Ward法在大气监测网络优化设计中的应用

在大气监测统计资料基础上,进行Ward法聚类分析,从而对宁波市的大气监测点进行优化,得到监测点位的最佳位置分布,通过检验,证明其技术路线是可行的.     

动态贴近度法在徒骇河干流水质监测点优化中的应用

根据2010—2012年的COD、BOD5、NH3-N、TP和Cr6+的例行监测数据,采用动态贴近度法,对徒骇河干流13个监测点进行优化。分别计算丰水期、平水期和枯水期的最优点和最劣点的距离,从而计算出最优贴近度值。利用t检验和F检验对优化结果进行准确度和精确度检验,结果表明,优化后的8个监测点的监测数据可以代表整个干流的水质状况。     

用结构函数法进行大气优化布点初探

用结构函数法进行大气优化布点初探方先平，黄恢柏（江西九江市环境监测站，３３２０００）目前国内多数城市大气监测的点数选取大都采用按城市人口数量来确定监测点数及站间距离，带有一定的人为因素。由于大气环境的复杂性，决定了大气优化布点工作的艰巨性。本文尝试运...     

聚类分析在大气监测优化布点中应用的研究

目前,国内各城市在对大气监测点位进行优化时,一般是根据经验对原有点位进行优化削减,再辅之以简要的统计检验对结果进行验证。显然,这样的定性优化过程难以避免经验化和主观臆断性。本文引入聚类分析方法用于点位的优化布设,对优化过程的定量化进行了探索和研究,并将这种方法用于成都市大气监测点位的优化,取得了令人满意的结果     

苏州市区大气监测点位调整中的相关性和聚类分析

根据苏州市8个国控大气监测站点2013—2015年的PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、O_3、SO_2监测数据,计算了各站点之间监测数据的相关系数;通过分析相关系数矩阵,发现苏州市大气国控点位的监测数据相关性均较高,点位设置存在一定的冗余,国控监测点位的优化调整十分必要。利用最长距离法对各站点的监测数据进行聚类分析,从而得出中心城区的点位调整方案。点位调整前后4种污染物监测数据四季平均值的相对误差均小于5%;正负偏差的二项检验结果表明,调整后未对监测结果产生显著的正/负影响。因此,经过优化的大气监测网络具有较好的客观性和代表性。     

TOPSIS法在大气环境质量评价中的应用

应用多目标决策中的TOPSIS法(即逼近于理想解的排序方法)对湖南长沙等十城市的大气环境质量进行评价,并与欧几里德贴近度法和上海指数法相比较,认为该评价方法对比较多个城市(或多个监测点,下同)的大气环境质量的优劣,比欧几里德贴近度法和上海指数法均优越.     

泸州市降水监测布点优化研究

在泸州市2016—2020年大气降水监测数据的基础上，借助聚类分析、多元方差分析等统计分析手段，对原有降水监测点位进行优化研究，并验证优化结果。在遵循《酸沉降监测技术规范》(HJ/T 165—2004)点位布设要求的前提下，建立了降水监测点位评价体系，从原有7个降水监测点位中优化筛选出3个。优化后的点位对监测结果的影响显著性均>0.05,表明优化前后全市降水数据无显著性差异，该优化方案不会影响区域整体代表性。     

大气监测布点的优化应用

本文利用宁波市大气环境质量监测资料,用模糊聚类分析、ISODATA算法,对大气监测点位进行优化研究,得到最佳点位.通过检验,证明其技术路线是可行的.     

唐山市大气自动监测子站整体代表性分析

利用１９８５年至１９８７年三年大气监测数据，对唐山市大气自动监测子站整体代表性作了系统分析，结果表明，子站布局合理，各子站监测的ＳＯ２、ＴＳＰ年均值，季均值相对误差，百分位数相对误差符合《国家环境监测网络大气监测点位验收标准》规定的指标，具有整体代表性。     

交通干线铅污染对两侧土壤和蔬菜的影响

为了调查交通干线上汽车尾气的铅污染对两侧土壤和蔬菜的影响，淮阴市环境监测中心站于１９９７年至１９９８年在宁连一级公路（淮阴段）选择３个区域，横穿公路布设３个剖面，每个剖面设置１０个监测点，对大气、土壤和蔬菜中铅含量进行监测。结果表明，大气中铅含量与土壤表层、蔬菜叶片中铅含量正相关，与深层土壤中铅含量相关不明显。指出交通干线两侧应减少蔬菜的种植，加大树木和花卉的种植，同时大力提倡无铅化汽油的使用，友     

Molecular detection and comparison of Acanthamoeba genotypes in different functions of watersheds in Taiwan

The protistan genus Acanthamoeba is a free-living amoeba existing in various environments. Within this protistan genus, there are some species recognized as potential human pathogens, which may cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, Acanthamoeba keratitis and chronic granulomatous lesions of the skin. In this study, 211 water samples were collected from two watersheds in southern Taiwan. We detected Acanthamoeba based on the PCR amplification with a genus-specific primer pair and investigation of Acanthamoeba in Puzih River and Kaoping River in southern Taiwan. Acanthamoeba species were detected in 34 (16.1%) samples. The presence or absence of Acanthamoeba within the water samples showed significant difference with the levels of water temperature and total coliforms. The most frequently identified Acanthamoeba genotype was T4 (n = 19), followed by T5 (n = 8), and then T15 (n = 3). Genotype T6, T7/T8, T11 and T12 were all detected once. Genotype T4, T5, T6, T11 and T15 of Acanthamoeba are responsible for Acanthamoeba keratitis and should be considered a potential health threat associated with human activities in environmental surface water watersheds.     

Mercury wet deposition in rural Korea: concentrations and fluxes

The characteristics of Hg wet deposition were investigated in a rural area of Korea from August 2006 to July 2008. The volume weighted mean (VWM) Hg(T) concentration and cumulative Hg(T) flux were 8.8 ng L(-1) and 9.4 μg m(-2) per year, respectively. The VWM Hg(T) concentration varied seasonally, similar to the seasonal pattern in atmospheric Hg(p) concentration. The enhancement of both VWM Hg(T) and atmospheric Hg(p) concentrations in spring and winter was likely caused by the long-range transport of Hg from China. Monthly VWM Hg(T) and atmospheric Hg(p) concentrations were well correlated (R(2) = 0.36); however, there was no correlation between VWM Hg(T) and RGM (reactive gaseous mercury) concentrations, suggesting that Hg(p) was responsible for the majority of the Hg in wet deposition at this site. The VWM Hg(T) concentration in snow was statistically higher than in rain. In addition, the atmospheric Hg(p) concentration appeared to be elevated for snow events as well. This suggests that both elevated Hg(p) concentrations and the enhanced scavenging efficiency of snow for Hg(p) were responsible for the elevated VWM Hg(T) concentrations measured during snow events.     

Study of summer heat exposure at the ground services operations of a main international airport in Saudi Arabia

Summer heat in coastal subtropical Jeddah, augmented by heat from operating ground servicing equipment in King Abdul-Aziz International Airport (KAAIA), presents a major occupational problem to ground service operators, particularly the air traffic control coordinator (ATCC), that hinders their work efficiency and induces health disorders to them. The present study was conducted to assess the magnitude of this problem and propose heat control strategy and remedial actions for the Saudi Arabian Airlines (SAUDIA). Heat parameters including air temperature (T (a)), wet bulb temperature (T (w)), globe temperature (T (g)) and air velocity were measured around serviced planes and in other locations used by ATCC, and the WBGT and the ATCC-WBGT-TWAs were computed. Mostly all the T (a) measurements, and many T (w) measurements, were higher than T (a) and T (w) forecasted by the Presidency of Meteorology and Environment (PME) due to heat dissipated from operating vehicles and equipment in service. The measured and PME forecasted parameters have good and medium linear correlations (T (a): r (2) = 0.74 and T (w): r (2) = 0.64). The computed WBGT in the service stations around planes are considerably higher than the 25 and 27.5 degrees C recommended TLV(R) for non-acclimatized and acclimatized operators. However, the computed ATCC- WBGT-TWA levels indicate that the shift-work-schedule which was recommended to be implemented by SAUDIA has successfully reduced their heat exposure to acceptable levels, except for a very few operators (6.7% exceeding WBGT-TLV(R) of 25 degrees C and 2.2% exceeding TLV(R) of 27.5 degrees C) for whom the shift-work schedules might be corrected to achieve safe heat exposure.     

Spatial and temporal variations in inhalable CuZnPb aerosols within the Mexico City pollution plume

We report on the CuPbZn content of PM10 and PM2.5 samples collected from three sites (urban T0, suburban T1 and rural T2) during the Mexico City MILAGRO campaign of March 2006. Daytime city centre concentrations of summation operator CuZnPb(PM10) were much higher (T0 > 450 ng m(-3)) than at the suburban site (T1 < 200 ng m(-3)). Rural site (T2) summation operator CuZnPb(PM10) concentrations exceeded 50 ng m(-3) when influenced by the megacity plume but dropped to 10 ng m(-3) during clean northerly winds. Nocturnal metal concentrations more than doubled at T0, as pollutants became trapped in the nightly inversion layer, but decreased at the rural site. Transient spikes in concentrations of different metals, e.g. a "copper event" at T0 (CuPM10 281 ng m(-3)) and "zinc event" at T1 (ZnPM10 1481 ng m(-3)) on the night of March 7-8, demonstrate how industrial pollution sources produce localised chemical inhomogeneities in the city atmosphere. Most metal aerosols are <2.5 microm and SEM study demonstrates the dominance of Fe, Ti, Ba, Cu, Pb and Zn (and lesser Sn, Mo, Sb, W, Ni, V, As, Bi) in metalliferous particles that have shapes including spherical condensates, efflorescent CuZnClS particles, cindery Zn, and Cu wire. Metal aerosol concentrations do not change in concert with PM10 mass, which is more influenced by wind resuspension than industrial emissions. Metalliferous particles can induce cell damage, and PM composition is probably more important than PM mass, with respect to negative health effects, so that better monitoring and control of industrial emissions would likely produce significant improvements in air quality.     

饮用水异味原因、案例分析及检测应对措施

从致异味物质的性质、产生环节和感官类别3个方面，分析了饮用水异味的来源，以及因水厂净水剂、供水管网、工业污染、生活污染、复合污染等产生异味的原因。在对饮用水异味案例进行具体分析的基础上，阐述了致异味物质的检测方法，并提出饮用水异味事件的预防和应对措施。     

火电厂烟气自动化监测系统的比对监测

介绍了火电厂烟气自动化在线监控系统按照《固定污染源烟气连续监测系统技术要求及检测方法》(HJ/T 76-2001),以及《固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定与气态污染物采样方法》(GB/T 16157-1996)和《固定污染源排气中二氧化硫的测定定电位电解法》(HJ/T 57-2000)对大气污染物中颗粒物、二氧化硫和流速进行了比对监测,结果表明,颗粒物、二氧化硫和流速的测定结果均符合规定要求.     

Biogeochemistry of mercury and methylmercury in sediment cores from Sundarban mangrove wetland, India—a UNESCO World Heritage Site

This study was performed to elucidate the distribution, concentration trend and possible sources of total mercury (Hg(T)) and methylmercury (MeHg) in sediment cores (<63 μm particle size; n?=?75) of Sundarban mangrove wetland, northeastern part of the Bay of Bengal, India. Total mercury was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) in a Leco AMA 254 instrument and MeHg by gas chromatography-atomic fluorescence spectrometry (GC-AFS). A wide range of variation in Hg(T) (0.032-0.196 μg g(-1) dry wt.) as well as MeHg (0.04-0.13 ng g(-1) dry wt.) concentrations revealed a slight local contamination. The prevalent low Hg(T) levels in sediments could be explained by sediment transport by the tidal Hugli (Ganges) River that would dilute the Hg(T) values via sediment mixing processes. A broader variation of MeHg proportions (%) were also observed in samples suggesting that other environmental variables such as organic carbon and microbial activity may play a major role in the methylation process. An overall elevated concentration of Hg(T) in surface layers (0-4 cm) of the core is due to remobilization of mercury from deeper sediments. Based on the index of geoaccumulation (I (geo)) and low effects-range (ER-L) values, it is considered that the sediment is less polluted by Hg(T) and there is less ecotoxicological risk. The paper provides the first information of MeHg in sediments from this wetland environment and the authors strongly recommend further examination of Hg(T) fluxes for the development of a detailed coastal MeHg model. This could provide more refine estimates of a total flux into the water column.     

Effects of temperature parameters on thermal-optical analysis of organic and elemental carbon in aerosol

Thermal-optical analysis (TOA) is a popular method to determine aerosol elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) collected on quartz fiber filter. However, temperature protocol adopted in TOA has great effects on OC and EC results. The purpose of this study is to investigate and quantify the effects of maximum temperature (T(max)) and residence time (RT) for each step in helium stage on ECOC measurements. Fourteen typical source samples and 20 ambient samples were collected and six temperature programs were designed for this study. It was found that EC value decreases regularly as T(max ) ascends, i.e., EC results from T(max) of 650 degrees C, 750 degrees C and 850 degrees C are 0.89 +/- 0.06, 0.76 +/- 0.10, 0.62 +/- 0.13 times EC value from T( max) of 550 degrees C, respectively, and the magnitude of EC drop (EC(d), percent) is significantly correlated with OC abundance in total carbon (R(OC/TC)), expressed as EC(d) = 66.8R(OC/TC)-14.4 (r = 0.87); pyrolized OC(POC) values are also sensitive to T(max), but there are various trends for samples with different OC constituents. On average of the samples studied here, prolonged RT reduces EC values by only 3%, almost negligible compared to the effect of T(max), and reduces POC by 9%, much less than that by previous report.     

Persistence of dicofol residues in cotton lint seed, and soil

A supervised field trial was conducted at the CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to assess the residues of dicofol on cotton, during Kharif season, 2008. Dicofol (Kelthane 18.5EC) was applied at 500 g a.i./ha (T(1)) and 1,000 g a.i./ha T(2)) after 105 days of sowing of cotton crop (Varity Cotton/H-1226). Soil samples were collected on 0 (1 h after treatment), 3, 7, 10, 15, 30, and 60 days after spray and cotton samples were collected at harvest. Samples were processed and residues were quantified by GC-ECD system equipped with capillary column. Limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.001 and 0.010 mg kg(?-1), respectively, for soil and LOQ for cotton lint and seed was 0.020 mg kg(?-1). Initial residues of 0.588 and 1.182 mg kg(?-1) in soil reached below detectable level (BDL) of 0.010 mg kg(?-1) in T(1) and to the level of BDL (0.010 mg kg(?-1)) in T(2) at harvest (60 days after treatment). In 60 days, residues dissipated almost completely (100 and >99%) in both the treatments. Half-life period was calculated as 8.57 days at single dose and 8.69 days at double dose in soil. Residues of dicofol were detected in cotton lint to the levels of 0.292 and 0.653 mg kg(?-1) and in seed 0.051 and 0.090 mg kg(?-1) in T(1) and T(2) doses, respectively at harvest. Residues in cotton seed were below MRL value of 0.01 mg kg(?-1) in both the doses.     

A new nanosilver-based spectrophotometric method for monitoring Eriochrome black T in river water

In this paper, a new spectrophotometric method is reported for the determination of nanomolar levels of Eriochrome black T in environmental samples. The method is based on the catalytic effect of silver nanoparticles on the oxidation of Eriochrome black T by hexacyanoferrate (III) in acetate–acetic acid medium and at 25 °C. The absorbance is measured at 512 nm with the fixed-time method. It relies on the linear relationship between the absorbance difference (?A) and Eriochrome black T amounts in the range of 40–1,250 nM. Under optimum conditions, the sensitivity of the proposed method, i.e., the detection limit corresponding to 80 s, is about 25 nM. The method is featured with good accuracy and reproducibility for Eriochrome black T determination in river water samples without any pre-concentration and separation step.