基于多元回归理论的太湖湖泛预警模型研究

在太湖宜兴段藻源性湖泛高发区设立4个监测点,以湖泛发生的物质基础"藻类生物量"为研究对象,运用数据分析软件SPSS对监测点的藻类生物量、水质、气温等数据进行相关分析,建立了以藻密度为因变量的多元逐步回归模型。结合往年太湖藻源性湖泛发生时的气象条件等历史资料以及相关藻密度阈值的报道,构建了太湖宜兴段藻源性湖泛高发区监测预警模型系统,该模型能够基于监测点的实时水质数据和气象预报数据,对监控区域湖水在未来某时间段内发生湖泛风险的可能性进行分级预警。     

贵州省农村农药使用情况调查及水源地污染现状研究

介绍了国内饮用水源地农药污染研究现状,并对贵州省9个行政区划内的27个县乡,总计200多家农药销售市场的农药销售状况及农户的农药使用情况进行调查。采用气相色谱/质谱联用技术(GC/MS),对贵阳市红枫湖、阿哈水库、百花湖3个城市饮用水源地的15个监测断面中的13种有机农药残留进行检测,结果检出α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH、三唑酮、腐霉利6种农药。其中,HCHs主要来自于环境残留及农药林丹的使用。     

江苏省太湖应急防控形势及对策体系研究

对2008年-2010年来太湖水质状况、蓝藻暴发状况及影响因素、湖泛发生状况及成因、蓝藻生长对湖体水质的影响、蓝藻与湖泛对饮用水安全影响进行了研究.简述了环保、建设、水利、气象、中科院南京地理与湖泊研究所等部门和单位,在监测预警、供水保障、调水引流、打捞蓝藻、生态清淤、控源截污、人工增雨、统筹协调等方面团结协作、多措并...     

高尔夫球场地下水水质分析与污染评价

以威海市锦湖韩亚高尔夫球场为对象,对其地下水水样进行检测,并根据检测结果,对地下水水质进行分析评价。结果表明,地下水中氯化物、高锰酸盐指数、亚硝酸盐、氨氮等指标存在检出超标情况,特征污染因子未检出,说明按照正常剂量施用农药和化肥对于高尔夫球场及周边地下水污染较小。     

基于气象条件的太湖湖泛预警研究

2007年5月与2008年5月太湖水域产生的湖泛主要是由蓝藻水华引发的,但是蓝藻水华单纯地在湖湾或岸边浅水区大量堆积并不一定引发湖泛。研究发现,2007年5月与2008年5月的湖泛现象存在相同的触发机制:3d以上时间维持高温(平均气温大于20℃),微风(平均风速小于4m/s),风向基本一致(风向平均绝对偏差小于20°);其后,冷空气过境使得风速短时增大,风向调转180°左右,气温迅速降低,并且这种气象条件持续1d以上。在此研究基础上,给出了切实可行的太湖湖泛预警方案。     

太湖湖泛现象的卫星遥感监测

2010年8月20日太湖地区Landsat ETM影像显示,太湖西部沿岸带存在湖泛黑水团现象,对该景遥感影像进行了大气校正,提取了湖泛样区、其他水体样区的ETM各波段光谱反射率数据统计特征。结果表明,湖泛样区在可见光波长的ETM波段1、2、3具有很低的反射率,水色暗黑,与人眼观察一致,而在反射红外波长的ETM波段4则有比波段3高的反射率,差异植被指数DVI>0,其原因为湖泛黑水团中,虽然大量蓝藻死亡分解,然而水中还残留有一定数量的活体蓝藻,残余叶绿素及细胞造成了虽然较弱、但仍较为稳定的反射红外波长处的光谱反射能力。提出了识别湖泛现象的遥感判据为ρ0.485<0.05 andρ0.56<0.08 andρ0.66<0.065 and(ρ0.83-ρ0.66)>0 andρ0.83<0.1。     

环境样品中农药的前处理及检测技术研究进展

综述了近年来农药环境样品的前处理及检测技术,介绍了各种前处理和检测技术的应用情况,在此基础上对环境中残留农药的前处理及检测技术的发展进行了展望.     

环境卫星CCD影像在太湖湖泛暗色水团监测中的应用

太湖地区2009年5月11日、2010年8月21日、2011年7月28日和2011年9月24日的环境卫星CCD影像显示，在太湖西部沿岸带、竺山湖等水域存在湖泛暗色水团现象。由于环境CCD缺少辅助反演气溶胶信息的2.1um波段，试验了基于空气自动监测子站获得的与环境卫星CCD成像时间接近的地面能见度测量数据进行FLAASH大气校正的方法，反演结果总体上符合水体光谱特征。提取了湖泛水体、对照水体阳区在CCD各波段的光谱反射率数据统计特征。结果表明，和对照水体相比，湖泛水体在环境卫星CCD的可见光—近红外波段具有较低的反射率，与人眼观察湖泛水色暗黑的感官一致，另一方面，湖泛水域由于仍有一定的藻类存在，在环境卫星CCD近红外（波段4 ）具有比可见光（波段3）略高的反射率，其规律与基于Landsat ETM的湖泛暗色水团遥感分析结果相一致。     

高尔夫球场农药使用情况调查及特征分析

通过对上海市高尔夫球场农药使用情况的详细调查,结果显示:当前高尔夫球场使用的农药主要包括3大类43种,包含杀菌剂20种、杀虫剂14种和除草剂9种,种类组成及施用量均以杀菌剂为主;施用农药以微毒、低毒农药为主(占69.8%),高毒农药主要为杀虫剂;不同球场农药使用种类、强度和频次等存在较大差异,主要与球场规模、草坪种类及管理水平等有关;当前高尔夫球场农药使用中仍存在农药施用强度较高,农药施用种类较多,品种结构仍有待优化等问题。     

邕江流域有机氯农药残留问题的初步研究

采用固相萃取和GC-ECD对邕江流域水体中17种痕量有机氯农药的残留状况进行分析测定,检测结果表明,邕江干流均检出硫酸硫丹,但有机氯农药浓度较低,均未超过现有相关标准。城市内河残留的有机氯农药以六六六为主,主要来自于长期的历史残留,而硫酸硫丹除朝阳溪和相思湖丰水期未检测到外,均普遍检出。方法检出限为1~5ng/L,替代物加标回收率为103.5%~112.0%。     

Contaminants in American alligator eggs from Lake Apopka,Lake Griffin,and Lake Okeechobee,Florida

Residues of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 16 elements were measured in American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) eggs collected in 1984 from Lakes Apopka, Griffin, and Okeechobee in central and south Florida. Organochlorine pesticides were highest in eggs from Lake Apopka. None of the elements appeared to be present at harmful concentrations in eggs from any of the lakes. A larger sample of eggs was collected in 1985, but only from Lakes Griffin, a lake where eggs were relatively clean, and Apopka, where eggs were most contaminated. In 1985, hatching success of artificially incubated eggs was lower for Lake Apopka, and several organochlorine pesticides were higher than in eggs from Lake Griffin. However, within Lake Apopka, higher levels of pesticides in chemically analyzed eggs were not associated with reduced hatching success of the remaining eggs in the clutch. Therefore, it did not appear that any of the pesticides we measured were responsible for the reduced hatching success of Lake Apopka eggs.     

Survey on the pesticide residues in tea in south India

Tea is considered as a ‘health beverage’ due its antioxidant properties and resultant beneficial effects on human health. Such a beverage should be free from toxic elements such as pesticide residues and heavy metals. A large scale survey of teas produced in the tea factories of south India had been carried out for a period of three years from 2006 to 2008 and 912 tea samples were analysed for the residues of certain pesticides such as dicofol, ethion, quinalphos, hexaconazole, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate and propargite which are used for pest and disease control in tea in this part of the country. The analytical data proved that only less than 0.5 percentage of tea samples had residues of these pesticides. However, residues of pesticides were below their maximum limits in tea, stipulated by the European Union, Codex Alimentarius Commission of FAO/WHO and Prevention of Food Adulteration Act of Govt. of India.     

The effect of mixtures of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides on acetylcholinesterase and application of chemometrics to identify pesticides in mixtures

Organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CP) pesticides act by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This enables the use of this enzyme for the detection of these pesticides in the environment. While many studies have looked at the effect of single pesticides on AChE, the effect of mixtures of pesticides still requires extensive investigation. This is important to evaluate the cumulative risk in the case of simultaneous exposure to multiple pesticides. Therefore we examined the effect of five different pesticides (carbaryl, carbofuran, parathion, demeton-S-methyl, and aldicarb) on AChE activity to determine whether combinations had an additive, synergistic, or antagonistic inhibitory effect. Results indicated that the mixtures had an additive inhibitory effect on AChE activity. The data from the assays of the mixtures were used to develop and train an artificial neural network (ANN) which was then utilised successfully for the identification of pesticides and their concentrations in mixtures. This study is significant because it evaluated mixtures of OPs and CPs where previous studies focused on either OPs or CPs. Previous studies have only examined up to three pesticides while this study evaluated mixtures of five pesticides simultaneously. This is also the first study where an ANN was able to utilise data from the inhibition of a single enzyme to differentiate five different pesticides and their concentrations from mixtures.     

Organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in cow??s, buffalo??s, and sheep??s milk from Afyonkarahisar region, Turkey

In this study, it was aimed to determine organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in three types of milk (cow's, buffalo's, and sheep's milk) produced in Afyonkarahisar province of Turkey. The results indicated that these milk specimens were found to be contaminated by 21 different pesticides. Sixteen OCP residues were detected in sheep's milk and it was followed with 14 pesticides in buffalo's milk and 11 pesticides in cow's milk. Dominant pesticides in all samples examined were beta-HCH in buffalo's, cow's, and sheep's milk in the concentrations of 63.36, 91.32, and 122.98 ng/ml, respectively. Total OCP levels were found to be 243.81 ng/ml in sheep's milk, 151.02 ng/ml in cow's milk, and 133.38 ng/ml in buffalo's milk. Some of the pesticides detected were found to be in the excess amount of the acceptable level regarding the EU regulations.     

Pesticides in rainwater in Flanders, Belgium: results from the monitoring program 1997-2001

In 1997 the Flemish Environmental Agency (FEA) started a monitoring program "Pesticides in Rain in Flanders, Belgium". The original purpose of the monitoring program was to examine the possible occurrence of dichlorvos in rainwater and subsequent deposition. However, it was thought necessary from the beginning to monitor a wide range of pesticides. During the first year some 62 pesticides and metabolites and 9 polychlorinated biphenyls, were monitored at 4 locations. Nowadays the monitoring program has grown up to more than 100 pesticides and metabolites and 11 polychlorinated biphenyls examined at 8 different locations. Rainwater is collected continuously and samples are examined for pesticides and PCB's on a weekly basis. In agreement with other European studies pesticides are found in rainwater samples during times of application. Pesticides which are most frequently detected are [small alpha]-, [small beta]-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate, [gamma]-HCH (lindane), dichlorvos, atrazine, diuron, DNOC, glyphosate and AMPA and isoproturon. Furthermore it was seen that most pesticides showed a deposition pattern related to local spraying operations.     

Enantioselective aquatic toxicity of current chiral pesticides

Chiral pesticides are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, and their enantioselectivities in aquatic toxicity are known to be complicated. The difference in enantioselective effects between enantiomers may sometimes differ by approximately 100-fold or more, which makes it important to incorporate enantioselective effects into the risk assessment of chiral pesticides. In this paper, we reviewed relevant work on the aquatic toxicity of chiral pesticides with an emphasis on the enantioselective aquatic toxicity under both chronic and acute exposure conditions. We provided a personal account of the importance of studies on molecular mechanisms of developmental toxicity and specific endpoints such as vitellogenin, yolk sac edema and pericardial edema in future research. Given the widespread use of chiral pesticides, we suggest that a more comprehensive understanding of the significance of enantioselective aquatic toxicity will be very helpful in improving risk assessment and regulation of chiral pesticides.     

The Contamination Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides in Water and Sediment Samples in Uluabat Lake, Turkey

The Uluabat Lake is a reservoir of 125 km² surface area, in the boundaries of Bursa province, Turkey. The results showed that Uluabat Lake was still contaminated by organochlorine pesticides and their residues despite the existence of bans over a long time. Considerable amounts of organochlorine pesticides (HCB, p.p^′-DDT, p.p^′- DDE, α -, β- and γ-BHC, Aldrin, Heptachlor epoxide, Endrin, Endosulfan I and II) were detected in water and sediment samples during one-year study in this lake. Samples of water and sediment were collected in different regions, (6 sampling point) of the lake between February 2002 and November 2002.The mean levels of organochlorine pesticides in water and sediments were determined. According to results, it was found that various environs in Uluabat Lake were contaminated by 11 different organochlorine pesticides. Residue analyses showed that higher organochlorine pesticides and their residues were generally more accumulated in the sediment samples.     

气相色谱法测定土壤中37种有机磷农药残留

采用气相色谱法测定土壤中37种有机磷农药,当取样量为10 g时,37种有机磷农药方法检出限为0. 002～0. 015 mg/kg,测定下限为0. 008～0. 060 mg/kg。低含量加标样品中有机磷农药的加标回收率为72. 8%～104%,相对标准偏差为4. 2%～13. 8%;中含量加标样品中有机磷农药的加标回收率为71. 5%～101%,相对标准偏差为4. 3%～13. 5%;高含量加标样品中有机磷农药的加标回收率为74. 6%～109%,相对标准偏差为6. 8%～14. 6%。该方法灵敏度高、分离效果好、重现性好,能够满足土壤中37种有机磷农药残留检测的要求。     

Organochlorine Pesticides and PCBs in Wild Boars from Calabria (Italy)

At present, there are no specific studies on the evaluation of environmental toxicological risks in Calabria (south of Italy) and on the presence of contaminants in the fauna of this region. The aim of the present research was to investigate the levels of contamination by OC pesticides and PCBs in some organs and tissues of wild boars (utilized as 'biological indicator') from various areas of Calabria. Quantitative determinations of organochlorines were carried out using GC-ECD and confirmed with GC-MS in 154 samples from wild boars (heart, liver, lung, kidney, muscle tissue and spleen) during the hunting season from 2000 to 2002. The results indicate the low residual levels of DDE in 8 samples and DDT in 4 samples and PCBs residues (Aroclor 1232) below the detection limits were found. Therefore, these results show that the Calabria region is not at contamination risk from organochlorines and moreover is free from health problems for the consumer of boar meat.     

Evaluation of organic contamination in urban groundwater surrounding a municipal landfill, Zhoukou, China

This paper investigates the organic pollution status of shallow aquifer sediments and groundwater around Zhoukou landfill. Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, monocylic aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides and other pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been detected in some water samples. Among the detected eleven PAHs, phenanthrene, fluorine, and fluoranthene are the three dominant in most of the groundwater samples. Analysis of groundwater samples around the landfill revealed concentrations of PAHs ranging from not detected to 2.19 μg/L. The results show that sediments below the waste dump were low in pollution, and the shallow aquifer, at a depth of 18–30 m, was heavily contaminated, particularly during the wet season. An oval-shaped pollution halo has formed, spanning 3 km from west to east and 2 km from south to north, and mainly occurs in groundwater depths of 2–4 m. For PAH source identification, both diagnostic ratios of selected PAHs and principal component analysis were studied, suggesting mixed sources of pyro- and petrogenic derived PAHs in the Zhoukou landfill. Groundwater table fluctuations play an important role in the distribution of organic pollutants within the shallow aquifer. A conceptual model of leachate migration in the Quaternary aquifers surrounding the Zhoukou landfill has been developed to describe the contamination processes based on the major contaminant (PAHs). The groundwater zone contaminated by leachate has been identified surrounding the landfill.