河流重油泄漏事故的应急监测

介绍了河流重油泄漏事故的应急监测,包括监测方案制定、监测点位设置、分析对象确定、跟踪监测、数据分析等。重油污染可通过监测水体中的石油类进行。监测结果表明,重油泄漏事故在短期内对水环境造成了严重影响,清除完全后,水体可逐步恢复正常。重油污染具有一定的持久性,在事发后需要对水体进行长期的跟踪监测。     

由石油类应急监测现状探寻水中石油类监测的突破

突发环境事件发生后,对污染物质、污染物浓度、污染范围及其动态变化情况进行监测是环境应急监测的基本工作要求。在不能利用管理手段有效获取污染来源等信息的情况下,开展溯源应急监测成为突发环境事件处理处置的重要需求。然而通过资料调研及应急监测案例分析发现,石油类水体突发环境事件应急监测大多存在采样代表性不够、溯源手段不健全、特征污染物监测不全面,以及现行石油类监测方法不能完整说清污染状况等问题或不足。因此,建议通过优化整合水中石油类指标监测标准,构建与石油类污染特征相适应的技术规范及配套监测分析方法,以达到精准、全面反映石油类水体污染状况的目的。     

环境污染事故应急监测的对策

提出环境污染事故应急监测应分为环境污染事故发生时和环境污染事故发生后两大类,当环境污染事故发生时,主要污染物是以气体状态存在,当环境污染事故发生后,污染的是水体、土壤及生物等环境样品,并对其中6个类型污染事故发生时的应急监测作了阐述。     

基于GIS的河流污染应急监测方案自动生成研究

通过对河流污染事故应急监测工作流程的分析,研究了基于GIS的河流污染应急监测方案中所涉及的关键技术问题,包括对事故发生地点的空间定位、事故发生地周围应急监测单位及专家组分布信息的查询、应急监测队伍及仪器设备到达事发地最短路径的确定,以及重点研究的一维水质模型与GIS的集成技术。以昆山市河流突发性污染事故为例,探讨了基于GIS的河流污染应急监测优化方案的自动生成原型系统。     

长江船舶苯酚泄漏污染事故的应急监测

从方案制定、监测布点、现场工作等方面,阐述长江南通段船舶苯酚泄漏污染事故的应急监测工作。通过案例分析并比对国内其他类似事故,明确该类型事故具有污染源不确定性强、污染扩散速度快、污染影响范围广等特点。应对类似事件,通过建立应急统一指挥中心、现场应急监测实验室、模型预测等技术手段,可以提高应急监测的科学性和主动性。     

水库型河流锰污染应急监测技术研究

以贵州和湖南的跨省锰污染事故为例，详细阐述了该污染事故开展应急监测的全过程，并就水库型河流锰污染事故应急监测方案、分析技术选择、监测力量配置、质量控制等内容进行探讨，并总结了应急监测的技术和管理经验。     

两种环境应急监测仪器在突发性环境污染事故中的作用

突发性环境污染事故虽然出现频率小,但危害极大,是威胁人类健康、破坏生态环境的重要因素。对于突发性污染事故的应急监测和处置,必须做到及时、快速、简便、准确。在某次苯泄漏事故的应急监测中,采用先进的傅里叶红外便携式气体分析仪监测环境空气质量,采用便携式气相色谱仪监测水质,结果表明,便捷、高效的监测仪器为此次污染事故的成功处置提供了技术支持,为以后类似突发污染事故的应急监测提供了参考。     

活性氧化铝吸附法在河道砷污染应急处置中的应用

以江苏省邳苍分洪道砷污染事件为例,介绍了活性氧化铝吸附法在大型砷污染河流中的应急处置,对污染的背景、治污处理工艺水平、处理方案和过程进行探讨。结果表明,该方法对大水量、中低浓度的水体砷污染治理有一定的效果,为今后此类事件的应急处置提供了借鉴。     

突发性流域水污染应急监测的质量控制

分析了流域水环境污染应急监测的特点和重要性,提出了进一步提高应急监测数据质量的强化质控措施,并以北江铊污染应急监测为例,阐述了强化质控措施的应用.     

以嘉陵江铊浓度异常事件为例探讨《重特大突发水环境事件应急监测工作规程》在应急监测中的应用

以"1.20"嘉陵江铊浓度异常事件应急监测为例,阐述了《重特大突发水环境事件应急监测工作规程》在应急监测工作中的应用。通过实例分析了应急监测全过程中的监测方案编制、样品采集安排、监测实验室设置、监测方法选择、监测结果报送、污染趋势预测以及应急状态终止等内容,结果表明《重特大突发水环境事件应急监测工作规程》能够指导应急监测工作顺利开展,该案例可为相关突发水环境事件的现场处置和应急监测工作提供技术参考。     

Seasonal source influence on river mass flows of benzotriazoles

The anticorrosive agents 1H-benzotriazole (1H-BT), 4-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (4 Me-BT) and 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (5 Me-BT), which are usually added to dishwasher detergents, automotive antifreeze formulations and aircraft de-icing/anti-icing fluids (ADAFs), were measured in river water. Samples were collected from 15 sampling sites in the mainstream and selected tributaries of a medium-sized catchment area during summer and winter periods. The aim of this study was to assess a seasonal source influence on mass flows of benzotriazoles (BTs). The study area was representatively selected for an area with a possible influence of airport surface runoff. River discharge measurements were also performed. Moreover, BT concentrations were measured in an anti-icing and a de-icing fluid used at German airports as well as in several dishwasher detergents. The highest concentrations of all three compounds in river water were measured during the winter seasons. The maximum BT mass flows were calculated for all three substances in January when the mean monthly air temperature was the lowest; mass flows were the lowest in July when the mean monthly air temperature was the highest. A significant seasonal influence on BT mass flows in river water was observed for monitoring stations with a possible influence of airport surface runoff and for sampling locations where such an influence could be excluded. This indicates an input of BTs from other temperature-dependent applications, e.g. the use of antifreeze formulations in automotive windscreen wiper or cooling systems. 1H-BT was detected in two dishwasher tablets; 4 Me-BT and 5 Me-BT were not detected. BTs were measured in the anti-icing fluid with concentrations of 715 ng g(-1) (1H-BT), 1425 ng g(-1) (4 Me-BT) and 536 ng g(-1) (5 Me-BT); none of the BTs were detected in the de-icing fluid. Distribution patterns of BTs in ADAF and dishwasher detergents differed from those in river water.     

不同类型机场项目环保管理问题分析

简述了全国机场的主要分类。根据近几年对各类型机场开展验收监测的实际情况及经验,指出了不同类型机场面临的主要环境问题;对机场项目验收中干线及以上规模机场飞机噪声污染、尾气排放,支线机场生态保护、中水回用、不同类型机场飞机噪声监测等问题进行了分析;就完善机场项目环保管理问题提出了建议。     

连续纵向水质监测方法在温瑞塘河的应用

水质监测结果是水质评价与水污染防治的重要依据。针对常规定点水质监测方法无法完整再现水质指标的时空连续分布特征的问题,将船只搭载的水质实时监测设备与GPS同步形成基于GIS数据支撑的连续纵向水质监测方法。重点对水质监测仪及GPS空间数据集成问题进行了分析讨论,并在温瑞塘河流域进行了实验论证。结果表明,连续性纵向水质监测不但能进行连续时空水质监测,还能与GPS、GIS结合进行连续性时空分布特征的分析。     

浅谈中国机场噪声监控系统的发展

简述了机场噪声监控系统,分析了机场噪声监控系统在噪声管理上的作用,指出了国内机场噪声监控系统存在的问题,机场噪声管理水平落后,相关法律规范不够完善,机场噪声监控系统的应用处于探索阶段,机场噪声监控设备的软件功能有待加强。提出,应加快噪声监控系统相关的技术标准体系建设,对国内相关企业加强资金投入,扶持自主技术的研发,推行试点研究,示范项目学习,注重自主研发,推进公众参与度,提升服务功能。     

高原机场飞机噪声监测与计算结果比较分析

高原机场飞机架次较少,机型单一,飞行周期稳定,以及高原特殊的环境特征,有时会导致现场实际噪声监测数据无效。应用综合噪声模型(INM)软件对青海玉树机场飞机噪声进行计算,其结果与监测结果比较显示,计算值和监测值误差在±6 d B的范围以内。探讨提出采用飞机噪声计算模式,可以为高原机场飞机噪声管理提供可靠技术支撑。     

Littoral diatoms as indicators of recent water and sediment contamination by metals in lakes

We studied the response of benthic diatoms to recent metal contamination in littoral cores collected at 25 sites in 11 lakes situated at different distances from a smelter in the Rouyn-Noranda mining region (Quebec). Diatom response was described in terms of density, diversity, and taxonomic composition of the entire assemblages and as abundance of individual indicator taxa. Metal concentrations were measured in sediment and in the overlying water (as total dissolved and as free-ions). Sediment metal contamination was significantly higher in lakes located <10 km from the smelters than in lakes farther away. Such difference was not significant when metal concentrations in the overlying water were considered. Metal contamination did not affect diatom density, which indeed was highest in the most contaminated lake. Diversity (either measured as number of taxa or as Shannon and evenness indices) was instead significantly higher in lakes close to the smelter than elsewhere. Redundancy analysis indicated that diatom composition changed along a gradient in alkalinity (CO?) and one in sediment metal contamination (Cd, Hg, Cu). We identified three diatom taxa (Fragilaria construens var. venter, F. construens var. pumila, and Brachysira vitrea) that increased in relative and absolute abundance with metal contamination. Benthic diatom responses at the community (density, diversity, assemblage composition) and population levels (abundance of selected benthic taxa) were stronger to the sediment metal contamination than to the contamination of overlying water. Comparisons with available literature indicated that, for monitoring recent sediment contamination, diatoms in littoral sediments are preferable to invertebrates that mostly respond to overlying water. Diatoms in littoral cores are therefore unique as tools for monitoring recent contamination of lake sediments.     

水质松节油环境污染应急监测探讨

针对一次水质松节油突发环境污染应急监测实际案例,讨论样品污染、基体干扰、发泡和含油样品的处理、二次曲线拟合、样品浓缩、保存期不一致、处罚依据缺失及伴生污染等问题,分析多种测定方法的适用性,制定一套应急监测分析流程。     

机场飞机噪声自主验收监测难点与解决对策探讨

中国机场建设高速发展,但竣工环保验收制度执行不理想。在自主验收的大背景下,飞机噪声问题将直接制约机场建设项目的环保验收。笔者分析了验收监测布点要求不明确、验收监测工况要求不完善、飞机噪声监测计算方式不统一、降噪措施落实难效果差等自主验收难点,并提出了合理选择测点位置、完善验收工况调查内容、根据机场类型和敏感点分布特征选择飞机噪声监测计算方式以及智能化大数据协管主动降噪措施的解决对策。     

机场周围飞机噪声影响规律的研究

针对目前我国飞机噪声对机场周围敏感区域影响的状况,应用大量的环保验收等实测数据,对机场周围飞机噪声的变化规律进行了分析研究.其结果时于情况相近的机场周围飞机噪声的管理与治理提供参考.