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1.
环境样品中铅、锑、汞、硒形态分析研究进展   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
综述了环境样品中铅、锑、汞、硒形态分析的研究进展,以及光谱法、色谱法、毛细管电泳及其联用技术在形态分析中的应用,展望了环境样品痕量元素形态分析的发展前景。  相似文献   

2.
大气颗粒物中铅污染来源解析技术   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
近年来,我国大气颗粒物中铅的污染比较严重,其来源比较复杂.大气颗粒物中铅污染来源的解析比较成熟的主要有同位素丰度比、无机多元素分析、质子微探针技术等方法,而序列提取、化学形态分析等技术还处于探索阶段.  相似文献   

3.
城市大气中颗粒物的研究现状及健康效应   总被引:27,自引:5,他引:27  
综述了大气尘(TSP、PM10、PM2.5)的研究现状,重点围绕TSP、PM10、PM2.5的物理特征、化学组成(有机组成、重金属元素的总含量及其各化学形态分布)及其源解析进行描述,也提及了大气颗粒物与健康的关系.  相似文献   

4.
采用顺序提取的方法对南京市典型河流和湖泊水域的沉积物进行重金属化学形态研究,分析了Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr 6种重金属元素在不同水体沉积物中各个形态赋存的含量分布特征。结果表明,6种元素生物有效性排序为:Cd PbZn Cu Ni Cr,其中Cd和Pb以弱酸提取态和可还原态为主要存在形态,其不仅会对上覆水体产生二次污染,对水生动植物也具有较强的危害性。另外,通过结果间接反映出受人类生产生活影响大的水体,受污染的程度更高,各种金属元素赋存的形态也更易迁移转化,在环境治理方面更应受到重视。  相似文献   

5.
通过对生态地球化学调查评价形态分析实验室间比对试验结果的统计分析和技术分析,进一步验证和统一生态地球化学评价样品形态分析方法,提高实验室间形态分析数据的可比性,了解参加实验室形态分析的技术能力,为制定生态地球化学评价样品形态分析相关规范提供基础数据依据。  相似文献   

6.
南京市农用地土壤中重金属形态特征分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以南京市农用地土壤为研究对象,采用顺序提取的方法对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd做化学形态分析,了解不同元素各形态下空间赋存的含量与占比。结果表明,在农用地土壤中,上述4种金属元素所赋存的化学形态活泼性顺序为CdPbCuZn,其中Cd主要为醋酸提取态,Pb主要为可还原态,各占总量的40%以上,具有较高的生物有效性和潜在危害性;Cu与Zn主要为残渣态,占总量的60%左右,生物可利用性较低。由因子分析法可知,土壤p H值越大,Zn与Cd就越趋于向稳定的化学形态转化,土壤有机质含量越高,对Cu与Pb的络合能力就越强,可以降低其环境危害性。  相似文献   

7.
PM2.5中重金属形态分布及其在模拟酸雨中的释放   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
对西安市夏季PM2.5中6种重金属元素的化学形态进行分析,并研究了模拟酸雨淋溶条件下PM2.5中6种元素的释放过程。结果表明,近80%的Cr和Fe分布在有机质、氧化物、硫化物结合态和残渣态中,Cd在大气环境中的化学性质很活泼,具有很强的毒害性,Pb、As、和Hg 3种元素主要以碳酸盐态、可氧化态与可还原态存在于环境中;PM2.5中6种元素均有不同程度的释放,Cd释放率高于其他元素,Fe释放率最低,pH降低有利于颗粒物中重金属元素的释放。  相似文献   

8.
土壤中重金属形态的化学分析综述   总被引:45,自引:2,他引:45  
土壤中重金属的赋存形态决定其在土壤中的迁移性、生物可利用性以及毒性.土壤中重金属形态的化学分析法是依据不同浸取能力的提取剂分别提取出与土壤颗粒有着不同结合力的化学形态并测定其浓度而建立起来的.文章对土壤重金属形态分析中选用的提取试剂以及分析流程进行了综述,比较了各种试剂和方法的优缺点.同时对形态分析的土壤样品的前处理方式进行了简要概述.  相似文献   

9.
以南京北郊为例,测量分析了屋面径流中砷(As)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)和锌(Zn)5种元素的浓度、形态特征。结果表明:短时强降雨过程中这5种元素浓度在较大范围内无规则波动,且不同元素间浓度分布存在较大差异;Zn与Pb的平均浓度分别高于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅴ类和Ⅳ类标准限值,污染程度从大到小依次为ZnPbAsHgCd。元素形态分析表明,径流中除Hg外其他4种元素主要以颗粒态形式存在,各元素颗粒态占总形态的平均分数分别为:As,64.5%;Hg,43.7%;Pb,76.5%;Cd,54.6%;Zn,54.3%。  相似文献   

10.
农业生态与土壤环境中铁元素的关系   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
论述了铁元素的地球化学特征及其分布 ,与铁元素有关的主要作物分类、作物与铁元素的关系以及影响铁元素有效态的因素 ,铁肥的种类和施用方法与效果  相似文献   

11.
物元分析法用于水环境质量的评价比较   总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7  
对物元分析理论在水环境质量评价中的应用进行了探讨,叙述了方法的原理、模型及计算过程。运用物元分析法、多目标决策的优序法和密切值法对实例进行了评价比较。结果表明,物元分析法结构合理,计算简便适用,分辨率高,排序结果与实际环境质量状况较符合,方法是可行的。  相似文献   

12.
Urban areas of different land uses can be distinguished by their specific patterns of atmospheric dust and trace element precipitation. Dusts emitted from industrial areas with fossil fuel processing, for instance, are enriched in V, Ni and Co. Cluster analysis groups sampling sites based on their specific element patterns. The resulting groups correspond to the surrounding land use: Urban sampling sites were identified showing similar patterns of dust and trace element precipitation as a reference site; dusts of other urban sites were influenced by diffuse pollution (caused by non-point and dispersed pollution sources), or by specific industrial emissions. Cluster analysis was also used to characterize the chemical dust composition. Three clusters of typical element associations were distinguished. These clusters represent the dust matrix, diffuse urban pollution and pollution due to fossil fuel processing. Dust precipitation and chemical dust composition show seasonal variations. Dust precipitation and concentrations of trace elements in the precipitated dust are negatively correlated during the annual courses. The highest concentrations of trace elements occur during winter, whereas the highest precipitations of dust were found during summer. This finding stresses that both, precipitation and concentration have to be addressed for the environmental assessment of urban dusts.  相似文献   

13.
Nowadays development of industry and traffic are the main contributor to city air pollution in the city of GuangZhou, China. Conventional methods for investigating atmosphere potentially harmful element pollution based on sampling and chemical analysis are time and labor consuming and relatively expensive. Reflectance spectroscopy within the visible-near-infrared region of vegetation in city has been widely used to predict atmosphere constituents due to its rapidity, convenience and accuracy. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using leaves reflectance spectra of vegetation as a rapid method to simultaneously assess pollutant (S, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, XCl, XF) in the atmosphere of the Guangzhou area. This article has studied the spectral features of polluted leaf surface of Ficus microcarpa in 1985 and 1998. According to the analysis, comprehensive assessment for the change of atmospheric condition and degrees of pollution were given. This conclusion was confirmed by the monitored data got from chemical analysis. Future study with real remote sensing data and field measurements were strongly recommended.  相似文献   

14.
利用微机制作土壤环境研究中的趋势面等值线图   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
介绍一种利用微机制作土壤环境元素含量趋势面等值线图的实用方法,其中包括地理背景底图,趋势面等值线图及两图的套绘技术。本法简便易操作勿需复杂的硬,软件支撑,利用普遍流行的常用软件,不但能进行趋势面分析及绘图中所需的坐标转换,耐用可解决图件套绘中的定位问题,对拥有微机和小型绘图仪的单位均可适用。  相似文献   

15.
PM2.5是城市大气的主要污染物,对人体健康危害巨大。研究PM2.5的形貌特征及矿物组成有助于解析PM2.5的来源和贡献及评估PM2.5对人体健康的风险。利用高分辨率场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和能谱(SEM-EDX)对以石化为支柱产业的奎屯-独山子石化区域生活区和工业区的夏季、秋季PM2.5的形貌和矿物类型进行了分析。结果表明,奎屯-独山子的PM2.5主要包括矿物颗粒(规则矿物、不规则矿物)、烟尘集合体、球形颗粒(燃煤飞灰和二次粒子)、其他颗粒(生物质、未知颗粒)等4种类型,其中矿物颗粒在数量上和体积上均占优势。夏季规则矿物颗粒较多。从元素组成分析看,夏季PM2.5有"富Si"、"富Al"、"富Fe"、"富Ca"、"富Cu"、"富Zn"等类型,秋季PM2.5有"富Si"、"富Ca"、"富Fe"、"富Zn"、"富Cu"、"富Ti"、"富Ba"等类型,2个季节均以"富Si"颗粒占优势,表明道路扬尘、燃油飞灰、燃煤飞灰、工业粉尘、机动车尾气尘、城市扬尘等污染源是奎屯-独山子石化区夏季和秋季大气污染的主要来源。  相似文献   

16.
The morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition of a variety of particles emitted from coal-fired power plants, steel plants, and vehicle exhausts, which are possible sources of particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere, were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and compared with particle samples collected from urban atmosphere to identify the best footprint or the suitable indicator relating the existence of studied particles and their possible emitters by the morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition of the particles. The investigation indicated that the particles from these three sources are different in morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition. Sphere aggregates were generally the most abundant components, with silicon and aluminum as major elements. The urban air particulate contained particles similar to those observed in the power plant, steel plant, and vehicle exhaust samples suggesting that all three sources are contributing to the pollution in the city.  相似文献   

17.
The tanning industry is one of the largest environmental polluters due to high generation waste in all production processes, but the tanning is particularly worrisome due to the use of significant amounts of chromium. Cr is an element potentially toxic to both health and the environment, depending on the concentration and the oxidation state. Cr(VI) can come in contact with human skin when using leather goods, which can cause allergies and dermatitis, besides being carcinogenic. Considering that approximately 90% of the world production of leather is performed with Cr salts, the determination of this element in leather is necessary to avoid exposure to the risks that the element can provide. The main goal of this study was the development of an alternative analytical method for the determination of Cr in leathers (ovine and bovine leather tanned with Cr and vegetable tannin) using wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) for direct solid analysis. Besides performing analysis of the chemical composition and determination of Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sr, Ti, and Zn in leather by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Principal component analysis (PCA) was also used in the evaluation of the WDXRF and ICP OES data sets. WDXRF calibration models for Cr presented satisfactory figures of merit and the analysis of the leathers revealed an alarming concentration of total Cr in the samples reaching 21,353 mg kg?1.  相似文献   

18.
Inorganic chemical composition of native trees of the Atlantic Forest   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The Atlantic Forest with its exuberant vegetation of high level of biodiversity is classified as one hotspot of the world. Chemical composition of leaves from native trees and underlying soils was evaluated by INAA. The predominant species Euterpe edulis, Bathysa meridionalis, Hyeronima alchorneoides, Marlierea tomentosa, Gomidesia flagellaris, and Gomidesia spectabilis belonging to the diverse plant families were studied. Euterpe edulis, the most abundant understory specie, presented the lowest element concentrations except for Zn. Some variation in chemical composition was noted, however, the chemical specificity of tree species can be more predominant than the soil variability for the obtained leaf concentrations. Factor values obtained through the Monte-Carlo assisted factor analysis were used for species discrimination. The results indicate that chemical investigation of native trees is a quite promising tool for biodiversity studies in the Atlantic Forest.  相似文献   

19.
研究化学元素在枯、丰、平三个水季悬浮态、可溶态、沉积态的含量变化。以黄梨树水文站作为动态观测点,三年观测得出水化学要素、重金属元素及稀有、稀土元素变化最大的是丰水季;悬浮体相当于枯水季的250倍;悬浮态和可溶态元素含量(原水)同样形成丰水季>平水季>枯水季的趋势;而可溶态元素含量(过滤水)各个水期无大的变化差异。沉积物在三个水季中元素含量变化差异也较小,但有机质相反,含量出现枯水季>平水季>丰水季这样的规律。  相似文献   

20.
The development of groundwater resources for water supply is a favored way in Turkey. The Berdan alluvial aquifer in Mersin is particularly productive, but little is known about the natural phenomena that govern the groundwater quality and the contamination sources in this region. During 2001 and 2002, water samples for chemical analysis were obtained from 27 wells and from two points of Berdan River and analyzed by ICP. Main chemical characteristics of sampled groundwater define two aquifers, which were also determined by hydrogeological investigations. The groundwater produced from some of the wells was affected by anthropogenic activities temporally and spatially by seawater intrusion. Berdan River is polluted with the wastewater discharges and river water also influences the groundwater quality.  相似文献   

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