于铅蓄电池企业含铅废气中铅及其化合物的便携式快速、直读检测。研究结果表明,基于XRF的面密度法适用于铅蓄电池企业含铅废气处理设施后铅及其化合物的快速、直读检测,相对国标方法具有快速、直读、对样品无损、便于复测等特点,可用于铅及其化合物排放浓度水平的快速判定和超标风险筛查。     

火电厂石灰石-石膏脱硫设施环保验收监测若干问题的探讨

以"十一五"期间较为常见的火电厂石灰石-石膏脱硫设施竣工环保验收监测为例,着重就验收过程监测布点、设施处理效率计算、污染物总量核算、减排项目标准执行以及环境管理检查中存在的问题进行探讨,提出解决问题的方法与思路,为今后火电厂竣工环保验收监测工作提供借鉴。     

Background concentrations of individual and total volatile organic compounds in residential indoor air of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany

During a monitoring campaign concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in indoor air of 79 dwellings where occupants had not complained about health problems or unpleasant odour. Parameters monitored were the individual concentration of 68 VOCs and the total concentration of all VOCs inside the room. VOCs adsorbed by Tenax TA were then analysed by means of thermal desorption, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The analytical procedure and quantification was done according to the recommendation of the ECA-IAQ Working Group 13 which gave a definition of the total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentration. Using this recommendation TVOC-concentrations ranged between 33 and 1600 microg m(-3) with a median of 289 microg m(-3). Compounds found in every sample and with the highest concentrations were 2-propanol, alpha-pinene and toluene. Save for a few samples, all concentrations measured have been a factor 2 to 10 lower, compared to data from similar studies. Only a few terpenes and aldehydes were found exceeding published reference data or odour threshold concentrations. However, it has been found that sampling and analysing methods do have a considerable impact on the results, making direct comparisons of studies somewhat questionable. 47% of all samples revealed concentrations exceeding the threshold value of 300 microg TVOC m(-3) set by the German Federal Environmental Agency as a target for indoor air quality. Using the TVOC concentration as defined in the ECA-IAQ methodology is instrumental in assessing exposure to VOCs and identifying sources of VOCs. The background concentrations determined in this study can be used to discuss and interpret target values for individual and total volatile organic compounds in indoor air.     

广东某铅锌矿周边地区大气颗粒物重金属水平及人群暴露风险评价

以广东某典型铅锌矿周边地区为研究区域，通过实地监测空气中颗粒物重金属浓度水平，并结合暴露量计算，进行健康风险评价。结果表明：研究区大气TSP浓度满足所属功能区环境空气质量标准要求，但PM10浓度在个别监测点出现有单次超标现象，铅平均浓度符合年平均参照标准要求，镉平均浓度则超年平均参照标准要求；颗粒物重金属分析表明，该区域气象扩散条件较好，对照点中重金属含量与其他监控监测点的含量相当；靠近冶炼厂或铅锌矿的降尘重金属总量比远离的高，所以冶炼厂和铅锌矿对环境大气中重金属含量还是有一定的影响。大气颗粒物重金属暴露人群风险评价结果表明，研究区域不存在非致癌健康风险，但个别监测点则存在镉致癌风险警戒级别。     

能量色散X射线荧光法快速测定生物质燃料中的磷含量

应用能量色散X射线荧光光谱法建立了生物质燃料中磷含量的快速测定方法。对比分析压片压力条件、基体效应和干扰元素,明确了能量色散X射线荧光光谱法的测试条件,通过加标回收率实验、标准样品测试、ICP-OES方法对比等获得实验结果。实验结果表明:能量色散X射线荧光光谱法用于生物质燃料样品的分析,标准工作曲线线性相关系数为0.998 3,方法检出限为0.4 mg/kg,平均加标回收率为98.1%,测定值的相对标准偏差为1.36%~4.92%,标准样品磷含量在标准值不确定度内,能量色散X射线荧光光谱法与行业标准ICP-OES方法的准确度和精密度不存在显著性差异,可应用于生物质中磷含量的环境监测。     

环境空气质量新旧评价体系及评价结果差异

在分析环境空气质量评价体系的变化的基础上,通过分析实际监测数据说明评价体系变化对评价结果的影响。结果表明:由于NO2和PM10的年平均二级浓度限值收严,用新标准评价全国325个地级以上城市2012年的达标情况,将有164个城市由达标变为不达标;参照《环境空气质量评价技术规范(试行)》评价2012年度地级以上城市的达标情况,达标率由91.4%降为41.8%;不同时段O3的1 h平均浓度值对计算其8 h滑动平均浓度值的贡献不同,可能引起8 h滑动平均浓度值计算结果的差异;由于在计算实时空气质量指数时PM10和PM2.5使用24 h滑动平均浓度值,当空气质量突变时会出现评价结果与实际污染状况不符的情况。