影响磷矿废渣中氰化物测定的干扰去除

若按常规的测定程序 ,即先用乙酸锌、酒石酸溶液蒸馏 ,然后取蒸馏液用硝酸银滴定或用异烟酸 -吡唑啉酮显色后分光光度法测定。但实验表明 ,馏出液在硝酸银滴定或异烟酸 -吡唑啉酮显色过程中都会出现黑色沉淀 ,使测定工作无法继续。通过推测 ,黑色沉淀可能是由于存在硫离子 ( S2 +)引起的。为去除其对滴定和显色过程的干扰 ,可在馏出液中加入适量碳酸镉 ( Cd CO3)或碳酸铅 ( Pb-CO3)粉末使硫离子 ( S2 +)形成沉淀 ,然后过滤除去硫离子 ,过滤液再用磷酸、EDTA蒸馏 ,馏出液再按硝酸银滴定法或异烟酸 -吡唑啉酮用分光光度法即可测定。影响…     

溶剂效应对有机氯农药测定的影响研究

采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)研究了不同溶剂对有机氯农药测定的影响。结果表明,有机氯农药在不同溶剂中的GC-MS响应值是有差异的,但保留时间不变,且随着有机氯农药质量浓度的增加,这种溶剂效应对大部分有机氯农药的作用减弱。经分析溶剂的极性对有机氯农药测定有显著的影响。     

三重四极杆电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定水中痕量磷的方法建立及在新安江水库的应用

建立了三重四极杆电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS/MS）测定地表水中痕量总磷、溶解态磷、颗粒态磷的方法，确定了ICP-MS/MS测定水中磷的仪器参数及氧气流量。研究了该方法检测水中磷元素的检出限、精密度、正确度，探索了浊度、色度及砷、铬、硫的存在对ICP-MS/MS测磷的影响。结果表明，采用高纯氧气反应ICP-MS/MS法可对地表水中的各形态痕量磷进行质量浓度检测，该方法的检出限可达0.24 μg/L，磷元素在1.00～1 000 μg/L 质量浓度范围内具有良好的线性，相关系数为0.999 5，加标回收率为 92%～103%。该方法检测速度快，抗浊度、色度及共存元素（砷、铬、硫）干扰的能力强。对新安江水库4个季度的总磷、溶解态磷、颗粒态磷进行测定，结果表明，水库总磷平均质量浓度为10～20 μg/L，ρ（溶解态磷）/ρ（总磷）为42.4%～50.9%。该方法可以满足地表水中痕量磷的快速测定及形态分析。     

鞍山市空气颗粒物中酞酸酯的季节变化与功能区差异

采用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)对辽宁省鞍山市空气颗粒物中15种酞酸酯夏季和冬季的浓度进行了分析测定,研究了酞酸酯污染水平的季节变化,不同功能区酞酸酯浓度的差异,以及DBP和DEHP在夏冬两季中的污染特点,将鞍山市夏冬两季酞酸酯的浓度与国内外部分城市进行了比较,分析了产生上述结果的原因,基本说明了鞍山市空气颗粒物中酞酸酯的污染状况。     

天津市空气颗粒物中酞酸酯的分布特征

采用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)对天津市空气颗粒物中15种酞酸酯(PAEs)夏季和冬季的浓度进行了分析测定,研究了酞酸酯污染水平的季节变化,不同季节酞酸酯的功能区差异,15种酞酸酯在颗粒物中的分布特征,以及DBP和DEHP在夏冬两季中的污染特点,分析了产生上述结果的原因,基本说明了天津市空气颗粒物中酞酸酯的污染状况和特点。     

阳宗海表层沉积物磷、氟、硫的分布与污染状况

对阳宗海表层沉积物中磷、氟、硫的含量进行了调查,并用单指标标准指数法对污染水平进行了评价.结果表明,阳宗海表层沉积物磷、氟、硫含量的平均值依次为1 041 mg/kg、1 075 mg/kg、2 743 mg/kg.生活、生产污水、工业废气,以及机动船只、网箱养鱼等活动是阳宗海表层沉积物中磷、氟、硫的主要来源.磷、氟、...     

大气痕量有机硫化物的光电离色谱法测定及硫酸铵在湿浸土壤中释放有机硫化物的研究

采用国产光电离色谱仪(GC-PID)对有机硫化物:乙基硫醇,二甲基硫,二甲基二硫进行了分离分析,其最小检知量在亚微克/升级,并对北京郊区的某些天然源环境样品进行了有机硫化物浓度的测定,实验数据证实,在鸡场,猪场,水稻田与塑料蔬菜大棚等环境大气中含有机硫化物。研究了硫酸铵作为氮肥加入到水浸土壤中后,由于缺氧而生成有机硫化物的现象,观察了其对有机硫化物的释放规律及硫酸铵与葡萄糖分别作为硫源与碳源对有机硫化物生成的影响,实验结果认为:硫酸铵在五种不同类型的水浸土壤中(环境温度25℃),均可解离释放出有机硫化物,随其在土壤中加入量的增多,释放气中的有机硫浓度增加,二甲基硫的释放量最大。     

有机硫自动分析仪在石化园区环境空气监测中的应用

有机硫化物是环境空气典型恶臭物质,因环境浓度低和化学稳定性差,其定性定量分析是公认的难题。研究筛选5台市场主流有机硫自动分析仪,在石化园区开展实测以考察仪器在复杂环境下的适用性。结果表明:各仪器能对环境空气中有机硫物质持续有效监测,多数仪器所测甲硫醇、甲硫醚、二甲二硫醚和二硫化碳浓度的时间变化趋势较一致,其中D和E仪器的4种有机硫监测数据均呈显著相关,其相关系数分别为0.67、0.80、0.67和0.70(P0.01)。不同仪器测得有机硫数据呈正偏态分布,但浓度分布区间差异较大,表明部分仪器对污染物的富集、脱附和检测等环节仍需改进。D和E仪器监测的有机硫浓度明显升高时,监测点位附近的GC-FID/PID测得总挥发性有机物浓度较其他时段升高,且周边区域异味投诉量增加,说明这2台仪器监测数据能较好地反映该园区有机硫化物的污染特征。研究可为石化园区有机硫自动监测仪的设备选型提供依据。     

大体积进样-气相色谱法测定水中多种痕量有机磷农药

建立了大体积进样气相色谱-火焰光度法检测水中多种痕量有机磷农药的方法.重点研究了程序升温汽化(PTV)进样条件的选择,通过对分流排空量、吹扫时间、PIV起始温度等PTV参数的选择,优化了测试条件,提高了检测灵敏度.水中9种有机磷农药的线性良好,10ml水样中三乙基偶磷硫酯的检出限为0.01μg/L,硫磷嗪、致螟磷、甲拌磷、乐果、乙拌磷、甲基对硫磷、对硫磷和氨磺磷的检出限可达0.001μg/L.水中添加多种有机磷农药准确度精密度试验,平均回收率为85.8%～108%,相对标准差在3.3%～11.4%之间.与常规方法相比,该方法前处理简单快速、分析成本低.灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合地表水检测质量的要求,适用于水环境中多种农药残留的快速检测.     

气相色谱—串联质谱法检测水中苯霜灵、甲霜灵、噁霜灵残留量

建立水中甲霜灵、苯霜灵、噁霜灵农药残留量的气相色谱—串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)的检测分析方法。样品采用乙腈提取、固相萃取(SPE)柱净化。采用GC-MS/MS分析时,三种农药在15 mim内完全分离并流出。添加浓度加标回收率为80.6%~88.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5.0%。在0.01~0.20 mg/L质量浓度范围之间线性关系良好(r~20.999 0)。该方法的灵敏度、精密度和准确度均满足农药残留分析要求,适用于水中的农药残留的快速筛查与定性、定量分析。     

Dissipation and residue of metalaxyl and cymoxanil in pepper and soil

A simple and accurate method of determining metalaxyl and cymoxanil in pepper and soil was developed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detection. The limits of detection were 0.015 mg/kg for metalaxyl and 0.003 mg/kg for cymoxanil. The limits of quantification were 0.05 mg/kg for metalaxyl in pepper and soil as well as 0.01 mg/kg for cymoxanil in pepper and soil. Recoveries of pepper and soil were investigated at three spiking levels and ranged within 77.52 to 102.05 % for metalaxyl and 87.15 to 103.21 % for cymoxanil, with relative standard deviations below 9.30 %. For field experiments, the half-lives of metalaxyl were 3.2 to 3.9 days in pepper and 4.4 to 9.5 days in soil at the three experimental locations in China. At harvest, pepper samples were found to contain metalaxyl and cymoxanil well below the maximum residue limit MRLs of the European Union (EU) following the recommended dosage and the interval of 21 days after last application.     

我国沙尘暴灾害及其治理对策初步研究

分析研究了沙尘暴的成因、时空分布、发展趋势及造成的灾害，结合国外经验提出了我国治理的对策建议。     

Residues and dissipation of trifloxystrobin and its metabolite in tomatoes and soil

A simple residue analytical method using the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) procedure for the determination of trifloxystrobin and its metabolite trifloxystrobin acid (CGA321113) in tomato and soil was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The limits of detection were 0.0005 mg/kg for trifloxystrobin and 0.001 mg/kg for trifloxystrobin acid, respectively. The average recoveries in tomato and soil ranged from 73–99 % for trifloxystrobin and 75–109 % for trifloxystrobin acid, with relative standard deviations below 15 %. The method was then used to study the dissipation and residues in tomato and soil. The dissipation half-lives of trifloxystrobin in tomato were 2.9 days (Beijing) and 5.4 days (Shandong), while in soil were 1.9 days (Beijing) and 3.0 days (Shandong), respectively. The final results showed that the major residue compound was trifloxystrobin in tomato whereas it was its metabolite, trifloxystrobin acid, in soil. The final residues of total trifloxystrobin (including trifloxystrobin acid) were below the EU maximum residue limit of 0.5 mg kg^?1 in tomato 3 days after the treatment.     

Determination and study on dissipation and residue of bismerthiazol and its metabolite in Chinese cabbage and soil

A simple and accurate method for the determination of bismerthiazol and its metabolite 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole was developed in Chinese cabbage and soil by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection in this study. The limits of detection were 0.06 mg/kg for bismerthiazol and 0.03 mg/kg for 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, respectively. Recoveries of cabbage and soil were investigated at three spiking levels and were in the range of 84.0–96.0 % for bismerthiazol and 71.0–74.6 % for 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, with relative standard deviations below 7.0 %. For field experiments, the half-life of bismerthiazol was 2.4–2.5 days in Chinese cabbage and 2.5–4.8 days in soil at the two experimental locations in China. Dissipation residues of 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole were lower than 0.72 mg/kg. Terminal residues of bismerthiazol and its metabolite were less than 3.0 and 0.3 mg/kg in Chinese cabbage, respectively. No bismerthiazol or metabolite residues were detected in soil on days 5, 7, 10, and 14 after the last spraying at the two dosage levels.     

新疆室内环境污染监测和治理工作现状与建议

针对目前室内环境监测工作出现的种种问题，就如何规范的开展室内环境监测工作，更好地为社会提供真实、准确、有效的监测数据，本文提出相关的探讨。     

Disembodied and Disembedded? The Social and Economic Implications of Atmospheric Change and Biodiversity

The social and economic implications of atmospheric change on biodiversity need to be seen in a global context of major shifts in the conceptualization and management of our relationship with nature. Traditionally, we have conceptualized the atmosphere and the other creatures of the biosphere as separate from the human, but their quasi-autonomy is now becoming subject to more and more human management. This raises not only economic issues, but social, political, and ethical concerns that will have substantial influence on public policy. Among these are the commodification of genetic material; the privatization of traditional knowledge; and the management of information. In this broader context, the paper examines an array of current and proposed strategies of response to changes in biodiversity as a result of climatic and other stresses.     

Atmospheric Change and Biodiversity: Co-Networks and Networking

Canada responded to the Global Biodiversity Convention by completing the Canadian Biodiversity Strategy in 1995. At the same time, Environment Canada also completed a national Science Assessment on Biodiversity. During this period, the Smithsonian Institution, in partnership with Parks and Environment Canada, initiated the implementation of a global biodiversity monitoring program in Canada. Under the auspices of the United Nations Man and the Biosphere Program, the SI/MAB monitoring protocols and plots have spread across Canada at an unprecedented rate. National champions in the science and educational sectors, working within an inter-disciplinary ecological framework, have guided the development, education, quality control and sharing of atmosphere-biodiversity observations electronically.Atmospheric-Biodiversity Networks and Networking have traditionally operated within separate mandates with little degree of integration. Air-Bio Networks were designed within an integrated framework to better understand the atmospheric stress on biodiversity and the adaptation actions, nationally and regionally. Detailed examples of the cumulative effects of climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, acid deposition, ground-level ozone, suspended particulate matter and hazardous air pollutants on biodiversity will be discussed using a Southern Ontario case study. In addition, recommendations will be presented for future paired SI/MAB plots, linked networks and networking for adaptation within the context of climate, chemical and ecological gradients.     

太原市冬、夏季醛酮化合物污染特征及来源分析

针对太原市空气臭氧污染较为严重的问题,开展臭氧主要前体物醛酮化合物质量浓度及其变化规律研究.利用2,4-二硝基苯肼固相吸附/高效液相色谱方法,通过对太原市2019年冬季和夏季大气的醛酮化合物进行分析,发现太原市冬季总醛酮化合物的平均质量浓度为13μg/m3,低于夏季的27μg/m3.其中甲醛、乙醛和丙酮质量浓度最高,且...     

Lake destratification and speciation of iron and manganese

A long-term study of the effect of artificial aeration (destratification) of a water storage dam upon the speciation of iron and manganese in the dam waters has been undertaken. Separation of dam samples into soluble and insoluble forms by selective membrane filtration was undertaken before using the techniques of EPR spectroscopy, ion chromatography and gel filtration to assess the speciation of soluble species, and selective extraction and surface analysis (ESCA, SIMS and SEM) techniques to determine the speciation of particulate iron and manganese species. The percentages of soluble iron and manganese before (1983–85) and after (1986–88) artificial aeration are compared for the periods Jan–Dec, Jan–Mar, and Jun–Aug at three depths 6 m, 15 m and 0.5 m above the dam base, to assess the importance of seasonal changes in the various depths of the dam. Although aeration had an initial marked reduction in levels of soluble iron and manganese at all depths of the dam, the concentrations of these mtals showed a steady increase over succeeding years. Analysis of the figures over summer and winter periods shows that the reduction of soluble iron was maintained in summer, but not during winter. Upon aeration, the initial reduction of soluble manganese concentration was maintained in succeeding years in the epilimnic regions of the dam, but not in the hypolimnion. Statistical analysis of data has been undertaken to correlate the changes in relationship between the various forms of iron and manganese with the advent of aeration.