火电厂烟气自动化监测系统的比对监测

介绍了火电厂烟气自动化在线监控系统按照《固定污染源烟气连续监测系统技术要求及检测方法》(HJ/T 76-2001),以及《固定污染源排气中颗粒物测定与气态污染物采样方法》(GB/T 16157-1996)和《固定污染源排气中二氧化硫的测定定电位电解法》(HJ/T 57-2000)对大气污染物中颗粒物、二氧化硫和流速进行了比对监测,结果表明,颗粒物、二氧化硫和流速的测定结果均符合规定要求.     

空气流动监测系统改装及其在监测服务中的应用

随着城市化发展进程日益加快,各城市城区面积不断扩大,功能区也随之不断变化,环境空气自动监测以固定站点为主的监测模式不能完全满足区域环境空气评价,因此建设空气流动监测系统是全面提升整个城市空气自动监测网络体系监测能力的需要.设计满足各种监测服务需求的流动监测系统,并实时观测区域气象要素,可为区域环境和重大工程项目的环境质量评估、预报、预警、执法等工作提供决策服务.根据空气流动监测系统的改装和实际使用情况,兼顾现阶段国内外环境空气流动监测技术的发展状况,谈谈如何自主改装流动监测系统,以及其在监测服务中的应用.     

环境噪声自动监测系统研究进展

主要介绍噪声监测系统的发展情况、系统结构、功能特点,并着重介绍了无线传输技术在噪声监测系统中的应用。     

环境应急监测中的信息系统建设

在分析环境应急监测现状和存在问题的基础上,阐述了在环境应急监测中实施信息化系统建设的重要性和必要性,构建了环境应急监测中信息系统建设的总体框架和建设内容,提出了建立环境监测数据共享系统、应急监测基础数据库系统、地理信息系统、应急决策支持系统、应急监测信息交流系统、视频监控系统、现场指挥调度系统、风险分析与评价系统、环境污染事故预警系统等信息系统,以此来提高环境应急监测的科学性和智能化水平。     

南昌市降水自动监测与手工采样监测对比分析

南昌市环境监测站引进了一套降水自动监测系统,该系统由一个中心站及五台AR-107型自动监测仪(子站)组成。通过对AR-107型降水自动监测仪及手工样监测结果间的对比实验发现,自动监测与手工采样监测所获得的pH值和电导率值差异明显,并对这种差异进行了分析探讨,认为干沉降是这种差异存在的主要原因。     

船载自动监测系统在水质监测中的应用

水质监测是开展水生态环境评价、监管的基础性工作之一。随着对水生态环境保护与管理要求的提高，人工水质监测与自动水质监测相结合的模式应用越来越普遍。以船舶为载体的水质自动监测系统开展巡测，可实现高密度样品采集、检测及信息的实时传输，在长江泸州以下干流水域的实践中取得了良好效果。系统的应用可弥补常规监测断面间距过大、人工监测频次低、固定站房式水质自动监测站近岸取样等不足，对人工监测和自动监测形成有效补充；船载水质自动监测系统能够实现定点、定深、定时监测，可以在河流污染带监测、入河排污行为的监管以及偷排行为的溯源、水污染应急动态监测等工作中发挥有效作用，既可应用于长江干流等河道较宽且水质可能存在岸别差异的河流，也可应用于滇池、太湖、丹江口等大型湖泊、水库水生态环境监管。     

汽车尾气遥感监测

介绍一种先进的汽车尾气监测技术,即遥感监测的工作原理、检测系统的组成、现场设置、遥感监测的优点、实际应用及其与传统监测方法检测结果的相关性.     

固定污染源非甲烷总烃自动连续监测系统比对监测

对非甲烷总烃自动连续监测系统进行示值误差、响应时间、零点漂移和量程漂移等性能测试,对非甲烷总烃便携式分析仪进行检出限、精密度、准确度等性能测试。性能测试满足相关要求后同时利用便携式催化氧化-氢火焰离子化检测器法(催化氧化-FID)、便携式气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器法(GC-FID)和实验室气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器法(GC-FID)对固定污染源非甲烷总烃自动连续监测系统进行现场比对测试。测试结果表明,在工况变动较大的情况下,便携式FID法与实验室GC-FID法测试结果相对误差为19. 6%～35. 1%,具有很好的可比性。以实验室GC-FID法为参比方法时,自动连续监测系统相对准确度为64. 1%,不满足《固定污染源废气非甲烷总烃连续监测系统技术要求及检测方法》(HJ 1013—2018)的要求。以便携式FID为参比方法时,自动连续监测系统相对准确度分别为28. 6%和35. 3%,相对《固定污染源废气总烃、甲烷和非甲烷总烃的测定气相色谱法》(HJ 38—2017)方法一致性更好,均能满足《HJ 1013—2018》的要求。提出,应推进便携式方法在自动连续监测系统验收和质控比对中的应用。     

新型区域γ辐射监测系统

对新型区域γ辐射监测系统的组成和功能进行介绍,详细分析剂量仪、数据收发器和上位机软件的设计。将该系统用于涉核场所核辐射的监测,运行测试结果正常,表明该系统具有功耗低和自组网的特点,能适用于区域γ辐射监测。     

连续排放监测简介

连续排放监测(ＣＥＭ)是对燃烧或工业生产过程中排放至大气中的污染物的连续测量,是利用仪器监测在酸雨控制计划的规定期限内削减ＳＯ2和ＮＯＸ排放量的手段。1　ＣＥＭ的规定酸雨控制计划管理企业的所有者或管理者(经管理系统指定的除外),必须在污染排放源安装ＣＥＭ系统。ＣＥＭ系统包括ＳＯ2污染物浓度监测仪、ＮＯＸ污染物浓度监测仪、流量监测仪、黑度监测仪、稀释气体(Ｏ2或ＣＯ2)监测仪及计算机数据获取和处理系统(ＤＡＨＳ)。在任何情况下,ＤＡＨＳ都必须用于收集和记录监测数据。用ＣＥＭ系统监测ＳＯ2排放量的设备包括ＳＯ2污…     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...