离子色谱法同时测定大气中二氧化硫和氮氧化物

建立以2.2mmol/L的Na2CO3和2.7mmol/L的NaHCO3的混合溶液为吸收液,同时串联两个大气采样瓶采样,第一个采样瓶的吸收液内含质量体积比为0.05%的乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐(EDTA)吸收大气中SO2和NO2,第二个采样瓶的吸收液中内舍质量体积比为0.9%的过氧化氢采集大气中的NO,采样后用离子色谱法测定,若用10ml吸收液,采样体积为30L时,SO2的检出限为0.004mg/m3,可测浓度范围为0.03～26.7mg/m3;NO2的检出限为6.7×10-4mg/m3,可测浓度范围为0.03～20mg/m3.方法简便快速、准确、选择性好,完全满足环境监测对大气中二氧化硫和氮氧化物的同时测定.     

NOx测定应注意的几个问题

1察看样品体积 ,剔除有明显体积误差的样品 :如果 0 .3L/min流量采样 30 min,5ml装吸收液少于 4 .5ml;0 .2 L/min流量采样 1 8小时 ,50 ml吸收液少于 4 5ml;或者样品体积几乎没变化 ,则应查找采样或运输原因 ,证实误差存在者应于剔除。 2虽说避光、冷藏 ( 0℃～ 4℃ )可保存 1 5天 ,但仍应尽快测定为好。 3一定要带现场空白并与样品同时测定 ,当现场空白值与室内空白值相差较大且无解释依据 ,须扣除现场空白值。 4结果计算时应以比色测得 NO-2 含量除 0 .76转换系数 ,才是 NO2 的真实浓度 ,否则结果偏低。NO_x测定应注意的几个问题@刘方…     

碘量法快速测定烟气SO2

YQ- 2型烟气采样机 ;1 2 5ml玻璃筛板吸收瓶。在吸收瓶中装适量吸收液 ,定量加碘标准使用液 ( 0 .0 0 5mol/L) ,使总体积为 50 ml,加 0 .5%淀粉溶液 1 ml,以 0 .5L/min采样。采样至吸收液由兰色变无色时关机并记录采样时间及流量计前温度、压力。按下式计算 SO2 浓度 :SO2 ( mg/Nm3 ) =( C× V1× 6 4× 1 0 0 0 ) /V0　　式中 C为 I2 标液浓度 ( mol/L) ;V1为 I2 标液用量 ( ml) ;V0 为标态下烟气采样体积 ( L) ;6 4为SO2 摩尔质量 ( g)。本法与标准方法相对偏差0 .3%～ 3.2 % ,两法结果无显著性差异。碘量法快速测定烟气SO_2@张…     

离子色谱法测废印刷电路板真空热解气相污染物中HBr、NO2和SO2

在淋洗液中加入H2O2和三乙醇胺配制成吸收液,通过离子色谱法同时测定废印刷电路板真空热解气相产物中HBr、NO_2和SO_2的含量,方法简单、快速、准确。当用50 m L吸收液、采样体积为30 L时,3种污染物的检出限分别为0.000 005 7、0.000 003 4、0.000 002 9 mg/L。该方法加标回收率为95.7%~104.8%,完全能满足废印刷电路板真空热解气相污染物中HBr、NO_2和SO_2的同时测定要求。利用该方法和行标方法同时测定环境空气中的HBr、NO_2和SO_2,再利用Excel分析工具对测定数据进行F检验和t检验,检验结果表明2种测定方法无显著差异。     

GDX 502管吸附-二氯甲烷解吸-气相色谱法测定气中的吡啶

建立了GDX 502管吸附-二氯甲烷解吸-气相色谱测定气中吡啶的方法,考察吸附管类型、解吸溶剂、解吸溶剂体积、采样时间和采样流量对测定结果的影响。结果表明,气中吡啶用GDX 502吸附管以0. 5 L/min的流量采样20 min,二氯甲烷解吸至1 m L,DB-1 (30 m×250μm×0. 25μm)柱分离,空白样品低、中、高3种加标量回收率为90. 8%～108%(n=6),相对标准偏差为2. 9%～4. 4%,方法在0～19. 6 mg/L线性范围内响应良好,相关系数(r)=0. 999 9。当采样体积为10 L时,检出限为0. 01 mg/m~3。该方法重复性好、回收率高、干扰较小,能够满足空气和废气中吡啶分析的要求。     

化学吸收法采集固定污染源氨气的影响因素探究

固定污染源氨气的手工监测，干扰因素较多，其中采样环节尤为关键。实验通过催化氧化-化学发光法考察不同采样管线材质对氨气的吸附效果，离子色谱法考察化学吸收法采集氨气的吸收瓶类型、采样流量、吸收液种类、吸收液浓度及体积等采样条件对氨气吸收效率的影响。实验表明，316 L不锈钢与聚四氟乙烯对氨气的吸附较小，氨气的采样流量不宜超过1.0 L/min,棕色气泡式吸收瓶更适用于氨气样品的采集，磷酸溶液作吸收液对氨气的吸收效率较好，对于低浓度的氨气样品，应采用低流量长时间采集。     

二氧化硫手工连续采样方法研究

方法一 四氯汞钾吸收液—盐酸付玫瑰苯胺比色法 本法检测限为0.30μg SO_2/10ml。 一、仪器: 1.吸收瓶:75ml多孔玻板吸收瓶。 2.大气采样器:流量范围0～1L/min,湖北省环保仪器研究所生产的成套设备。 3.72分光光度计。 二、采样: 用一个内装50ml吸收液的多孔玻板吸收瓶,以0.2L/min流量,从8:00至次日8:00,采样时间24±0.5小时,采样体积约为288L。记录采样口的温度、压力。采样后,将样品带回实验室分析,或保存在冰箱里,一周后一起分析。     

DNPH衍生化采样-溶剂解析-高效液相色谱法同时测定木制品中25种醛酮化合物

建立了DNPH衍生化采样-溶剂解析-高效液相色谱测定木制品中醛酮化合物的方法。采样时需在2,4-二硝基苯肼吸附管前串联一只SEP-PAK脱臭氧小柱;采样体积应≤10 L,流量≤400 m L/min。该法对25种醛(酮)化合物对应的衍生物分离效果良好,在0.005~3 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数R2≥0.999 6,回收率为85.3%~113.5%,精密度为2.67%~4.56%。采样量为10 L时,25种醛(酮)化合物的检出限和定量限分别≤0.16和0.50μg/m3。     

离子色谱法测定空气中乙酸和溴化氢

用同一吸收液采集、离子色谱法测定空气中的乙酸和溴化氢,采样体积为60 L时,乙酸和溴化氢的检出限分别为0.03 mg/m3和0.11 mg/m3,相对标准偏差分别为1.9%和1.7%,实际样品的加标回收率分别为90.1%～102%和97.6%～100%.     

环境空气中气态和颗粒态总氟化物分析方法优化

对双层磷酸氢二钾浸渍滤膜采集-氟离子选择电极测定环境空气中1、24 h气态和颗粒态总氟化物的方法进行了优化研究。方法采用小流量采集(24 h采样流量为16.7 L/min,1 h采样流量为50 L/min),解决了现有方法在样品采集上的问题,优化了样品制备中超声提取和静置方法。采样体积为3、24 m~3时,方法检出限分别为0.5、0.06μg/m~3,测定下限分别为2.0、0.24μg/m~3。实际样品测定,采样1 h时,加标回收率为87.9%~109%;采样24 h时,加标回收率为80.2%~99.3%,平行样测定的精密度为0.3%~2.9%,方法精密度和准确度良好,适用于环境空气中氟化物的测定。     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Metal concentrations in deciduous tree leaves from urban areas in Poland

Accumulation of metals in deciduous tree foliage fromurban areas in western-south Poland was monitored duringthe vegetation season of 2000 year. Concentrations of Al,Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti and Znwere measured in birch, willow, linden and maple leavesusing the ICP-AES method. Seasonal variations of metalconcentrations and their relations with sampling sitewere investigated. The most dynamic accumulation of Al,Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb was observed for examined species. Thehighest differences in element concentrations forinvestigated sites were found for Ba, Cd, Mn and Ni.Interelement correlations were investigated. In allfoliar samples synergistic relationships between Al–Crand Ca-Sr were found. Statistically significant negativecorrelations were observed only for Cd and Ti in birch leaves.     

Varying Stable Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Different Coastal Marsh Plants and Their Relationships with Wastewater Nitrogen and Land Use in New England, USA

The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of some biota have been used as indicators of sources of anthropogenic nitrogen. In this study the relationships of the stable nitrogen isotope ratios of marsh plants, Iva frutescens (L.), Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl, Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Ulva lactuca (L.), and Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) with wastewater nitrogen and land development in New England are described. Five of the six plant species (all but U. lactuca) showed significant relationships of increasing δ ¹⁵N values with increasing wastewater nitrogen. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) downward shift in the δ ¹⁵N of S. patens (6.0 ± 0.48‰) which is mycorrhizal compared with S. alterniflora (8.5 ± 0.41‰). The downward shift in δ ¹⁵N may be caused by the assimilation of fixed nitrogen in the roots of S. patens. P. australis within sites had wide ranges of δ ¹⁵N values, evidently influenced by the type of shoreline development or buffer at the upland border. In residential areas, the presence of a vegetated buffer (n = 24 locations) significantly (P < 0.001) reduced the δ ¹⁵N (mean = 7.4 ± 0.43‰) of the P. australis compared to stands where there was no buffer (mean = 10.9 ± 1.0‰; n = 15). Among the plant species, I. frutescens located near the upland border showed the most significant (R ² = 0.64; P = 0.006) inverse relationship with the percent agricultural land in the watershed. The δ ¹⁵N of P. australis and I. frustescens is apparently an indicator of local inputs near the upland border, while the δ ¹⁵N of Spartina relates with the integrated, watershed-sea nitrogen inputs.     

Radionuclide Concentrations in Benthic Invertebrates from Amchitka and Kiska Islands in the Aleutian Chain, Alaska

Concentrations of 13 radionuclides (¹³⁷Cs, ¹²⁹I, ⁶⁰Co, ¹⁵²Eu, ⁹⁰Sr, ⁹⁹Tc, ²⁴¹Am, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,249Pu, ²³⁴U, ²³⁵U, ²³⁶U, ²³⁸U were examined in seven species of invertebrates from Amchitka and Kiska Islands, in the Aleutian Chain of Alaska, using gamma spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, and alpha spectroscopy. Amchitka Island was the site of three underground nuclear test (1965–1971), and we tested the null hypotheses that there were no differences in radionuclide concentrations between Amchitka and the reference site (Kiska) and there were no differences among species. The only radionuclides where composite samples were above the Minimum Detectable Activity (MDA) were ¹³⁷Cs, ²⁴¹Am, ^239,249Pu, ²³⁴U, ²³⁵U, ²³⁶U, and ²³⁸U. Green sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus polyacanthus), giant chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri), plate limpets (Tectura scutum) and giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini) were only tested for ¹³⁷Cs; octopus was the only species with detectable levels of ¹³⁷Cs (0.262 ± 0.029 Bq/kg, wet weight). Only rock jingle (Pododesmus macroschisma), blue mussel (Mytilus trossulus) and horse mussel (Modiolus modiolus) were analyzed for the actinides. There were no interspecific differences in ²⁴¹Am and ^239,240Pu, and almost no samples above the MDA for ²³⁸Pu and ²³⁶U. Horse mussels had significantly higher concentrations of ²³⁴U (0.844 ± 0.804 Bq/kg) and ²³⁸U (0.730 ± 0.646) than the other species (both isotopes are naturally occurring). There were no differences in actinide concentrations between Amchitka and Kiska. In general, radionuclides in invertebrates from Amchitka were similar to those from uncontaminated sites in the Northern Hemisphere, and below those from the contaminated Irish Sea. There is a clear research need for authors to report the concentrations of radionuclides by species, rather than simply as ‘shellfish’, for comparative purposes in determining geographical patterns, understanding possible effects, and for estimating risk to humans from consuming different biota.     

Effect of heavy metal contaminated shooting range soils on mycorrhizal colonization of roots and metal uptake by leek

We grew leek (Allium porrum) in soils of two shooting ranges heavily contaminated with heavy metals in the towns of Zuchwil and Oberuzwil in Switzerland as a bioassay to test theactivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in these soils.Soil samples were taken from (1) front of the shooting house(HOUSE), (2) the area between house and target (FIELD) and (3) the berm (BACKSTOP). Samples of Ribwort plantain (Plantagolanceolata) growing naturally within the shooting ranges werealso collected and the colonization of its roots by mycorrhizalfungi was measured. The number of AM spores in the soils wassignificantly reduced concomitant with the increase in thedegree of soil contamination with metals. In Zuchwil,mycorrhizal fungi equally colonized roots of Ribwort plantainsampled from BACKSTOP and HOUSE. In Oberuzwil, however, plantsfrom BACKSTOP had lower colonization when compared with thosesampled from HOUSE. Colonization of leek was strongly reducedin the BACKSTOP soil of Zuchwil and slightly reduced in theBACKSTOP soil of Oberuzwil when compared with plants grown inrespective HOUSE soil. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb andZn in the leaves of leek grown in the BACKSTOP soil was withinthe range considered toxic for human consumption. This pointsto the high degree of bio-availability of these metal in thesesoils. Significant decrease in the number of mycorrhizal sporesin the BACKSTOP soils in Zuchwil and the low colonization ofleek roots grown in these soils point to possible changes inthe species diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in these soils.     

Kelp as a Bioindicator: Does it Matter Which Part of 5 M Long Plant is Used for Metal Analysis?

Kelp may be useful as a bioindicator because they are primary producers that are eaten by higher trophic level organisms, including people and livestock. Often when kelp or other algae species are used as bioindicators, the whole organism is homogenized. However, some kelp can be over 25 m long from their holdfast to the tip of the blade, making it important to understand how contaminant levels vary throughout the plant. We compared the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury and selenium in five different parts of the kelp Alaria nana to examine the variability of metal distribution. To be useful as a bioindicator, it is critical to know whether levels are constant throughout the kelp, or which part is the highest accumulator. Kelp were collected on Adak Island in the Aleutian Chain of Alaska from the Adak Harbor and Clam Cove, which opens onto the Bering Sea. In addition to determining if the levels differ in different parts of the kelp, we wanted to determine whether there were locational or size-related differences. Regression models indicated that between 14% and 43% of the variation in the levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, manganese, mercury, and selenium was explained by total length, part of the plant, and location (but not for lead). The main contributors to variability were length (for arsenic and selenium), location (mercury), and part of the plant (for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese). The higher levels of selenium occurred at Clam Cove, while mercury was higher at the harbor. Where there was a significant difference among parts, the holdfast had the highest levels, although the differences were not great. These data indicate that consistency should be applied in selecting the part of kelp (and the length) to be used as a bioindicator. While any part of Alaria could be collected for some metals, for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and manganese a conversion should be made among parts. In the Aleutians the holdfast can be perennial while the blade, whipped to pieces by winter wave action, is regrown each year. Thus the holdfast may be used for longer-term exposure for arsenic, cadmium, chromium and manganese, while the blade can be used for short-term exposure for all metals. Cadmium, lead and selenium were at levels that suggest that predators, including people, may be at risk from consuming Alaria. More attention should be devoted to heavy metal levels in kelp and other algae from Adak, particularly where they may play a role in a subsistence diets.     

Assessing Potential for Recovery of Biotic Richness and Indicator Species due to Changes in Acidic Deposition and Lake ph in Five Areas of Southeastern Canada

Biological damage to sensitive aquatic ecosystems is among the most recognisable, deleterious effects of acidic deposition. We compiled a large spatial database of over 2000 waterbodies across southeastern Canada from various federal, provincial and academic sources. Data for zooplankton, fish, macroinvertebrate (benthos) and loon species richness and occurrence were used to construct statistical models for lakes with varying pH, dissolved organic carbon content and lake size. pH changes, as described and predicted using the Integrated Assessment Model (Lam et al., 1998; Jeffries et al., 2000), were based on the range of emission reductions set forth in the Canada/US Air Quality Agreement (AQA). The scenarios tested include 1983, 1990, 1994 and 2010 sulphate deposition levels. Biotic models were developed for five regions in southeastern Canada (Algoma, Muskoka, and Sudbury, Ontario, southcentral Québec, and Kejimkujik, Nova Scotia) using regression tree, multiple linear regression and logistic regression analyses to make predictions about recovery after emission reductions. The analyses produced different indicator species in different regions, although some species showed consistent trends across regions. Generally, the greatest predicted recovery occurred during the final phase of emission reductions between 1994 and 2010 across all taxonomic groups and regions. The Ontario regions, on average, were predicted to recover to a greater extent than either southcentral Québec or the Kejimkujik area of Nova Scotia. Our results reconfirm that pH 5.5–6.0 is an important threshold below which damage to aquatic biota will remain a major local and regional environmental problem. This damage to biodiversity across trophic levels will persist well into the future if no further reductions in sulphate deposition are implemented.     

Nitrogen Content of Letharia vulpina Tissue from Forests of the Sierra Nevada, California: Geographic Patterns and Relationships to Ammonia Estimates and Climate

Nitrogen (N) pollution is a growing concern in forests of the greater Sierra Nevada, which lie downwind of the highly populated and agricultural Central Valley. Nitrogen content of Letharia vulpina tissue was analyzed from 38 sites using total Kjeldahl analysis to provide a preliminary assessment of N deposition patterns. Collections were co-located with plots where epiphytic macrolichen communities are used for estimating ammonia (NH₃) deposition. Tissue N ranged from 0.6% to 2.11% with the highest values occurring in the southwestern Sierra Nevada (range: 1.38 to 2.11). Tissue N at 17 plots was elevated, as defined by a threshold concentration of 1.03%. Stepwise regression was used to determine the best predictors of tissue N from among a variety of environmental variables. The best model consisted only of longitude (r ² = 0.64), which was reflected in the geographic distribution of tissue values: the southwestern Sierra Nevada, the high Sierras near the Tahoe Basin, and the Modoc Plateau, are three apparent N hotspots arranged along the tilted north–south axis of the study area. Withholding longitude and latitude, the best regression model suggested that NH₃ estimates and annual number of wetdays interactively affect N accumulation (r ² = 0.61; % N ∼ NH₃ + wetdays + (NH₃ × wetdays)). We did not expect perfect correspondence between tissue values and NH₃ estimates since other N pollutants also accumulate in the lichen thallus. Additionally, other factors potentially affecting N content, such as growth rate and leaching, were not given full account.     

Spatial Relationships Between Water Quality and Pesticide Application Rates in Agricultural Watersheds

Pesticide applications to agricultural lands in California, USA, are reported to a central data base, while data on water and sediment quality are collected by a number of monitoring programs. Data from both sources are geo-referenced, allowing spatial analysis of relationships between pesticide application rates and the chemical and biological condition of water bodies. This study collected data from 12 watersheds, selected to represent a range of pesticide usage. Water quality parameters were measured during six surveys of stream sites receiving runoff from the selected watershed areas. This study had three objectives: to evaluate the usefulness of pesticide application data in selecting regional monitoring sites, to provide information for generating and testing hypotheses about pesticide fate and effects, and to determine whether in-stream nitrate concentration was a useful surrogate indicator for regional monitoring of toxic substances. Significant correlations were observed between pesticide application rates and in-stream pesticide concentrations (p < 0.05) and toxicity (p < 0.10). In-stream nitrate concentrations were not significantly correlated with either the amount of pesticides applied, in-stream pesticide concentrations, or in-stream toxicity (all p > 0.30). Neither total watershed area nor the area in which pesticide usage was reported correlated significantly with the amount of pesticides applied, in-stream pesticide concentrations, or in-stream toxicity (all p > 0.14). In-stream pesticide concentrations and effects were more closely related to the intensity of pesticide use than to the area under cultivation.     

Heavy Metals and Selenium in Herring Gulls (LARUS ARGENTATUS) NESTING IN COLONIES FROM EASTERN LONG ISLAND TO VIRGINIA

With increasing interest in assessing the health or well-being ofcommunities and ecosystems, birds are being used asbioindicators. Coloniallynesting species breed mainly in coastal areas that are alsopreferred for humandevelopment, exposing the birds to various pollutants. Inthis paper concentrations of heavy metal and selenium in the feathers ofHerring Gulls(Larus argentatus) nesting in several colonies fromMassachusetts toDelaware are reported. There were significant differencesamong colonies forall metals, with metal concentrations being two to nearly fivetimes higher atsome colonies than others. Selenium showed the leastdifference, and cadmium showed the greatest difference among sites. Concentrations of lead werehighest at Pralls Island; mercury was highest at Shinnecock,Huckleberry andHarvey, and manganese was highest at Captree.