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1.
To estimate exposure to cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) through cigarette smoking, the concentrations of both metals in the blood or/and urine of smokers (20 cigarettes or more per day for 10 years or longer) and their non-smoking counterparts inhabiting an environmentally unpolluted area (Bialystok, Poland) were evaluated, as well as Cd and Pb contents in the cigarette brands (produced in Poland) smoked by the participants, including intact cigarettes, pre-smoking (tobacco, paper and filter) and post-smoking (butt, ash and smoke) cigarette components. Blood and urinary Cd concentrations in the smokers have been already reported by us to be 2–4 times higher than in the non-smokers (Galażyn-Sidorczuk et al. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 13 (Suppl.1):91–95, 2004). All the other measurements are the subject of the present paper. Pb concentration in the blood of the cigarette smokers (52.12 ± 15.51 μg l−1) was higher by 29% than in the non-smokers (40.42 ± 11.19 μg l−1). The mean Cd and Pb contents in the cigarettes were 0.6801 ± 0.1765 and 0.6853 ± 0.0746 μg per cigarette, respectively. Under cigarette burning, performed using a machine for self-acting burning, on average 33% of Cd and 11% of Pb present in the whole cigarette was released into the smoke. For Cd, unlike Pb, there was a high positive correlation between the metal content in cigarettes and tobacco and its release into the smoke. Moreover, the subjects smoking cigarettes containing the highest Cd amount had higher blood Cd concentration than smokers of other cigarette brands. The results give clear evidence that in the case of inhabitants of areas unpolluted with Cd and Pb habitual cigarette smoking, due to tobacco contamination, creates a serious source of chronic exposure to these metals, especially to Cd.  相似文献   

2.
A solid phase extraction method for the determination of gold(III) at trace levels by flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS) was developed. The method was based on retention of gold as chloro complexes through the Amberlite XAD-2000. The effect of some analytical parameters including hydrochloric acid concentration, sample volume, sample and eluent flow rates, eluent volume, eluent concentration and interfering ions on the recovery of gold(III) was investigated. The retention of gold(III) from 1.5 mol l−1 HCl solution and the recovery of gold with 0.07 mol l−1 NH3 solution were quantitative (≥95%). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was calculated as 3.2% (n = 10). The detection limit for gold was 2 μg l−1. The accuracy was checked with the determination of gold spiked an artificial seawater and a pure copper samples.  相似文献   

3.
Manchar Lake is the largest natural freshwater lake in Pakistan. The Lake has received less fresh water in past few years. In addition, drainage water is being discharged in the Lake through Main Nara Valley Drain (MNVD) since many years. Consequently, concern has grown regarding the water quality of the Lake. The aim of this study was to assess the water quality of Manchar Lake and MNVD and the objectives were to determine physiochemical properties and the concentrations of common cations and anions as well as seven trace metals i.e. Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Fe, Pb and Cd. The concentration of the trace metals were determined by simultaneous preconcentration and solvent extraction using flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Results of physicochemical parameters of Manchar Lake water samples showed mean pH 8.4 (±0.2), conductivity 2,310.3 (±581.3) μS cm−1 and hardness (as CaCO3) 213.1 (±62.3) mg l−1. Mean concentrations of cations and anions were Na 521.5 (±49.7), Cl 413.6 (±225.7), Ca 70.7 (±12.9), Mg 56.2 (±28.9), K 17.6 (±6.5), 0.34 (±0.2) and 0.02 (±0.01) mg l−1. Mean concentrations of trace metals were Zn 15.7 (±1), Fe 12 (±3.5), Pb 9 (±2.7), Cu 8.9 (±7.7), Ni 4.3 (±3.4), Co 4 (±3.4) and Cd 1.1 (±1) μg l−1. MNVD water samples showed mean pH 8.9 (±0.8), conductivity 1,735.7 (±567.8) μS cm−1 and hardness (as CaCO3) 184.8 (±32.4) mg l−1. In MNWD, the mean concentrations of cations and anions were Na 482.7 (±11.7), Cl 395.7 (±271.5), Ca 79.1 (±23.5), Mg 54.2 (±28.1), K 26.2 (±21.3), NO−3 0.5 (±0.3) and 0.1 (±0.1) mg l−1. Mean concentrations of trace metals observed in MNWD water were Fe 14.9(±3.5), Cd 8.3 (±9.4), Pb 6.9 (±2.4), Cu 6.6 (±3.1), Zn 6.2 (±1.8), Co 4.5 (±2.7), and Ni 3.5 (±2.9) μg l−1. The pH of both Manchar Lake and MNVD waters and concentration of Pb in Manchar Lake and concentration of Cd in MNVD water were higher than the World Health Organisation’s guideline values for the drinking water quality. The water quality of Manchar Lake was found degraded.  相似文献   

4.
Seasonal variation of the concentrations of trace metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were measured by ICP-AES in the water and sediment from the Saricay Stream, Geyik Dam and Ortakoy Well in the same basin. Comparisons between trace metal concentrations in water and sediment in three sources (Stream, Dam and Well) were made. The concentrations of a large number of trace metals in the water and sediment were generally higher in the Stream than in the Well and Dam, particularly in summer. Trace metal concentration ranges in sediments of the Saricay Stream and its sources showed very wide ranges (as mass ratio): Co: 5–476 μg g−1, Cr: 15–1308 μg g−1, Cu: 7–128 μg g−1, Fe: 1120–13210 μg g−1, Mn: 150–2613 μg g−1, Ni: 102–390 μg g−1, Pb: 0.7–31.3 μg g−1 and Zn: 18–304 μg g−1, whereas Cd was not detected. Trace metal concentration ranges found in waters were: Co: 9.5–20.7 μg L−1, Cr: 20.3–284 μg L−1, Cu: 170–840 μg L−1, Fe: 176–1830 μg L−1, Mn: 29.3–387 μg L−1, and Ni: 4.3–21.9 μg L−1. Among the trace metals studied, Cd and Zn in two seasons and Pb in winter were usually not detected or in the recommended levels. In addition, Cd was not detected in the sediment during the winter season. The analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and correlation matrix was employed for the sediment and water samples of the two field surveys (summer and winter) comparison. The three sources showed differences in metal contents. The metal levels in sediments displayed marked seasonal and regional variations, which were attributed to anthropogenic influences and natural processes. In the Saricay Stream, high values of metals during the dry season showed an anthropological effect from small industry firms, e.g.: an olive mill and a dairy farm or water dilution during summer seasons. Finally, the pollution in this basin probably originated from small industrial, low quality coal-burned thermal power plants, and particularly agricultural and domestic waste discharges.  相似文献   

5.
Waste water pollution of industrial areas can answer for the serious consequences of one of the most important environmental threats to the future. In this study, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry method (ICP-AES) is proposed to determine heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn, Al, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn) and major elements (Ca, Mg) in waste water of Kocabas Stream. The concentration of metals in the waste water samples taken from 9 different stations (St.) in Biga-Kocabas Stream in November 2004 (autumn period) were determined after simple pretreatment of samples by the proposed ICP-AES method. An analysis of a given sample is completed in about 15 min for ICP-AES the method. The results of heavy metals concentrations in waste water were found between 0.00001–77.69610 mg l−1 by the ICP-AES technique. The concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Al, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Mg and Ca 0.00001 (St.3,6,7) – 0.0087 mg l−1 (St.9), 0.00001 (St.4-7) – 0.0020 mg l−1 (St.8), 0.00001 (St.1,3-7,9) – 0.0041 mg l−1 (St.2), 0.0620 (St.2) – 0.2080 mg l−1 (St.3), 0.0082 (St.6) – 0.2290 mg l−1 (St.8), 0.3580 (St.2) – 1.7400 mg l−1 (St.3), 0.2240 (St.1) – 0.6790 mg l−1 (St.3), 0.0080 (St.1) – 1.5840 mg l−1 (St.3), 0.0170 (St.3) – 0.0640 mg l−1 (St.2), 0.0010 (St.1,4,5,8) – 0.0080 mg l−1 (St.3), 5.0640 (St.9) – 5.2140 mg l−1 (St.1) and 43.3600 (St.2) – 77.6961 mg l−1 (St.9), respectively. Also we measured environmental physicochemical parameters such as temperature, salinity, specific conductivity, total dissolved solid (TDS), pH, oxidation and reduction potential (ORP), and dissolved oxygen (DO) in the waste water at sampling stations.  相似文献   

6.
In the present paper, seven heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr and Fe) in canned salmon, sardine and tuna fish were determined by using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Cadmium and lead levels were determined by graphite tube AAS whereas Ni, Cu, Cr and Fe were determined by flame AAS. Analytical results were validated by spiking the samples with various concentrations of these metals for recovery. The metal contents, expressed in μg/g, wet weight, varied depending upon the specie studied. The levels of Pb ranged from 0.03–1.20 μg-g−1 with an average of 0.313 μg-g−1 for salmon; 0.03–0.51 μg-g−1 with an average of 0.233 μg-g−1 for tuna and 0.13–1.97 μg-g−1 with an average of 0.835 μg-g−1 for sardines. The levels of Cd ranged from 0.02–0.38 μg-g−1 with an average of 0.161 μg-g−1 for salmon; 0.07–0.64 μg-g−1 with an average of 0.227 μg-g−1 for tuna and 0.010–0.690 μg-g−1 with an average of 0.183 μg-g−1 for sardines. Comparative evaluation of these metals in three varieties of fish showed that average concentration of lead in sardines is about 4 times and Ni about 3 times higher as compared to tuna. Generally, the levels of these metals follow the order sardine > salmon > tuna. The data generated in the present study compared well with the similar studies carried out in different parts of the world. The results indicate that canned fish, in general and tuna in particular, have concentrations within permissible limits of WHO/FAO levels for these heavy metals. Therefore, their contribution to the total body burden of these metals can be considered as negligibly small.  相似文献   

7.
Concentrations of heavy metals were determined in the water column (including the sea-surface microlayer, subsurface, mid-depth and bottom water) and sediments from Singapore’s coastal environment. The concentration ranges for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the seawater dissolved phase (DP) were 0.34–2.04, 0.013–0.109, 0.07–0.35, 0.23–1.16, 0.28–0.78, 0.009–0.062 and 0.97–3.66 μg L−1 respectively. The ranges for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the suspended particulate matter (SPM) were 0.16–0.73, 6.72–53.93, 12.87–118.29, 4.34–60.71, 1.10–6.08 and 43.09–370.49 μg g−1, respectively. Heavy metal concentrations in sediments ranged between 0.054–0.217, 37.48–50.52, 6.30–21.01, 13.27–26.59, 24.14–37.28 and 48.20–62.36 μg g−1 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, respectively. The lowest concentrations of metals in the DP and SPM were most frequently found in the subsurface water while the highest concentrations were mostly observed in the SML and bottom water. Overall, heavy metals in both the dissolved and particulate fractions have depth profiles that show a decreasing trend of concentrations from the subsurface to the bottom water, indicating that the prevalence of metals is linked to the marine biological cycle. In comparison to data from Greece, Malaysia and USA, the levels of metals in the DP are considered to be low in Singapore. Higher concentrations of particulate metals were reported for the Northern Adriatic Sea and the Rhine/Meuse estuary in the Netherlands compared to values reported in this study. The marine sediments in Singapore are not heavily contaminated when compared to metal levels in marine sediments from other countries such as Thailand, Japan, Korea, Spain and China.  相似文献   

8.
In order to assess the extent of metal contamination at rocky shores of the Canarian Archipelago, metal concentrations have been measured in Patella piperata (Gould, 1846), using the standard atomic absorption spectrophotometer technique. Ranges of elements concentrations measured (in μg g−1) found in the biota were: Cd (0.36 ± 0.26 μg g−1 dry wt.), Cu (2.05 ± 0.91 dry wt.), Pb (1.57 ± 1.14 μg g−1dry wt.) and Zn (10.37 ± 4.60 μg g−1 dry wt.). Variation in metal concentrations in Patella, was tested by using non-parametric statistical methods. Cd content had a maximum in the Archipelago Chinijo, northward of Lanzarote Island. The metal concentrations recorded at the clean stations may be considered carefully if they are used like background levels.  相似文献   

9.
Heavy metal pollution of water resources can be apprehended in East Singhbhum region which is a highly mineralised zone with extensive mining of copper, uranium and other minerals. Ten groundwater samples were collected from each site and the heavy metal analysis was done by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Analysis of the results of the study reveals that the concentration of iron, manganese, zinc, lead, copper and nickel in groundwater of Bagjata mining area ranged 0.06–5.3 mg l − 1, 0.01–1.3 mg l − 1, 0.02–8.2 mg l − 1, 1.4–28.4 μg l − 1, 0.78–20.0 μg l − 1 and 1.05–20.1 μg l − 1, respectively. In case of Banduhurang mining area, the range was 0.04–2.93 mg l − 1, 0.02–1.1 mg l − 1, 0.01–4.68 mg l − 1, 1.04–33.21 μg l − 1, 1.24–18.7 μg l − 1 and 1.06–14.58 μg l − 1, respectively. The heavy metals were found to be below the drinking water standards (IS:10500 1993) except iron (0.3 mg l − 1) and manganese (0.1 mg l − 1). The hazard quotients of the heavy metals for drinking water were below 1 posing no threat due to intake of water to the people for both the areas.  相似文献   

10.
The cyclic voltammograms of terbacil and lenacil at the hanging mercury drop electrode showed a single well defined four electron irreversible peak in universal buffer of pH 4.0 for both compounds. The peak potentials were shifted to more negative values on the increase of pH of the medium, implying the involvement of protons in the electrode reaction and that the proton transfer reaction precedes the proper electrode process. The four electron single peak may be attributed to the simultaneous reduction of carbonyl groups present in 2 and 4 in pyrimidine ring of terbacil and lenacil to the corresponding hydroxy derivative. Based on the interfacial adsorptive character of the terbacil and lenacil onto the mercury electrode surface, a simple sensitive and low cost differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetric procedure was optimized for the analysis of terbacil and lenacil. The optimal operational conditions of the proposed procedure were accumulation potential E acc = −0.4 V, accumulation time t acc = 80 s, scan rate = 40 mV s−1, pulse amplitude = 25 mV using a universal buffer pH 4.0 as a supporting electrolyte. The linear concentration range was found to be 1.5 × 10−5 to 1.2 × 10−9 mol/l and 1.5 × 10−5 to 2.5 × 10−8 mol/l with the lower detection limit of 1.22 × 10−9 and 2.0 × 10−8 mol/l. The correlation coefficient and relative standard deviation values are found to be 0.942, 0.996, 1.64% and 1.23%, respectively, for 10 replicants. The procedure was successfully applied for determination of terbacil and lenacil in formulations, mixed formulations, environmental samples such as fruit samples and spiked water samples.  相似文献   

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