云龙湖水质调查与评价

对云龙湖水质进行了调查与评价.在云龙湖东湖、西湖区各设置3个采样点,监测水体中TN、TP、Imn、NH3-N、DO和SD指标;分别使用模糊识别法和湖泊综合营养指数对水体进行水质评价与富营养化评价,结果表明,云龙湖水质级别为III类,其中TN、TP超标明显,水体呈现中度富营养化;不同功能区水质差异明显,东湖区水质优于西湖...     

云龙湖不同功能区水质监测与评价

以徐州市云龙湖东西两湖区为对象,研究其不同功能区水质状况,从而为云龙湖水体保护提供理论依据。在云龙湖东湖、西湖区各设置3个采样点,监测水体中总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数和溶解氧指标;采用熵权法确定各水质指标权重,继而对水质进行定量综合评价。评价结果表明:云龙湖水体水质为III类,其中TN、TP超标明显,水体已呈现富营养化;不同功能区水质差异明显,东湖区水质优于西湖区,云龙湖功能区划分对水质有显著性影响。     

呼伦湖不同季节水质现状评价及主要影响因子分析

通过2014—2015年期间4次对呼伦湖水质进行监测,评价不同季节水体中TN、TP和Chla的时空分布特征及水体的富营养化状态,并分析影响水质变化的主要因素。结果表明,4个季节中呼伦湖水体中TN、TP质量浓度超标较严重,Chla质量浓度随季节变化明显。空间分布规律为TN由湖四周向湖心扩散再到四周;TP春、夏季基本保持稳定,秋—冬季由湖心向四周转移;Chla呈现由南—北—东—东北的变化趋势。呼伦湖春、夏、秋季呈现轻度富营养化,冬季呈现中营养化。水体主要受富营养化、盐化和有机物污染控制。     

生态补水对玄武湖水质的影响

分析南京玄武湖1997年-2010年的水质变化，以及生态补水与玄武湖水质变化的关系。结果表明，玄武湖于1998年实施生态补水，随着生态补水的持续运行和生态补水量的不断增加，玄武湖水质得以显著改善，其水质类别由生态补水前的劣V类水体转为V类水体，并接近于Ⅳ类水体，富营养化程度由重度富营养化水平转为轻度富营养化水平。目前玄武湖主要营养物质来源于生态补水，相关性分析显示各湖区TN浓度与生态补水中TN浓度呈显著相关关系。     

南靖南五水库水质调查

南靖县环境监测站于2002年、2003年对南靖南五水库水质进行了调查。结果表明，库区水中TN超标，TP也出现了不同程度超标，综合营养状态指数为30～50，其水体呈中营养状态。从点位变化看．出口水质比进口水质差．说明库区水体富营养化既有上游输入的影响，也有库区和周边其他污染源的影响。指出，出口水质的进一步恶化，对饮用水源的水质构成了威胁。     

北京市城市非点源污染特征的研究

通过监测降雨径流水质,研究了北京市城市非点源污染的特征。结果表明,北京市城市地表径流水排入任何地表水体都会对其造成污染,且城市地表径流水的大部分水质指标已经达到了污水综合排放的三级标准,因此,我们对待城市地表径流水应该如对待污水一样处理。对于TN、TP、CODCr、BOD5浓度,路面径流要高于屋顶径流,而对于SS浓度,屋顶径流高于路面径流。总磷TP颗粒吸附态的污染物对总污染物的贡献最大,对于路面径流高达83.1%,对于屋顶径流为68.6%,其次是CODCr,总氮TN的颗粒吸附态的贡献较低。通过沉积或过滤去除城市地表径流中的悬浮颗粒物,可以提高城市地表径流的水质。所有污染物随降雨过程变化的总体趋势为雨水初期径流污染物浓度很高,随降雨历时的延长,污染物浓度逐渐下降并趋于稳定。初期径流危害较大。     

土地利用景观格局对信江水质的影响

利用GIS空间分析与统计方法,从景观尺度和类型尺度两方面分析了流域景观格局空间分异对河流高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、氨氮、总氮(TN)、化学需氧量(CODCr)的影响。信江流域的景观组成对CODMn、氨氮、TN、CODCr浓度存在显著影响,耕地和建设用地的面积比例与各项指标浓度间存在显著正相关,林地与各指标浓度存在显著负相关。各项指标在流域上游变化不大,而在流域的下游变化显著。从景观尺度上看,流域景观以少数大斑块为主或同一类型的斑块高度连接时,河流中CODMn、氨氮、TN、CODCr浓度较低,水质较好。从流域类型尺度上看,各类型的景观结构对河流中CODMn、氨氮、TN、CODCr浓度影响不同,建设用地以及耕地的集中大面积彼此相临的连片分布会导致河流中CODMn、氨氮、TN、CODCr等浓度的升高,而林地则表现出相反的效应。     

杭州市钱塘江干支流水质多元统计分析

运用多元统计方法分析了杭州市钱塘江干支流上26个断面的水质监测指标。利用系统聚类分析方法将断面所在河流分为3组,与钱塘江流域污染空间分布现状基本一致。对各组水质的主成分分析表明,第1组河流水质以有机污染为主,水体中氮、磷营养盐浓度较高,水体污染程度较轻,污染来源相对单一;第2组河流水体受有机物、重金属、石油类等多个污染指标的影响,水体水质较第1组差,污染来源相对复杂;第3组河流水体既有一般有机污染,也有重金属、有毒有害物质的污染,水体水质污染严重。     

万峰湖水体浮游植物调查及富营养化评价

通过2016年枯水期和丰水期对万峰湖水库浮游植物及水质理化指标采样分析,并应用综合营养状态指数对其水质营养状态进行评价。结果表明,万峰湖枯水期主要以硅藻为主,丰水期以绿藻和甲藻占优势;水体水质处于中营养化状态。相关性分析表明,浮游植物丰度在枯水期与各理化指标相关性不显著,在丰水期与DO、TP呈正相关,与IMn、Chla呈显著正相关。典范对应分析(CCA)表明,TN、SD和pH值是影响该水域浮游植物分布格局的重要因子,且CCA排序图较好显示了浮游植物分布和环境因子之间的关系。     

南京南湖底泥疏浚后水质演化规律调查

对疏浚后的南京南湖底泥的TP、TN和COD释放规律、补水后的水质状况以及藻类演替规律进行了调查。结果表明,上覆水中TP平均质量浓度基本不随自来水补入量的增加而发生变化,TN和COD质量浓度随自来水补入量的增加而增大;水体中的TP、TN和COD含量总体呈上升趋势;从2005年3月中旬起,出现藻类的大量繁殖,在2005年7月发生水华,藻类优势种由裸藻、隐藻和小环藻演替为裸藻、栅藻和韦斯藻,藻类总量由2005年3月的3.7×106L-1上升到2006年4月的1.5×107L-1。     

Phytoremediation facilitates removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from eutrophicated water and release from sediment

Phosphorus (P) fractions and the effect of phytoremediation on nitrogen and phosphorus removal from eutrophicated water and release from sediment were investigated in the eco-remediation experiment enclosures installed in the Hua-jia-chi pond (Hangzhou city, Zhejiang province, China). The main P fraction in the sediment was inorganic phosphorus (IP). For the mesotrophic sediments, IP mainly consisted of HCl-extractable P (Ca-P). The annual-average concentration of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) in water and the content of TN, TP in different vertical depth of sediment in the experiment enclosures with hydrophyte were always much lower than those in the control enclosure without hydrophyte and those outside of experiment enclosures. It is suggested that phytoremediation was an effective technology for N and P removal from eutrophicated water and release from sediment.     

Environmental Degradation and Environmental Threats in China

The article presents a review of environmental degradation and its threats in China. Air pollution, water pollution, deforestation, soil degradation, sand depositing in dams, decaying urban infrastructure, and more and more hazards such as floods, landslides and soil erosion are major consequences of environmental degradation and are making tremendous loss both in life and property. Through investigation, the author found that poor air quality in the large cities; water pollution in the downstream of many rivers; the multiple problems of many mining areas; lack of access to fresh water; decaying sewage systems; and the disastrous impact of these environmental degradations on public health and agricultural products in many provinces is rather serious. Relationship of environmental degradation and natural hazards is close; more attention should be put in environmental degradation that may surpass economy progress if the trend continues. It is therefore imperative that Chinese government undertake a series of prudent actions now that will enable to be in the best possible position when the current environmental crisis ultimately passes.     

Development of a calibration system to evaluate VOC losses in a branch enclosure

Considerable uncertainties are associated with the experimental estimates of emission rates of different volatile organic compound (VOC) species from the biosphere to the atmosphere. Some of this uncertainty derives from the sampling and analytical procedures used in emission rate measurements. A calibration system was developed in order to evaluate possible errors in the measurements of biogenic emission rates using a branch enclosure system. Two types of calibration procedures were tested, a standard additions technique and an internal standard procedure. Both techniques were used to evaluate possible losses while sampling isoprene and monoterpenes, which are the most abundant VOCs of biogenic origin. The losses to Teflon lines and the empty sampling system were tested and losses to the branch enclosure system installed on two VOC emitting plant species were evaluated. A considerable loss of isoprene (approximately 18% of inflow concentration 65 ng l(-1)) to the empty enclosure system and to the system installed on the plant was measured, but no losses of monoterpenes were observed.     

紫外差示分光光光度法直接测定废水中苯胺

苯胺在不同酸度溶液中具有不同的结构和紫外吸收光谱.以苯胺的酸溶液为参比液,以等浓度的苯胺水溶液为测定液,在280nm处测定苯胺含量.结果表明,当苯胺浓度为1～100mg/L时,吸光度与浓度之间存在良好的线性关系,据此建立了紫外差示分光光度法.该法不需分离可直接测定工业废水中苯胺含量,简便快速,回收率高于96.7％.     

Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dibenzothiophenes in wetland sediments and aquatic insects in the oil sands area of Northeastern Alberta, Canada

An immense volume of tailings and tailings water is accumulating in tailings ponds located on mine leases in the oil sands area of Alberta, Canada. Oil sands mining companies have proposed to use tailings- and tailings water-amended lakes and wetlands as part of their mine remediation plans. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are substances of concern in oil sands tailings and tailings water. In this study, we determined concentrations of PAHs in sediments, insect larvae and adult insects collected in or adjacent to three groups of wetlands: experimental wetlands to which tailings or tailings water had been purposely added, oil sands wetlands that were located on the mine leases but which had not been experimentally manipulated and reference wetlands located near the mine leases. Alkylated PAHs dominated the PAH profile in all types of samples in the three categories of wetlands. Median and maximum PAH concentrations, especially alkylated PAH concentrations, tended to be higher in sediments and insect larvae in experimental wetlands than in the other types of wetlands. Such was not the case for adult insects, which contained higher than expected levels of PAHs in the three types of ponds. Overlap in PAH concentrations in larvae among pond types suggests that any increase in PAH levels resulting from the addition of tailings and tailings water to wetlands would be modest. Biota-sediment accumulation factors were higher for alkylated PAHs than for their parent counterparts and were lower in experimental wetlands than in oil sands and reference wetlands. Research is needed to examine factors that affect the bioavailability of PAHs in oil sands tailings- or tailings water-amended wetlands.     

进口与国产COD消解测定仪测定废水COD的比对研究

应用消解分光光度法,比对了一款进口仪器和一款国产仪器应用于实际水样中COD含量测定的差异性。通过精密度、回收率、方法比对等实验分析得出,2款仪器应用电热消解分光光度法测定COD,实验结果与国标回流滴定法的实验结果基本一致,无显著性差异,具有可比性,可广泛用于水质评价和环境监测。与国产仪器相比,进口测定仪具有较小的偏差,较高的回收率。国产测定仪偏差较大的原因主要在于其比色装置,而不是用于前处理的消解装置。比较分析了2款仪器的购买和使用经济成本,为广大企事业及科研单位选用COD消解测定仪提供了有价值的基础数据和参考建议。     

草地不同利用方式对高寒草甸群落物种多样性和生物量的影响

通过对新疆那拉提高寒草甸天然草地进行围栏(3、5、30 a)和自由放牧处理,探讨草地不同利用方式对草地植物多样性和生物量的影响。结果表明,在自由放牧制度下,由于干扰过于剧烈,草地已呈退化趋势,物种多样性和生物量均较低;在围栏草地中,随着围封年限的增加,群落高度、盖度、地上生物量逐渐增加;地上生物量的变化趋势为放牧草地围栏3 a草地围栏5 a草地围栏30 a草地。     

An HPLC method development for the assessment of degradation products of anthraquinone dye

The behavior of metsulfuron-methyl and its residues in an artificial pond was studied using a ¹⁴C isotopic tracer technique. Throughout the experimental period, the majority of metsulfuron-methyl residues were sustained in the pond water. Furthermore, the metsulfuron-methyl residues were just found in the surface layer of the sediment, and the transfer distance of these residues had only reached 9?C12 cm by the end of the experiment. The extract residues of metsulfuron-methyl in sediment were slightly higher than those of the bound residues (BR) during the initial experiment stage, while the BR dominated the surface sediment after 45 days. Finally, the metsulfuron-methyl residues could be combined with humus in the surface sediment, and the distribution of metsulfuron-methyl residues in fulvic acid was significantly higher than that in humic acid.     

水样预处理监控考核机制尚待完善问题的探讨

本文针对水样预处理质量方面存在的问题，通过对样品考核与例行监测在预处理过程中存在的差异进行分析，指出目前使用的考核样品与预处理关系松散，不利于预处理质量的提高。从而提出了建立完善水样预处理监控考核机制，提高预处理质量的措施建议。     

Effect of Mediterranean shrub on water erosion control

In the Spanish Mediterranean environment, scrub vegetation occupies a greater area than does forest. The impact of wildfire on the scrub vegetation and recovery afterward affects a number of other processes, including water erosion. While recovered vegetation considerably influences soil protection and erosion control, this function has scarcely been studied. This study discusses the behavior and architecture of recovering (or regenerating) typical Mediterranean shrub vegetation and the subsequent impact on soil protection. The study compared two protective forage species (Medicago arborea L. and Psoralea bituminosa L.). The research was performed in field conditions on a set of four experimental plots. A control plot was maintained with no vegetation cover. Runoff and soil loss by water erosion between 1989 and 1992 were studied on each of these plots. The natural vegetation was found to have a more significant protective effect (69.2% decrease in soil loss) than the other species tested. Soil loss on the Medicago plot decreased by 41.7%, and soil loss on the Psoralea plot decreased by 29.3%. That the Psoralea was only recently planted must be considered in evaluating its protective effects.