天津市大气中挥发性有机物的组成及分布特点

参照美国EPA TO17的方法研究天津市不同功能区大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)冬夏季中的组成及浓度水平,共检出62种挥发性有机物,冬季VOCs浓度水平低于夏季;苯系物稳定存在于各功能区且所占比例最高;VOCs的主要来源是机动车尾气。     

典型化工园区大气中挥发性有机物污染调查

对常州市某典型化工园区大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染状况进行了调查。结果表明,该化工园区大气中检出挥发性有机物共有58种,组分有芳香烃、饱和烷烃、卤代烃、烯烃、醛酯类化合物及其他类;苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯为主要挥发性有机污染物,质量浓度为1.0~194μg/m~3;均未超出参考标准的限值。背景点位和园区点位大气中主要ρ总(VOCs)在秋冬季最高,敏感点大气VOCs随季节变化也较为明显;园区T1和T2ρ总(VOCs)年均值高于敏感点位,背景点位年均值最低;园区点位除了汽车尾气排放之外,溶剂的挥发和生产工艺中污染物的排放也增加了大气中苯系物的浓度,同时也对敏感点位和对照点位的大气质量产生了一定的影响。     

滨州市大气VOCs污染现状及防控措施分析

利用挥发性有机物(VOCs)手工监测和走航监测技术,分析了滨州市城区、各县(市、区)涉VOCs工业园区的VOCs排放情况。结果表明,城区大气VOCs各组分的体积分数差异较为明显,烷烃类占比最高,其次是挥发性含氧有机物和芳香烃。排名前3的组分为异戊烷、正丁烷、丙烷,主要来自以液化石油气为燃料的车辆排放。各县(市、区)不同涉VOCs工业园区周边的VOCs组分与园区涉及的原辅料和产品类型有关,对应的组分主要为苯系物、烷烃类和烯烃类。园区内的有机化学原料制造、化学药品原料药制造和表面涂装等行业对VOCs组分的影响较大。建议从系统性溯源、科学性推进、精准化管控、针对性治理4个方面开展VOCs治理研究,从而实现VOCs排放控制,减少对周边环境的污染和影响,提升滨州市整体环境空气质量。     

江苏某县乡镇饮用水中挥发性有机物的检测及其风险评价

在江苏某癌症高发县5个乡镇10个村进行布点取样,采集深层地下水与浅层地下水共计20个水样。采用吹扫捕集与气相色谱-质谱联用方法测定水样中14种挥发性有机物(VOCs),检出二氯甲烷、1,3-二氯丙烷、三氯甲烷、苯和四氯化碳5种VOCs,其质量浓度分别为0.14～1.71、ND～50.98、0.29～90.02、0.09～2.35、0.18～3.45μg/L。2个水样中的三氯甲烷和6个水样中四氯化碳超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)规定的限值。采用优化的美国环保局风险评价模型进行人体健康风险评价,其非致癌风险指数为0.000 7～0.072,致癌风险水平1.70×10-7～2.03×10-5,70%水样的致癌风险水平超过10-6水质监控值,2个浅层地下水的致癌风险水平较高。四氯化碳和三氯甲烷对非致癌风险指数和致癌风险水平贡献较大。     

宜兴市臭氧和挥发性有机物的浓度特征研究

于2016年对宜兴市大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)和臭氧(O_3)的变化特征进行了分析。结果表明,宜兴市O3年均值为62.92μg/m~3,其中冬季值最低(31.19μg/m~3),夏季值最高(94.96μg/m~3)。φ(VOCs)为(11.00~42.45)×10~(-9),其中丙酮(12.7%)、乙酸乙酯(8.8%)和丙烯(3.3%)等在VOCs中占比位于前3位。各站点φ(甲苯)/φ(苯)2,全年的φ(甲苯)/φ(苯)φ(乙苯)/φ(苯)φ(间、对二甲苯)/φ(苯)。指出VOCs主要来源为有机溶剂和道路交通,并受到一定的外来输送影响。各站点φ(VOCs)/φ(NOx)为0.94~2.44,O3处于VOCs敏感区。     

郑州市环境空气中挥发性有机物的组成及分布特点

初步探查研究了郑州市不同功能区环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的种类组成及TVOC和苯系物浓度分布特点,共检测出221种VOCs.交通密集区VOCs污染较重,汽车尾气是目前VOCs主要来源.     

典型废酸油渣中54种VOCs和16种PAHs的分布特征研究

通过运用GC-MS方法对3家润滑油生产企业废酸油渣中的54种挥发性有机物(VOCs)和16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定性及定量分析。结果表明,54种VOCs有12种被检出,检出率为22.2%,其中1,2,4-三甲苯在75个样品中均有检出,检出率为100%。54种VOCs质量分数为ND～12.5 mg/kg,其中质量分数较高的化合物为苯(0.6～11.9 mg/kg)、萘(1.0～12.5 mg/kg)、1,2,4-三甲苯(0.5～10.2 mg/kg)。16种PAHs有12种被检出,检出率为75%,其中萘、菲、芘、苯并[a]蒽和■在58个样品中均有检出,检出率为100%。16种PAHs质量分数为2～2 160 mg/kg,其中质量分数较高的化合物为■(25～2 160 mg/kg)、芘(10～207 mg/kg)、苯并[a]蒽(5～108 mg/kg)。同一个企业不同油样之间的VOCs和PAHs检出种类和质量分数存在明显差异,各目标物质量分数与总量之间并不完全相关,这与油源、生产工艺以及样品的风化程度有关。客观上,大部分样本存在不均匀性,因此桶装废酸油渣样品检测应关注采样环节,应根据样品特点采集足够的样本数,保证测定结果真实可靠。     

南京市环境空气中挥发性有机物的组成与特点

参照美国EPATO17的方法研究南京市不同功能区(交通区、商业旅游区、居住区、工业区和清洁对照点)环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)在一年四季中的组成及浓度水平。共检出189种挥发性有机物,并随气温下降而减少;苯系物稳定存在于各功能区,浓度秋季最高。交通区污染最严重。     

南宁城市内河沉积物中SVOCs的分布与风险评价

采用加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对南宁市7条城市内河表层沉积物中的64种半挥发性有机物(SVOCs)进行了分析测定,定量检出12种SVOCs,包括7种多环芳烃类(PAHs)、1种酚类和4种酯类,其中属于我国优先控制污染物的有8种,属于美国优先控制污染物的有11种。南宁市城市内河沉积物中的SVOCs总量范围为6.75~34.45 μg/g(以干质量计),均值为15.85 μg/g(以干质量计),以竹排冲的含量最高,污染程度与工业污染源的关系十分密切。特征污染物为酞酸酯,在各测点的比重均占检出总含量的83%以上。除相思湖外的6条城市内河的沉积物均检出PAHs,区域内的工业生产活动对城市内河沉积物的PAHs有重要贡献。应用效应区间低值(ERL)和效应区间中值(ERM)指标对沉积物进行的生态风险评价表明,南宁市城市内河沉积物的生态风险较小。     

泰州市夏季大气典型VOCs污染特征及健康风险评估

于2019年8—9月,采用大气预浓缩-气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对泰州市3个监测点位环境空气中57种挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行分析,并开展了VOCs组成特征、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)、VOCs来源及健康风险评价研究。结果表明:3个点位环境空气中φ(VOCs)范围为1.3×10^(-9)~46.9×10^(-9),平均值为8.5×10^(-9)。烷烃在VOCs中所占比例最大。各点位φ(VOCs)平均值依次为:工业园区>公园路>天德湖公园。公园路点位VOCs中苯系物受汽车尾气排放影响较大,天德湖公园和工业园区点位除了受汽车尾气排放影响,还受到有机溶剂和涂料的挥发影响,主要受本地污染主导。OFP中贡献最大的物质为乙烯,OFP值为5.5μg/m^(3),其次为烷烃。健康风险评价结果显示,各点位VOCs非致癌类风险均较低,处于安全范围内。各点位夏季环境空气中苯对人体均具有一定致癌风险。     

Determination of volatile organic compounds pollution sources in malaysian drinking water using multivariate analysis

A field investigation was conducted at all water treatment plants throughout 11 states and Federal Territory in Peninsular Malaysia. The sampling points in this study include treatment plant operation, service reservoir outlet and auxiliary outlet point at the water pipelines. Analysis was performed by solid phase micro-extraction technique with a 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane fibre using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection to analyse 54 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of different chemical families in drinking water. The concentration of VOCs ranged from undetectable to 230.2 μg/l. Among all of the VOCs species, chloroform has the highest concentration and was detected in all drinking water samples. Average concentrations of total trihalomethanes (THMs) were almost similar among all states which were in the range of 28.4--33.0 μg/l. Apart from THMs, other abundant compounds detected were cis and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1,2-dibromoethane, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, chlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene and 1,2-dichloro - benzene. Principal component analysis (PCA) with the aid of varimax rotation, and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) method were used to statistically verify the correlation between VOCs and the source of pollution. The multivariate analysis pointed out that the maintenance of auxiliary pipelines in the distribution systems is vital as it can become significant point source pollution to Malaysian drinking water.     

2007-2013年乌鲁木齐市集中式饮用水源地水质变化趋势分析及对策建议

对2007-2013年乌鲁木齐市集中式饮用水源地水质监测数据进行综合分析，泉水型地下饮用水源地米东区三水厂受储水介质及当地地质化学结构的影响，溶解盐类常年超标，水质较差；湖库型地表水源地五、八水厂总磷浓度在个别年份存在一定程度的超标现象，且地表水源地中挥发性卤代烃类、硝基苯和酞酸酯类等有机项目及镍等重金属类检出率较高，存在一定程度的风险。对此提出了进一步完善水源地环境保护及合理开发优质水资源的对策建议，为首府饮用水源地的保护和相关研究工作提供依据。     

Investigation and assessment of volatile organic compounds in water sources in China

456 water samples collected from 152 water sources in 2006 were analyzed for 21 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Concentrations of 21 VOCs ranged from below method detection limits of the laboratory to 7.65 ??g/L (toluene), but seldom exceeded the concentration limits set in the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (GB5749-2006) or the National Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB3838-2002) of China. Of the 21 individual VOCs analyzed, 11 VOCs were detected in at least one sample at or above 1.0 ??g/L; 6.6% of the water samples had a detection of at least one VOC at or above 1.0 ??g/L, and 2.6% had a detection of at least two VOCs at or above 1.0 ??g/L. Based on the statistical data of detection frequencies above the method detection limits, 75% of the samples detected at least one VOC, and 65% of the samples detected at least two VOCs. Chloroform, toluene, and 1,2-dichloroethene were the three most frequently detected VOCs, with detection frequencies of 76.97%, 68.42%, and 44.08%, respectively. Volatile halogenated hydrocarbons and gasoline components were the two most frequently detected VOC groups.     

Comprehensive screening and priority ranking of volatile organic compounds in Daliao River,China

An analytical strategy for comprehensive screening of target and non-target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in surface water was developed, and it was applied to the analysis of VOCs in water samples from Daliao River. The target VOCs were quantified using purge and trap-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (P&T-GC/MS). Among 20 water samples, 34 VOCs were detected at least once. For the screening of non-target VOCs, the double distillation apparatus was used for the pre-concentration of VOCs prior to P&T-GC/MS analysis. Subsequently, deconvolution software and NIST mass spectral library were applied for the identification of the non-target compounds. A total of 17 non-target VOCs were identified. The most frequently detected VOCs (detection frequencies >80 %) included toluene, benzene, naphthalene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, and methyl tert-butyl ether. The distribution of VOCs obviously varied according to the sampling sites. The total concentrations of VOCs in water samples collected from the heavily industrialized cities (Anshan and Liaoyang) and the busy port city (Yingkou) were relatively high. The top ten priority VOCs, including naphthalene, 1,2-dichloroethane, o-xylene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, tetrachloroethene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, and p-xylene, were obtained by the ranking of the detected VOCs according to their occurrence and ecological effects. These compounds should be given more attention in monitoring and drainage control strategies.     

吹扫—捕集／气相色谱法测定水中挥发性有机物

为提高样品分析效率，研究并建立了吹扫-捕集／气相色谱／氢火焰检测器联用同时测定水中1，2-二氯乙烷、苯、甲苯、氯苯、乙苯、对-二甲苯、间-二甲苯、苯乙烯、邻-二甲苯、异丙苯、1，4-二氯苯、1，2-二氯苯、硝基苯、1，3，5-三氯苯、1，2，4-三氯苯、1，2，3-三氯苯、六氯丁二烯17种挥发性有机物的分析方法。结果表明，当进样体积为25．0ml时，最低检出限为0．0034-0．1088μg/L，相对标准偏差为1．8％～6．4％，加标平均回收率为97．6％-105．8％。该方法可快速、简便、准确、高灵敏度的测定水中17种挥发性有机物，并适用于饮用水和地表水中挥发性有机物的测定。     

河流型饮用水水源保护区划分比较

比较分析了国内外河流型水源保护区划分的原则、方法和标准,例证了我国不同省份的划分实践。指出,我国各省多采用经验值划分水源保护区范围,部分省份划分方案久未更新,没有充分发挥保护区的作用。提出,应进一步细化水源保护区划分规范指导要求,及时修订省级水源保护区划分方案,并借鉴国外水源保护区划分经验,通过调整水质标准、重视公众参与、利用地理信息系统等方式划分水源保护区,从源头上预防水源污染,降低饮用水公共风险,保障饮用水安全。     

上海市饮用水源地优先控制有机污染物筛选

综合考虑国外优先控制污染物筛选的方法,根据上海市集中式生活饮用水源地特定80项和地表水控制的109项以外项目、全市挥发性和半挥发性有机项目、水源地突发性应急事故有机污染物等实际监测数据和历年来微量有机污染物研究成果,制定饮用水源地优先控制有机污染物筛选的原则、程序和过程,对出现频率高、超标几率高、浓度高,可能对人体健康产生影响的有机污染物进行筛选,提出包括多环芳烃、酞酸酯、卤代烃和其他共4类7种上海市饮用水源地优先控制有机污染物名单.     

中外饮用水水质标准的微生物指标比较

结合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006),与国外标准(美国环保署的《美国饮用水水质标准》、欧盟的《饮用水水质指令》、世界卫生组织的《饮用水水质准则》及其他某些国家的饮用水标准)中的微生物指标进行了分析比较。综合评价了各水质标准的特点,并对我国的水质标准的微生物指标提出了意见和建议。     

中美饮用水水源水质标准比较

对我国《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)和《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-1993)与美国EPA《清洁水法案》和《安全饮用水法案》中适用范围、分类分级、指标项目、标准限值以及修订周期等方面内容进行比较分析。指出了我国饮用水水源水质标准存在的问题,提出构建和修订我国水源地水质标准的建议。     

Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Their Sources in the Air of Izmir, Turkey

Air samples were collected in Izmir, Turkey at two (suburban and urban) sites during three sampling programs in 2002 and 2004 to determine the ambient concentrations of several monoaromatic, chlorinated and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Samples were analyzed for 60 VOCs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and 28 compounds were detected in most samples. On the average, urban air VOC concentrations were about four times higher than those measured at the suburban site. Toluene (40.6%) was the most abundant compound in suburban site and was followed by benzene (7.4%), o,m-xylene (6.5%), and 1,2-dichloroethane (5.1%). In urban site, toluene (30.5%), p-xylene (14.9%), o,m-xylene (11.4%), and ethyl benzene (7.2%) were the dominating compounds in summer. In winter, toluene (31.1%), benzene (23.9%), 1,2-dichloroethane (9.5%), and o,m-xylene (8.2%) were the most abundant compounds. Receptor modeling (positive matrix factorization) has been performed to estimate the contribution of specific source types to ambient concentrations. Six source factors (gasoline vehicle exhaust, diesel vehicle exhaust+residential heating, paint production/application, degreasing, dry cleaning, and an undefined source) were extracted from the samples collected in the urban site. Three source factors (gasoline vehicle exhaust, diesel vehicle exhaust, and paint production/application) were identified for the suburban site.