兰州市大气污染对绿化树种叶绿素含量的影响

为了筛选出兰州市大气污染的抗性树种和敏感监测树种,对树种的叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量进行了测定,运用spss11.5软件分析。研究发现:同一绿化树种在不同功能区的叶绿素含量不同,存在极显著性的差异。随着功能区污染程度的加深,绿化树种的叶绿素含量(ωa、ωb、ωa+ωb)呈现减小的趋势,但叶绿素ωa/ωb值却呈现增大的趋势。绿化树种抗污染能力为:杨树小叶黄杨椿树国槐圆柏,兰州市主要功能区的污染程度为:兰炼厂区兰化厂区橡胶厂西关西站交大兴隆山。     

石油固体废弃物对土壤环境的生态效应研究

以化学分析和生态毒理学分析相结合的方法对某油田14个井场的不同污染强度和类型的石油固体废弃物进行微生物、植物整体性毒性效应评价.研究结果表明,油田固体废弃物毒性影响各不相同,在各项指标中根系活力、SOD、CAThe叶绿素都具有很好的毒性指示作用,落地原油土壤中会增加微生物基质利用率,降低超氧物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,高舍油会增加根系活力,低含油反而降低根系活力.固化泥浆能显著降低根系活力、起氧物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,能增加基质利用活性,对植物叶片中叶绿素a和b造成一定伤害,总叶绿素含量下降,叶绿素a/b值上升.     

西安市城市景观水体富营养化现状及成因分析

2014年12月—2015年6月连续监测西安市13个主要城市景观水体,并对其富营养化现状及成因作分析。监测结果显示,叶绿素a、总磷、总氮、透明度的测定值分别为1.13 mg/m~3~675 mg/m~3、0.012 mg/L~3.12 mg/L、0.271 mg/L~25.6 mg/L和0.17 m~1.77 m。通过对比补水水源和水质关系得知,以自来水为补水水源的水体营养物含量最低,天然地表水次之,再生水最高。用营养状态指数法评价水体的营养状态,约68%的景观水体呈现富营养状态,景观水体发生富营养化的5个主要成因依次为:营养物指标、部分理化指标、有机物指标、水体感官性状指标、微量元素指标。     

杭州西湖水体生态环境参数的相互关系

采用 2 0 0 0年的西湖常规监测数据 ,分析了西湖水体中生态环境特征参数的季节变化和相互关系。分析表明 ,西湖水体各生态环境参数 ,除总氮外 ,均呈现出明显的季节性变化 ,总磷、溶性正磷酸盐、叶绿素 a和藻类季节变化一致 ,在夏季形成高峰 ,冬季最低 ;三无机氮高峰值出现在冬季 ,夏季含量为全年最低。 2 0 0 0年西湖水体总氮年均值为 2 .0 5 m g/L ,总磷年均值为 0 .12 6mg/L ,N/P大于 16,西湖属于磷控制型富营养湖泊。通过相关分析 ,从另一方面说明磷是西湖水体的限制因子 ;硝酸盐对西湖沉积物和湖水之间的磷酸盐平衡有一定的影响 ;硝酸盐对西湖水体中浮游植物生长繁殖可能有抑制作用     

基于环境一号卫星CCD数据的巢湖叶绿素a的动态监测

环境一号卫星CCD数据具有获取周期短、空间分辨率高等特点,能够及时准确地监测叶绿素a的浓度变化和分布,其在内陆湖泊水质遥感监测方面具有良好的应用前景。文章通过星地同步地面实验,建立起巢湖水体的叶绿素a浓度遥感反演模型,利用2009年4月至2010年3月的环境一号卫星CCD数据,分季节对巢湖叶绿素a行动态监测和分析。结果表明,巢湖叶绿素a具有明显的时空分布特征,夏季叶绿素a浓度最高,冬季最低,秋季高于春季;西半湖湖区叶绿素a浓度一般高于东半湖湖区,西北部和中部湖区空间变化比较大,东部湖区变化较小。     

山仔水库叶绿素a与环境因子的相关分析及富营养化评价

依据2003年3～11月对山仔水库的逐月调查和监测数据,分析叶绿素a含量的时空分布情况，探讨叶绿素a与相关环境因子的关系,并应用修正的卡尔森营养状态指数对山仔水库水质进行分析评价。结果表明，山仔水库除了3、10、11月份处于中营养状态,其余月份都处于富营养化状态。叶绿素a具有明显的时空分布特征。日溪进口和山仔水库坝前的叶绿素a含量较高;初夏和秋末出现高峰，叶绿素a含量分别高达211 mg/m^3和93mg/m^3。多元统计分析表明，与山仔水库叶绿素a含量显著相关的因子是水温和溶解氧。生物因子评价表明，山仔水库浮游藻类的种类和数量都达到了富营养化水平。     

洞庭湖水体叶绿素a时空分布及与环境因子的相关性

2013年6月至2014年5月逐月对洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度和主要环境因子进行测定,分析洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度的时空分布特征,探讨洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度与环境因子的相关性。结果表明,洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度为0.11~8.62 mg/m~3,年均值为(1.89±1.23)mg/m~3,属贫营养;叶绿素a质量浓度随季节变化明显,总体呈现夏、秋季明显大于冬、春季的规律;在空间上,总体表现为西洞庭湖和东洞庭湖明显大于南洞庭湖。全湖叶绿素a质量浓度与水温、电导率、COD和TP呈极显著正相关,与DO、NH3-N、TN和TN/TP呈极显著负相关,与NO-3-N呈显著负相关,与p H和透明度无显著相关性。全湖TN/TP的年均值为28.5,磷可能是洞庭湖水体浮游植物生长的限制性营养盐。     

太湖氮磷浓度与水质因子的关系

在2003年10月27、28日和2004年8月19日的太湖水质试验数据基础上,研究与探讨了氮浓度、磷浓度与叶绿素a浓度、悬浮物浓度和CDOM(Colored Dissolved Organic Matter)浓度之间的定量关系。研究结果表明:①在2003年10月份和2004年8月份,太湖梅梁湾地区水体的氮、磷浓度介于1~4mg/L和0.1~0.3mg/L,该浓度恰好处于易发生水华的营养物质浓度供应区间;②与2004年8月19日相比,2003年10月27、28日的太湖藻类处于低增长、高消亡状态;③在太湖梅梁湾地区,氮、磷浓度与CDOM浓度、叶绿素a浓度和悬浮物浓度之间存在较强的线性相关性,其相关系数大于0.557;④在太湖水体中,磷浓度、CDOM浓度、叶绿素a浓度和悬浮物浓度的四因子关系模型比氮浓度、CDOM浓度、叶绿素a浓度和悬浮物浓度的四因子关系模型的相关系数高。     

太滆运河表层沉积物中的酞酸酯类增塑剂和溴系、有机磷系阻燃剂残留特征初探

分别采用微波萃取-气相色谱/质谱法、加速溶剂萃取提取-液相色谱/质谱法对采自太滆运河5个沉积物样品中的6种邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)、13种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和9种有机磷酸酯(OPEs)的质量比及分布进行研究。结果表明,所有样品中均检测到PAEs、PBDEs和OPEs(以总量计),其总质量比分别为1.99~6.90μg/g,47~572和17.1~69.7 ng/g;十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)和磷酸三异辛酯(TEHP)分别是质量比最高的PBDEs和OPEs;对于PAEs,入太湖点位处邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)质量比较高,其余点位则是邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)质量比较高;ω(PAEs)、ω(PBDEs)和ω(OPEs)两两间线性相关性较好,指示其来源相同;下游沉积物中污染物的质量比均高于上游,沿岸生产、生活中增塑剂和阻燃剂对太湖的污染应引起更多关注。     

阳澄湖沉积物中氮、磷及有机质空间分布特征与污染评价

于2020年2月采集了阳澄湖63个监测点位的沉积物样品,测定了沉积物中总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)和有机质(OM)的质量比,分析了其在阳澄湖6个湖区(东湖南、东湖北、中湖南、中湖北、西湖南及西湖北)的空间分布特征,并基于综合污染指数(FF)和有机污染指数(OI)进行了评价。结果表明,沉积物中ω(TN)、ω(TP)和ω(OM)均值分别为1 102,822 mg/kg和32.8 g/kg,其中ω(TN)、ω(OM)在空间分布上存在较高差异性,ω(TP)空间分布总体表现为从西湖向中湖、东湖逐渐降低的趋势,ω(TN)、ω(OM)则与ω(TP)相反;全湖TN污染指数、TP污染指数、FF指数和OI指数评价结果分别为2级(轻度污染)、4级(重度污染)、3级(中度污染)和Ⅲ级(尚清洁)。     

Response mechanisms of antioxidants in bryophyte (Hypnum plumaeforme) under the stress of single or combined Pb and/or Ni

The short-term responses and mechanisms of antioxidants in moss Hypnum plumaeforme subjected to single or combined Pb and/or Ni stress has been revealed in this study, in order to clarify (1) the relationship between the stress intensity and antioxidant fluctuation, (2) the difference between single and combined stress, and (3) the possibility of biomonitoring by the application of antioxidant fluctuation under stress. The results showed that the stress induced dose dependent formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent lipid peroxidation. Total chlorophyll (Chl) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were initiated under lower stress but were inhibited under higher stress. Both single and combined stress decreased catalase (CAT) activity but increased peroxidase (POD) activity, indicating POD in the moss played an important role in resisting the oxidative stress induced by Pb and Ni. The accumulation of (.)O2(-) and H2O2 in H. plumaeforme was respectively related to the low activity of SOD and the decreased activity of CAT. The study indicated that Pb and Ni had synergistic effect in inducing the oxidative stress in moss H. plumaeforme, especially under the combination of high concentration of Ni (0.1, 1.0 mM) and Pb. POD and CAT activity, as well as H2O2 and MDA content, which increased or decreased regularly with a dose dependent under Pb and Ni stress, could be used as an effective indicator in moss biomonitoring, especially in the case of light pollution caused by heavy metals without the changes in the appearance of mosses.     

巯基葡聚糖凝胶分离富集二溴邻硝基偶氮胂分光光度法测定汞 (Ⅱ)

研究了溴代十六烷基吡啶、正丁醇、正庚烷和水自制微乳溶液介质中，汞（Ⅱ）与二溴邻硝基偶氮胂的显色反应，采用巯基葡聚糖凝胶分离共存离子并富集汞（Ⅱ），建立了分光光度法测定微量汞（Ⅱ）的新方法。在pH值为6．00的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲溶液中，汞（Ⅱ）与试剂形成紫红色络合物，其最大吸收峰位于530nm波长处，表观摩尔吸光系数8为3．3×10^5L／（mol·cm）。在显色液中汞（Ⅱ）质量浓度在8．00μg／L～600μg／L范围内符合比尔定律，检出限为0．003mg／L，水、牛奶、化妆品测定的RSD为1．4％～6．1％，加标回收率为96．8％～105％。     

Effects of coal spoil amendment on heavy metal accumulation and physiological aspects of ryegrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lolium perenne</Emphasis> L.) growing in copper mine tailings

Copper mine tailings pose many threats to the surrounding environment and human health, and thus, their remediation is fundamental. Coal spoil is the waste by-product of coal mining and characterized by low levels of metals, high content of organic matter, and many essential microelements. This study was designed to evaluate the role of coal spoil on heavy uptake and physiological responses of Lolium perenne L. grown in copper mine tailings amended with coal spoil at rates of 0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, and 20%. The results showed that applying coal spoil to copper mine tailings decreased the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn contents in tailings and reduced those metal contents in both roots and shoots of the plant. However, application of coal spoil increased the DTPA-extractable Cr concentration in tailings and also increased Cr uptake and accumulation by Lolium perenne L. The statistical analysis of physiological parameters indicated that chlorophyll and carotenoid increased at the lower amendments of coal spoil followed by a decrease compared to their respective controls. Protein content was enhanced at all the coal spoil amendments. When treated with coal spoil, the activities of superoxide dismutases (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) responded differently. CAT activity was inhibited, but POD activity was increased with increasing amendment ratio of coal spoil. SOD activity increased up to 1% coal spoil followed by a decrease. Overall, the addition of coal spoil decreased the oxidative stress in Lolium perenne L., reflected by the reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in the plant. It is concluded that coal spoil has the potential to stabilize most metals studied in copper mine tailings and ameliorate the harmful effects in Lolium perenne L. through changing the physiological attributes of the plant grown in copper mine tailings.     

Biochemical responses in tree foliage exposed to coal-fired power plant emission in seasonally dry tropical environment

A biomonitoring study was conducted to investigate the responses of plants exposed to power plant emission in a dry tropical environment. For this purpose, five sampling sites were selected in the prevailing wind direction (NE) at different distance to thermal power plant (TPP) within 8.0 km range and a reference site was selected in eastern direction at a distance of 22.0 km. The two most common tree species, Ficus benghalensis L. (Evergreen tree) and Dalbergia sisso Roxb. (deciduous tree) were selected as test plants. Ambient sulphur dioxide (SO(2)), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), suspended particulate matter (SPM), respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM), dust-fall rate (DFR) and plant responses such as leaf pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids), ascorbic acid, sugar and sulphate-sulphur (SO4(2-)-S) contents were measured. Ambient SO(2), NO(2), SPM, RSPM and DFR showed significant spatial and temporal variation at different sites. Considerable reduction in pigment (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids) and sugar contents were observed at sites receiving higher pollution load. Ascorbic acid exhibited significant positive correlation with pollution load. Accumulation of SO4(2-)-S in leaf tissue showed significant positive correlation with ambient SO(2) concentration at all the sites. At the same time, SO4(2-)-S showed significant negative correlation with pigment and sugar content. D. sisso Roxb. tree was found to be more sensitive as compared to F. benghalensis L. tree.     

Critical analysis of the potential of Ipomoea nil'Scarlet O'Hara' for ozone biomonitoring in the sub-tropics

This study aimed to analyze critically the potential of Ipomoea nil'Scarlet O'Hara' for O(3) biomonitoring in the sub-tropics. Four field experiments (one in each season of 2006) were carried out in a location of the city of S?o Paulo mainly polluted by O(3). Each experiment started with 50 plants, and lasted 28 days. Sub-lots of five plants were taken at intervals between three or four days long. Groups of four plants were also exposed in closed chambers to filtered air or to 40, 50 or 80 ppb of O(3) for three consecutive hours a day for six days. The percentage of leaf injury (interveinal chloroses and necroses), the concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA) and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidases (POD) were determined in the 5th, 6th and 7th oldest leaves on the main stem of the plants taken in all experiments. Visible injury occurred in the plants from all experiments. Seasonality in the antioxidant responses observed in plants grown under field conditions was associated with meteorological variables and ozone concentrations five days before leaf analyses. The highest levels of antioxidants occurred during the spring. The percentage of leaf injury was explained (R(2) = 0.97, p < 0.01) by the reduction in the levels of AA and activity of POD five days before the leaf analyses and by the reduction in the levels of particulate matter, and enhancement of temperature and global radiation 10 days before this same day. Although I. nil may be employed for qualitative O(3) biomonitoring, its efficiency for quantitative biomonitoring in the sub-tropics may be compromised, depending on how intense the oxidative power of the environment is.     

Heavy metal uptake and its effect on macronutrients, chlorophyll, protein, and peroxidase activity of Paspalum distichum grown on sludge-dosed soils

This study assessed the heavy metal (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb) uptake and its effect on biochemical parameters in Paspalum distichum, a wetland plant. Sludge collected from Bhalswa waste dump, New Delhi, was used as heavy metal source and dosed in different proportions viz. 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% to the garden soil. The plants accumulated metals mostly in belowground organs. The metal accumulation followed the order: Cr>Mn>Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb. The range of heavy metal concentration in tissue of belowground organs after 180 days of growth was 1,778.65–4,288.01 ppm Cr, 828.11–1,360 ppm Mn, 236.52–330.07 ppm Ni, 155.79–282.35 ppm Cu, 27.05–91.16 ppm Zn, and 27.09–50.87 ppm Pb. The biochemical parameters viz. chlorophyll and protein contents and peroxidase (POD) activity exhibited no considerable adverse effect indicating the plants’ tolerance towards heavy metals. The high POD activity and synthesis of new protein bands at high sludge-dosed plants were also in support of this fact.     

琉基葡聚糖凝胶分离富集-二溴对甲偶氮羧微乳液分光光度法测定微量镍

研究了在溴代十六烷基吡啶（CPB）、正丁醇、正庚烷、水自制微乳溶液存在下，镍与二溴对甲偶氮羧（DBpMCA）的显色反应，在pH值为9．07的Na2B4O7-HCl缓冲溶液中，镍与试剂形成淡红色配合物，最大吸收峰位于560nm波长处，表观摩尔吸光系数ε为2．8×10^5L／（mol·cm）。优化了试验条件，考察了共存离子的影响，方法在0．002mg／L～0．320mg／L范围内符合比尔定律，检出限为0．0006mg／L，生活垃圾、水、土壤样品测定的RSD为2．1％～5．2％，加标回收率为96．6％～104％。     

Studies on the Uptake of Heavy Metals by Various Plant Species on Chromite Minespoils in Sub-tropical Regions of India

The presence of heavy metals (Cr, Ni and Fe) in soil and accumulated by herbs, shrubs and trees regenerated naturally on the minewaste-dumps of Sukinda chromite mines (TISCO sector) were investigated. There was significant correlationship between Cr and Fe in the soil where a tree species (Catunaregam spinosa) occurred. Guazuma ulmifolia and Diospyros montana also did show significant correlation between leaf, stem and soil for Cr, Ni and Fe. Among the shrubs (Calotropis gigantea, Chromolaena odorata, Phyllanthus reticulatus and Woodfordia fruticosa) significant and positive correlations were obtained for Cr and Ni in soil and iron and nickel in leaf and chromium and nickel in stem. Among the annual herbs, whole plant of tephrosia purpurea and Borrevia articularis showed significant and positive correlation with chromium and nickel with the maximum correlation coefficient value. It was concluded that the above information would be useful in revegetation programmes in subtropical regions having seasonal rainfall.     

砷在不同物候期香蒲中的分布及其生理影响

为研究砷(As)在挺水植物中的富集和植物的逆境适应特征,以香蒲(Typha angustifolius L.)为例,通过水培模拟实验,研究As(浓度为0、0.5、2.0、5.0、10.0 mg/L)胁迫下不同物候期(生长期、花果期、枯黄期)香蒲叶组织和亚细胞水平As的分布特征及对活性氧代谢的生理影响。结果表明:香蒲叶组织As含量随As胁迫浓度的增加呈现逐渐升高的趋势;随着香蒲的生长(生长期、花果期、枯黄期),叶组织中As含量呈现先升高后下降的趋势,As含量在生长期最高,表明生长期的香蒲对As的富集积累能力最强。在As胁迫下,随着香蒲的生长,叶细胞壁和细胞液中As的分布比例之和为63.5%~84.5%,表明细胞壁和细胞液组分是香蒲储存As的主要部位。As对不同物候期香蒲叶中过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响与As浓度呈正相关,对过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性产生低促高抑的作用,在不同物候期,POD与CAT存在互补关系,表明香蒲通过限制As细胞壁的固持和细胞液的区隔化来降低As的毒害;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)含量随香蒲生长和As浓度增加均显著增加,表明抗氧化酶相互协作是香蒲应对As胁迫的重要策略。     

上海、乌鲁木齐与昌吉三市城市土壤重金属富集特征比较研究

选择上海、乌鲁木齐、昌吉3个城市,通过对其城市土壤重金属含量水平、分布特征及活性的比较研究,发现城市土壤中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn含量均远高于背景值,但Mn、Fe含量与背景值差别不大;上海市Cr、Pb、Zn含量最高,而昌吉市Cu含量最高,城市规模的大小并不能直接反映土壤重金属含量的高低,工业污染物排放量、交通量、城市规模大小、城市发展历史、工业区位置及变迁、土壤背景值等因素均会影响土壤重金属含量水平。除Mn、Fe无明显的功能区分布差异外,各城市重金属功能区分布规律并不相同,城市污染来源的不同可能是主要原因。重金属活性并未与其含量分布规律完全一致,上海土壤重金属活性大于乌鲁木齐、昌吉,上海土壤pH值小于乌鲁木齐、昌吉可能是主要影响因素,但也存在上海土壤中个别重金属活性小于乌鲁木齐、昌吉的现象,污染物来源存在差异等可能是主要原因。也可能较强,反之亦然。