绍兴市新装修住房空气质量调查与分析

为了解室内装修对室内空气质量的影响,文章随机抽取浙江省绍兴市60户新装修居室进行室内空气主要污染物监测,结果表明,以甲醛和总挥发性有机物(TVOC)超标最为严重,超标率分别为32.2%和65.6%。不同功能房间中,卧室、书房甲醛和总挥发性有机物浓度明显高于客厅。另外,总挥发性有机物与装修后时间长短有很大关系,装修后3个月时,超标率为98.3%,6个月超标率为75.0%,12个月超标率降低到23.3%。     

室内环境空气污染调查

论述了室内空气污染的主要原因。主要污染物及其危害。并对室内空气污染现状进行了调查。结果显示住宅中甲醛超标率在33.3%-100%之间，甲醛最高超标10.9倍；总挥发性有机物（TVOC）超标率在55.6%-75.0%之间，最高超标24.0倍；氨超标率在33.3%-41.7%之间，最高超标5.1倍；氡未见超标，同时，对室内空气污染提出了具体防治措施。     

承德市室内环境质量污染现状调查与研究

对承德市160家宾馆、饭店、歌舞厅等公共场所,80个民用建筑工程项目,80余家个人家庭装修进行室内环境检测,发现不同场所室内主要超标污染物不同。新建公共场所和个人家装室内空气主要污染物为总挥发性有机物、甲醛、苯、氨,已建成的重点公共场所空气超标污染物主要为二氧化碳、菌落总数,民用建筑工程超标污染物主要为氨。     

某大型化工企业周边居民区积尘中多环芳烃调查及健康风险评价

以江苏省某大型化工企业周边居民区为研究区域,调查企业主导风的下风向2 km范围内的居民区以及对照区积尘中多环芳烃(PAHs)含量,对16种PAHs污染分布和特征进行研究,并评估积尘PAHs通过暴露途径对人群健康风险。结果表明:居民区积尘中16种PAHs全部检出,污染区∑PAHs均值为2 294μg/kg,明显高于对照区145μg/kg;污染区7个测点中有6个测点苯并(a)芘出现超标,超标倍数为0. 17～2. 5倍;所测的16种PAHs化合物中蒽、荧蒽、芘、、苯并(b)荧蒽、苯并(k)荧蒽、苯并(a)芘浓度相对较高;通过PAHs主成分分析和特征比值判断,不完全燃烧源对积尘中PAHs贡献率达77. 4%,污染区PAHs来源呈现石油燃烧、煤燃烧以及石油源的复合污染特征,对照区PAHs主要来源为煤的不完全燃烧;以苯并(a)芘毒性等效浓度进行风险评估,污染区致癌风险值明显高于对照区,儿童摄入PAHs风险总体高于成人;对照区儿童和成人致癌风险均小于1×10~(-6),不存在致癌风险;污染区儿童和成人平均致癌风险值分别为3. 95×10~(-6)、2. 65×10~(-6),在可接受范围内,但存在潜在致癌风险。     

河南省主要城市饮用水源水中多环芳烃污染状况的研究

对河南省主要城市饮用水源水中多环芳烃的污染状况进行了初步研究 ,结果表明 ,河南省主要城市饮用水源水普遍受到多环芳烃的污染 ,主要污染因子为萘、蒽、菲、芘、荧蒽、芴以及强致癌性物质苯并 (a)芘 ,而且苯并 (a)芘有超标情况出现     

攀枝花市大气有机污染特征及来源识别

采用SUMMA罐采样-预浓缩-气相色谱/质谱联用技术测定挥发性有机物(VOCs),滤膜采样-高效液相色谱法测定颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)。选取攀枝花市不同功能区的5个测点,分别采集并测定了4个季度的大气样品。共检出VOCs 54种,其中烃类占24%,卤代烃类占52%,含氧化合物占22%,其它化合物占2%,苯系物检出率最高。检出PAHs15种,其中苯并[a]芘等11种PAHs单体的检出率为100%。主要大气有机物分布整体呈现出旱季高,雨季低的特点。应用比值法、相关性及因子分析法对来源进行识别,结果表明机动车、燃煤和炼焦排放是攀枝花市大气有机污染物的主要来源。     

贵阳市夏季大气颗粒物及多环芳烃污染特征研究

采集贵阳市老城区夏季5个典型监测点(太慈桥、贵州师范大学、大西门、省政府及省植物园)的样品进行PM2.5、PM10质量浓度分析。同时对PM2.5中PAHs的质量浓度进行分析。结果表明:贵阳市夏季PM2.5和PM10浓度排序均为太慈桥省政府大西门贵州师范大学省植物园,且PM2.5和PM10之间有良好的相关性,PM10=0.931 3 PM2.5+0.019 4,R2=0.996 7,PM2.5污染较重。此外,5个监测点总PAHs和苯并(a)芘的分析结果均为太慈桥省政府大西门贵州师范大学省植物园,苯并(a)芘浓度均未超标。     

加压流体萃取-GC/MS法测定土壤中半挥发性有机物

采用加压流体萃取〖CD*2〗气相色谱/质谱联用法（ASE GC/MS）测定土壤中9种半挥发性有机物,分别考察萃取条件、氮吹浓缩、硅酸镁小柱净化和浓缩定容等前处理条件对半挥发性有机物测定的影响。通过优化试验条件,使方法在100 μg/L～1 000 μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.01 mg/kg～0.04 mg/kg。土壤样品加标回收率为72.4%～954%,4次测定结果的RSD为2.1%～6.0%。将该方法应用于测定某重点行业企业用地周边土壤,除苯并（a）芘外其余8种半挥发性有机物均为未检出。     

典型废酸油渣中54种VOCs和16种PAHs的分布特征研究

通过运用GC-MS方法对3家润滑油生产企业废酸油渣中的54种挥发性有机物(VOCs)和16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定性及定量分析。结果表明,54种VOCs有12种被检出,检出率为22.2%,其中1,2,4-三甲苯在75个样品中均有检出,检出率为100%。54种VOCs质量分数为ND～12.5 mg/kg,其中质量分数较高的化合物为苯(0.6～11.9 mg/kg)、萘(1.0～12.5 mg/kg)、1,2,4-三甲苯(0.5～10.2 mg/kg)。16种PAHs有12种被检出,检出率为75%,其中萘、菲、芘、苯并[a]蒽和■在58个样品中均有检出,检出率为100%。16种PAHs质量分数为2～2 160 mg/kg,其中质量分数较高的化合物为■(25～2 160 mg/kg)、芘(10～207 mg/kg)、苯并[a]蒽(5～108 mg/kg)。同一个企业不同油样之间的VOCs和PAHs检出种类和质量分数存在明显差异,各目标物质量分数与总量之间并不完全相关,这与油源、生产工艺以及样品的风化程度有关。客观上,大部分样本存在不均匀性,因此桶装废酸油渣样品检测应关注采样环节,应根据样品特点采集足够的样本数,保证测定结果真实可靠。     

沥青烟中苯并(a)芘的等速采样与监测

新的大气污染综合排放标准对沥青及碳素制品生产和加工制定了沥青烟和苯并(a)芘的排放标准,然而空气和废气监测分析方法没有给出沥青烟气中苯并(a)芘的分析方法.为此,用色谱固定液滤筒及新设计的富集器等速采样,进行沥青烟苯并(a)芘的分析,为执行新的大气污染综合排放标准提供了实用技术.     

运用热脱附/GC/MS分析研究室内空气中TVOC浓度及种类分布

利用热脱附/GC/MS联用技术定性、定量(半定量)分析了多组有代表性的室内空气样品。结果表明,室内空气挥发性有机气体的主要成分是苯系物、烃类、醛酮类、酯类等;装修后3个月内的家居室内空气中的苯25%超标,甲苯58%超标,二甲苯79%超标,TVOC 100%超标;一年后,仅TVOC还有11%的超标。办公室情况类似。     

Seasonal evaluation of outdoor/indoor air quality in primary schools in Lisbon

The aim of this study was to evaluate the indoor (I) and outdoor (O) levels of NO?, speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyls at fourteen primary schools in Lisbon (Portugal) during spring, autumn and winter. Three of these schools were also selected to be monitored for comfort parameters, such as temperature and relative humidity, carbon dioxide (CO?), carbon monoxide (CO), total VOCs, and both bacterial and fungal colony-forming units per cubic metre. The concentration of CO? and bioaerosols greatly exceeded the acceptable maximum values of 1800 mg m?3 and 500 CFU m?3, respectively, in all seasons. Most of the assessed VOCs and carbonyls occurred at I/O ratios above unity in all seasons, thus showing the importance of indoor sources and building conditions in indoor air quality. However, it has been observed that higher indoor VOC concentrations occurred more often in the colder months, while carbonyl concentrations were higher in the warm months. In general, the I/O NO? ratios ranged between 0.35 and 1, never exceeding the unity. Some actions are suggested to improve the indoor air quality in Lisbon primary schools.     

室内空气有机污染的研究现状

主要讨论了室内空气中有机物污染的研究现状。重点介绍了室内空气中多环芳烃 (PAHs)、挥发性有机物(VOCs)、醛类化合物等的污染状况及来源。简要叙述了室内空气污染的影响因素及对人体的健康风险评价。     

浑河沈阳段地表水有机污染物对水环境影响的安全性评估

用GB 3838-2002《地表水质量标准》和美国EPA推荐的“地面水质量标准”对浑河沈阳段地表水中的有机污染状况进行了安全性评估。用两种不同的方法评估,结果虽然有所差别,但结论是一致的,即浑河沈阳段地表水有机污染物十分严重,已经对人体健康和生态环境安全构成危害。     

Background concentrations of individual and total volatile organic compounds in residential indoor air of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany

During a monitoring campaign concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in indoor air of 79 dwellings where occupants had not complained about health problems or unpleasant odour. Parameters monitored were the individual concentration of 68 VOCs and the total concentration of all VOCs inside the room. VOCs adsorbed by Tenax TA were then analysed by means of thermal desorption, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The analytical procedure and quantification was done according to the recommendation of the ECA-IAQ Working Group 13 which gave a definition of the total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentration. Using this recommendation TVOC-concentrations ranged between 33 and 1600 microg m(-3) with a median of 289 microg m(-3). Compounds found in every sample and with the highest concentrations were 2-propanol, alpha-pinene and toluene. Save for a few samples, all concentrations measured have been a factor 2 to 10 lower, compared to data from similar studies. Only a few terpenes and aldehydes were found exceeding published reference data or odour threshold concentrations. However, it has been found that sampling and analysing methods do have a considerable impact on the results, making direct comparisons of studies somewhat questionable. 47% of all samples revealed concentrations exceeding the threshold value of 300 microg TVOC m(-3) set by the German Federal Environmental Agency as a target for indoor air quality. Using the TVOC concentration as defined in the ECA-IAQ methodology is instrumental in assessing exposure to VOCs and identifying sources of VOCs. The background concentrations determined in this study can be used to discuss and interpret target values for individual and total volatile organic compounds in indoor air.     

沈阳市冬季环境空气质量统计预报模型建立及应用

利用沈阳市2013年1—2月大气自动监测数据和同期气象资料,选取19项预报因子,采用逐步回归方法建立了沈阳市冬季环境空气质量统计预报模型,预报项目包括细颗粒物(PM2.5)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、一氧化碳(CO)日均浓度及臭氧(O3)日最大8 h平均浓度。2013年11月至2014年1月,应用该模型并结合人为经验修订,开展了沈阳市环境空气质量预报工作,预报结果与实测结果的对比验证结果表明,环境空气预测结果级别准确率达到79.1%,首要污染物准确率为73.6%。     

Conservation practices in U.S. agriculture and their impact on carbon sequestration

Increase in the use of conservation practices byagriculture in the United States will enhance soilorganic carbon and potentially increase carbonsequestration. This, in turn, will decrease the netemission of carbon dioxide. A number of studies existthat calibrate the contribution of various individual,site-specific conservation practices on changes insoil organic carbon. There is a general absence,however, of a comprehensive effort to measureobjectively the contribution of these practicesincluding conservation tillage, the ConservationReserve Program, and conservation buffer strips to anchange in soil organic carbon. This paper fills thatvoid. After recounting the evolution of the use ofthe various conservation practices, it is estimatedthat organic carbon in the soil in 1998 in the UnitedStates attributable to these practices was about 12.2million metric tons. By 2008, there will be anincrease of about 25%. Given that there is asignificant potential for conservation practices tolead to an increase in carbon sequestration, there area number of policy options that can be pursued.     

Influence of processing parameters on VOC emission from particleboards

Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from furnishings have created a major indoor air pollution problem in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the VOC emission of larch particleboard under different processing conditions. VOCs collection chamber, parts per billion VOC monitor, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometer were used to analyze the VOC components and quantities. The results were shown as follows: (1) concentration and emission rate of VOCs were significantly affected by hot-pressing temperature and time. With the increase of hot-pressing temperature and time, both the earlier emission concentration and the amount of total volatile organic compounds increased. (2) The composition of VOCs was also influenced by temperature and time, especially the variety of terpene, benzene, and derivative. The existence and quantities of esters were still the main components of VOCs emissions.     

Influence of indoor air quality (IAQ) objectives on air-conditioned offices in Hong Kong

It is costly to sample all air pollutants of a general community. Air sampling should be conducted based on a practical assessment strategy and monitoring plan. In Hong Kong, the Environmental Protection Department (HKEPD) launched an Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) certification scheme to grade workplace IAQ as 'Excellent' or 'Good' by measuring the levels of nine common indoor air pollutants, namely carbon dioxide (CO(2)), carbon monoxide (CO), respirable suspended particulates (RSP), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), ozone (O(3)), formaldehyde (HCHO), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), radon (Rn), and airborne bacteria count (ABC). Although average office IAQ performance has been improved since the implementation of this certification scheme, there are still resource issues and technical difficulties. To streamline the assessment of office IAQ performance, this study proposes a simple index of IAQ benchmarks formulated in compliance with the HKEPD requirements. In particular, three of the nine listed common air pollutants were selected as the 'representatives' for the overall satisfactory IAQ. Together with the assessment results of 422 Hong Kong air-conditioned offices, the index was evaluated in terms of test sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. Proved to be feasible to describe the IAQ of some air-conditioned offices, this IAQ index would be a useful tool for policymakers, building owners and professionals to quantify IAQ performance in offices and to make decisions on resources and manpower management for efficient mitigation actions.