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1.
环境污染对机体营养与免疫水平影响的调查研究   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
通过对兰州市交警作业环境现场污染物浓度的监测,探明了兰州市交通路口受汽车尾气污染的程度。同时对交警人群体检,发现值勤交警鼻炎、咽炎患病率及神经衰弱症候群、砂眼、关节酸痛等症状出现率均以值勤交警者高于内勤警,且具有统计学意义。血中碳氧血红蛋白、血红蛋白浓度及发铅含量均为值勤交警高于内勤警,而血中免疫球蛋白、尿中水溶性维生素(VB1、VB2、VC)及发中Ca、Cu、Zn含量值勤警低于内勤警。说明兰州市交警作业环境对值勤交警的健康及营养与免疫水平已造成一定的危害,并提出防治与保健措施。  相似文献   

2.
氯仿,四氯化碳对蚕豆根尖细胞微核诱发效应的比较研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核方法检测氯仿、四氯化碳的诱变效应,结果表明,氯仿从0.01g/L至1.0各浓度组微核率明显高于阴性对照组(P〈0.01),亦高于阳性对照组(P〈0.01),四氯化碳从0.01g/L至1.0g/L各浓度组微核率同样明显高于阴性及阳性对照组(P〈0.01),且同一浓度的2种药物诱发微核率比较,氯仿高于四氯化碳,差异非常显著,说明氯仿的诱变活性强于四氯化碳。  相似文献   

3.
铝电解粉尘有机提取物及其组分对DNA修复合成的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以外周血淋巴细胞程序外DNA合成(UDS)为观察指标,研究了铝电解粉尘及其5个组分对人外周血淋巴细胞UDS的影响。结果表明,在提取物浓度为19-75μg/ml范围内,粉尘有机提取物及其5个组分的细胞UDS值均有不同程度的增加,且存在明显的剂量--反庆关系,有机碱组分和脂肪烃组分与阴性对照组比较,有显著性差异(P〈0.05),而粉尘有机提取物及其有机酸组分、多环芳烃组分、极 合物组分与组性比较,有极  相似文献   

4.
通过对常见的几种检测管法的比较,筛选出灵敏度较高的亚硝基铁氰化钠法;同时筛选出载体为60—80目的素陶瓷,指示剂浓度为20%。玻璃管内径为2.0—2.3mm,采气速度为0.3(L/min),采样体积为12L,以此条件进行实验.结果表明,检测管变色长度对应SO2浓度的相关性很好;变异系数均小于110%,检测的重现性较好。检测管的测定值与理论值的平均相对误差为5.09%(<±15%),最大相对误差为7.13%(<±25%),准确度较高.测定结果可靠;与化学法比较,两者无显著性差异;浓度小于0.15mg/m3的H2S及浓度小于0.01mg/m3的NO2对SO2检测管无干扰.  相似文献   

5.
兰州市汽车尾气污染状况调查   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
通过对兰州市汽车尾气污染状况的调查与分析,认为兰州市街道空气污染较重,CO、NOx、SO2、TSP、Pb各项污染均超标,其污染程度与车流强度、时间、季节、路面宽度、风速及不同形式的交通路口相关。汽车尾气排放已成为兰州市空气污染的重要来源。  相似文献   

6.
李吉文  邹文良 《干旱环境监测》1994,8(4):227-228,242
对乌鲁木齐地区5所医院1所卫生防疫站的医用诊断X射线机房内空气中正负离子浓度进行了调查,结果表明:透视和摄片机房空气中正负离子浓度分别为474±118,312±104(个/cm3)和404±101,256±78(个/cm3).单极系数(n+/n-)分别为1.52和1.58。正离子浓度均高于对照组(P<0.01),n+/n-相当于对照组的1,37和1.42倍。开机后空气中正离子浓度显著高于开机前浓度,n+/n-开机后相当于开机前的1.66和1.59倍,呈现出X线机房空气中正负离子严重失调。提示应加强有害因素的防护。  相似文献   

7.
人群五氯酚环境暴露量的调查分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以江苏省金坛市和响水县为污染区和对照区,分别调查了各类饮用水及食物中的五氯酚(PCP)浓度,应用膳食日记和双份膳食法计算出污染区人群五氯酚的环境暴露量为0.55 ̄0.58μg,实际从膳食中摄入量为0.57μg。  相似文献   

8.
钴 5-Cl-PADAB分光光度法天然水中钻含量很低,浓度多数为每升0.01-l卜g,对人、动植物不会产生毒害作用。有色金属冶炼厂和加工厂等企业的废水中常含高浓度的钻。水中钻的浓度为0.1-0.27mg/L时,对西红柿等植物产生毒害作用,硫酸钻浓度为...  相似文献   

9.
沈阳市室内空气细菌与真菌粒子的关系   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
用ANDERSEN生物粒子采样器和平皿沉降法观测了室内空气细菌和真菌粒子浓度、浓度分布、粒度分布、粒数中值直径和沉降量.结果表明,室内空气细菌粒子浓度为真菌粒子浓度的2.5倍,细菌粒数中值直径为真菌粒数中值直径的1.4倍,细菌粒子沉降量为真菌粒子沉降量的5,3倍。<8.2μm的空气细菌和真菌粒子浓度差别不大,而>8.2μm的空气细苗比真苗粒子浓度高4.1倍.<8.2μm的可吸入真菌粒数百分比大于<8.2μm的细菌粒数百分比.在一天的7:00时~22:00时,室内空气细菌和真菌粒子的浓度、沉降量均呈双峰变化;细苗和真菌粒子浓度的相关系数为0.822,细菌和真菌粒子沉降量的相关系数为0.896,均呈明显的正相关关系;细菌和真菌粒数中值直径的相关系数为-0.096,相关关系不大。  相似文献   

10.
两次金汞齐—冷原子吸收光谱法测定大气中的痕量气态总汞   总被引:10,自引:2,他引:10  
本文作者在已有仪器的基础上进行简单改装,建立了两次金汞齐—冷原子吸收光谱法测定大气中的微量气态总汞的方法。研究表明,这种方法最低检出限为0.05ng;100μl饱和汞蒸气连续测定结果表明其相对标准偏差<1.41%。在0~2.0ng汞量范围内标准工作曲线线性关系良好。运用该法,对贵州省万山汞矿、丹寨汞矿、清镇汞污染农田、省农科院和中国科学院地球化学研究所等地大气气态总汞进行了测定。这种分析方法还可以运用到其它环境样品微量汞的测定。  相似文献   

11.
微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬   总被引:24,自引:5,他引:24       下载免费PDF全文
用微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜,锌,铅,镉,镍和铬。通过硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解,选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸-盐酸-过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸-氢氟酸-过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验,发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解,后者能将样品消解完全,但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽,否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比,操作简便快速,可提高工作效率。  相似文献   

12.
The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> -1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.  相似文献   

13.
Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor 3H, 90Sr, total U, 238Pu, 239, 240Pu,241Am, and 137Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10-3 mSv y-1and 1.6 × 10-3 mSv y-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10-4 mGyd-1 and 4.7 × 10-4 mGy d-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.  相似文献   

14.
This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.  相似文献   

15.
An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO2 emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.   相似文献   

16.
The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.  相似文献   

17.
A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.  相似文献   

18.
The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.  相似文献   

19.
The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.  相似文献   

20.
Assessments of long-term relationships between changes innutrient inputs and wetland nutrient concentrations can becomplicated by fluctuations in other environmental factors aswell as by problems typical of long-term monitoring data.Consequently, statistical analysisof these types of data sets requirescareful consideration of environmental covariates, potentialbiases in the monitoring design, and irregularities caused bychanges in field sampling protocols. We evaluated therelationship between anthropogenic phosphorus (P) inputs andwater-column total P (TP) concentrations in a northernEverglades marsh by statistically analyzing available datacollected from several sampling programs over the past 20 years(1978–1997). Canal inputs of agricultural runoff contributemost of the P to the marsh and have produced a zone ofenrichment within the marsh during the past few decades.Regression analyses showed that both canal and marsh TPconcentrations increased during the 1980s and then decreased inthe 1990s. However, the statistical relationship between canal Pinputs and marsh TP, while significant, generally was weakexcept for marsh locations adjacent to the canal. Strongerrelationships existed between marsh TP and hydrologic parameterssuch as marsh water depth, which is controlled by changes inweather patterns and marsh management. In particular, dryconditions during the 1980s may have contributed to observedincreases in marsh P concentrations and the movement of a P`front' further into the marsh. Higher rainfall and water depthsand agricultural best management programs initiated during the1990s have been associated with reduced P concentrations incanal waters entering the marsh. While it is anticipated thatthis reduction eventually will result in lower marsh TPconcentrations, this effect is not yet evident, possibly due tointernal loading of P from enriched marsh soils. Our findingsillustrate some of the environmental factors that can complicateattempts to develop empirical relationships between P inputs andwetland P concentrations and to use such relationships to forecast changesin marsh concentrations based on past monitoring data alone.  相似文献   

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