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1.
The methodology for developing and mapping a hierarchical Ecological Land Classification (ELC) is presented. The classification provided a systematic methodology that explained the distribution and composition of southern New Brunswick's forested landscape. The nested structure of the ELC identified and provided a hierarchical linkage between ecosystems from the size of forest stands to climate regions. This framework made the collection and analysis of data efficient and gave confidence that tree species distributions, which were central to understanding the influence of abiotic factors on the forest systems, were controlled by the factors examined at each level of the hierarchy. This ELC methodology, developed for the Fundy Model forest, was successful in describing and mapping the Climate, Geomorphologic, and Regolith controlled forest ecosystems. Preliminary classification indicates that spatial referencing of the Site Level is achievable.  相似文献   

2.
This study attempts to determine the scale-dependent hierarchical spatial variation and longitudinal distributions of Sicyopterus japonicus year round. The distribution of S. japonicus in the Datuan Stream in northern Taiwan was surveyed during the fall and winter 2007, as well as the spring and summer of 2008. The spatial structure of S. japonicus density was modeled using geostatistics. The longitudinal distributions of S. japonicus density were then estimated using kriging and hydrology distance with nested variogram models. Variography results indicate that nested variogram models could reflect the hierarchical structure in the spatial variation of seasonal S. japonicus density, with the small, median, and large ranges representing three nested scales. Models for the four seasons were consistent in that they shared the same shape of variogram models with various ranges and sill values. This model shape consistency implies stationary spatial correlations in the longitudinal fish distribution across the four seasons. The Kriging geostatistical method based on the multiple scales nested variogram models also provided robust estimates of S. japonicus densities at unsampled sections. We conclude that S. japonicus densities exhibit hierarchical patterns and variation in the four seasons along the study stream. Geostatistical methods with a nested variograms and hydrological distance are a highly effective means of delineating the hierarchical structure in longitudinal patterns of S. japonicus density in each season, providing estimates of the S. japonicus density for hierarchically structured spatial distributions and expanding knowledge of S. japonicus beyond the limits imposed by spatial and temporal scales.  相似文献   

3.
基于GIS的珠三角区域空气质量实况发布平台介绍   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
地理信息系统是在计算机软件和硬件支持下,对整个或者部分地球表层空间中的各类地理信息数据进行采集、存储、管理、运算、分析、显示和描述的技术系统。根据中国发布的环境空气质量新标准,提出了基于地理信息系统的区域空气质量实况发布平台的总体设计思路,介绍了这一平台的开发与运行环境、主要功能模块设计和实现方法。该平台已成功应用于珠江三角洲区域。通过广东省环境保护公众网信息平台,实时更新各个站点最新的空气监测数据,为广东开展环境整治工作以及居民日常出行提供参考。  相似文献   

4.
Energy-extraction results in significant disturbance to rangelands in Wyoming and other western US states. Although reclamation is required by law, US General Accounting Office reports from 1999 and 2005 are clear that affected government agencies have--over much of the past decade--had difficulty accomplishing mandated environmental monitoring of extraction-related disturbance. We evaluated two pipeline rights of way (ROW) using nested images (1- or 2- with 13- or 20-mm ground sample distance (GSD)) acquired during Very-Large Scale Aerial (VLSA) surveys. Aerial monitoring allowed for the collection of large numbers of geocoded samples, and for subsequent cover measurements using methods with demonstrated accuracy equal to that of conventional ground-based methods. Both pipelines had vegetative-cover deficiencies relative to their Plan of Development (POD) requirements. Using bare ground and ground-cover measurements from the higher-resolution imagery, we present a spatial representation of each pipeline ROW that allows quick identification of sections of the ROW that may need further reclamation action to meet POD standards. We also present aerial monitoring costs. We recommend VLSA pipeline surveys as a means for facilitating required environmental monitoring and for addressing the monitoring backlog that has developed with increased energy-extraction activity.  相似文献   

5.
美国EPA地表水质监测与评估的点位设计介绍   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
介绍了美国EPA地表水质监测与评估的点位设计。首先,指导性文件《基本水质监测方案》中的环境监测计划要求建立1个不少于1 000个点位的国家地表水质环境监测网,并提出了点位设计的标准,包括4点基本要求和针对每一类水域的具体要求。其次,另一指导性文件《准备州综合水质评估(305b报告)和电子升级:报告内容的准则》提出了1种新的对水质的综合性评估技术,要求在传统的判断点位设计的基础上增加概率统计点位设计方法。最后,全国一致的概率统计点位设计是相当有效的获知全国范围的水质情况及变化趋势的方法,EPA完全支持通过这种概率统计点位设计的方法来评估更多的水质状况。概率统计点位设计是EPA地表水质监测与评估的点位设计的发展趋势。  相似文献   

6.
Previous studies have combined random-site hierarchical sampling designs with analysis of variance techniques, and grid sampling with spatial autocorrelation analysis. We illustrate that analysis techniques and sampling designs are interchangeable using densities of an infaunal bivalve from a study in Poverty Bay, New Zealand. Hierarchical designs allow the estimation of variances associated with each level, but high-level factors are imprecisely estimated, and they are inefficient for describing spatial pattern. Grid designs are efficient for describing spatial pattern, and are amenable to conventional analysis. Our example deals with a continuous spatial habitat, but our conclusions also apply in disjunct or patchy habitats. The influence of errors in positioning is also assessed. The advantages of systematic sampling are reviewed, and more efficient hierarchical approaches are identified. The distinction between biological and statisticalsignificance in all analyses is emphasised.  相似文献   

7.
本文阐述了地衣样品的规范的采集;无污染的采样工具、运输工具、盛装容器及加工器械是保存技术的先行条件。全程序的质控是保存技术的基础,温度、压力、光则是保存技术决定性的因素。通过三种保存技术的研究筛选出了既经济又简便的保存技术  相似文献   

8.
The temporal variation in the concentrations of particulate trace metals (Cu, Pb and Zn) and total suspended solids (TSS) was examined in three rivers that drain into the Port Jackson estuary, Australia, using a nested, hierarchical sampling design. Sampling was conducted between March and June 1999, under low flow conditions. The sampling design incorporated four temporal scales (hours, days, weeks and months). It was considered that hours, days, weeks and months were representative of such time scales and could be analyzed as random, nested sources of variation in an analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant variation was found at temporal scales ranging from hours, within the same day, to months. The amount and scales of variation differed between particulate trace metals and TSS concentrations and between rivers. In many cases, differences between small-scale were as important as differences between months. The results suggest that higher anthropogenic influences cause higher variability at small temporal scale. Results indicate the need for nested sampling designs to be incorporated into studies of temporal variation in order to unconfound small-scale temporal variation. The conclusions of this study are likely to be applicable to other water quality variables and pollutants.  相似文献   

9.
Monitoring drinking water quality is an important public health issue. Two objectives from the 4 years, six nations, EU Project μAqua were to develop hierarchically specific probes to detect and quantify pathogens in drinking water using a PCR-free microarray platform and to design a standardised water sampling program from different sources in Europe to obtain sufficient material for downstream analysis. Our phylochip contains barcodes (probes) that specifically identify freshwater pathogens that are human health risks in a taxonomic hierarchical fashion such that if species is present, the entire taxonomic hierarchy (genus, family, order, phylum, kingdom) leading to it must also be present, which avoids false positives. Molecular tools are more rapid, accurate and reliable than traditional methods, which means faster mitigation strategies with less harm to humans and the community. We present microarray results for the presence of freshwater pathogens from a Turkish lake used drinking water and inferred cyanobacterial cell equivalents from samples concentrated from 40 into 1 L in 45 min using hollow fibre filters. In two companion studies from the same samples, cyanobacterial toxins were analysed using chemical methods and those dates with highest toxin values also had highest cell equivalents as inferred from this microarray study.  相似文献   

10.
随着国家地表水环境质量监测网络的优化调整以及水质自动监测与采测分离手工监测相结合模式的完全确立,每个月产生数百万计的监测数据。为全面支撑海量监测数据的传输、融合、处理、挖掘、分析、表征,构建了国家地表水环境质量评价、分析与表征系统。通过在多源异构数据融合、智能化数据质量控制、多层级水质评价与统计分析、地图动态数据表征等方面的技术创新,构建了包括数据来源层、数据存储层、应用支撑层、业务应用层和表征展示层5个主要部分的系统。形成了"一个融合、两个数据库、三个应用、四个中心",实现了数据集成融合、数据共享互通、数据统计分析、水质报告生成、地图空间表征、综合大屏展示等6个方面主要功能。应用于国家地表水环境监测评价业务工作,能够及时、直观、准确、全面地展现全国地表水环境质量状况,为全国地表水环境质量管理决策、业务处理、科学研究提供有效的信息支撑。  相似文献   

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