微污染水源水中污染物质的控制和净化技术

微污染水源水中含有微量的有害污染物，对这些污染物的去除，除要保留或改进传统的处理工艺外，还要附加生化或特种物化处理工序，目前采用最多的净化处理工艺是预处理和深度处理，在此基础上还发展了纳滤膜、电生物反应器、膜生物反应器、生物活性滤池等技术，这些技术的发展为微污染水源水的处理提供了新的途径。     

生物活性炭纤维工艺在微污染水源处理中的应用

生物活性炭纤维（BACF）是在生物活性炭的基础上，以活性炭纤维代替颗粒活性炭，用于处理微污染水中有机污染物。BACF技术作为一种新的水的深度处理工艺，结合了吸附与生物降解的双重效能，可以有效提高对原水的净化效果，同时也可以扩大水源水的取水范围，是一项先进的水处理技术。     

浅议地下水污染治理技术方法及进展

简要介绍了地下水污染治理技术的沿革,包括物理法、水动力控制法、抽出—处理法和原位处理法,着重阐述了目前研究最多的原位处理法,即原位物化法、原位生物法和反应性渗透墙技术。并提出应该在学习国外先进技术的基础上,开发研究适合我国国情的地下水污染治理技术。     

环境中微塑料检测分析方法研究进展

概述了目前较为常见的微塑料检测方法,包括目检法、光谱分析法和热分析法,归纳分析了各种方法的技术进展、研究成果及优缺点,指出微塑料形状、大小、聚合物种类等方面的定性、定量分析尤为重要,能够为微塑料污染防治、溯源和影响评估提供依据。通过对现有方法的调研总结,提出多种检测分析方法联用将成为研究微塑料的发展方向,未来仍需要改进现有技术或者开发新的检测方法,结合图像处理、深度学习、计算机视觉等手段,缩短识别时间,提高检测精度,进而为微塑料污染防治工程提供技术支撑。     

氟喹诺酮类抗生素在水环境中的去除研究综评

介绍了水环境中氟喹诺酮类抗生素的危害,分析了其在污泥吸附、微生物降解和光降解作用下的去除机理。综述了去除氟喹诺酮类抗生素的常规处理技术（活性污泥法和人工湿地）、深度处理技术（高级氧化和膜处理）,以及新型处理技术（超声降解、土壤渗滤系统和生物电强化）的研究进展与优劣,指出不同反应体系的去除机理和途径不一致,需要针对多相、多污染介质的复杂实际环境开展进一步研究。     

饮用水源致癌风险早期预警SNPs监测技术

综述了饮用水源污染致癌早期预警的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs)检测技术,内容包括SNPs技术及其应用研究领域,癌症敏感基因与SNPs,饮用水源致癌早期预警SNPs监测技术等。该技术的应用对于早期诊断、预警、预防、控制饮用水源污染致癌,保护人体健康,保障后代生命安全,具有现实意义。     

河南省主要城市饮用水源水中多环芳烃污染状况的研究

对河南省主要城市饮用水源水中多环芳烃的污染状况进行了初步研究 ,结果表明 ,河南省主要城市饮用水源水普遍受到多环芳烃的污染 ,主要污染因子为萘、蒽、菲、芘、荧蒽、芴以及强致癌性物质苯并 (a)芘 ,而且苯并 (a)芘有超标情况出现     

用Ames试验调查水中致突变物含量──江苏油田饮用水及水源水的污染状况调查

应用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌致突变试验对江苏油田主要饮用水及饮用水源水的致突变物污染状况进行了调查，结果表明，在本检测条件下，江苏油田饮用水及饮用水源水无致突变性。     

用Ames试验调查水中致突变物含量：江苏油田饮用水及水源水的 …

应用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌致突变试验对江苏油田主要饮用水及饮用水源水的致突变物污染状况进行了调查，结果表明，在本检测条件下，江苏油田饮用水及饮用水源水无致突变性。     

长江南京段水体及市政自来水中多种OPEs的分布特征

采用HPLC-MS/MS法监测长江南京段横断面水、水源水、出厂水中12种有机磷酸酯类化合物(OPEs)残留,考察其分布特征及自来水厂对其处理效果。结果表明:12种OPEs在采集的横断面水和水源水水样中8种被检出,自来水出厂水水样中除TEHP外其余11种OPEs均为检出,OPEs暴露于水源水与地表水程度相似;除TCPP、TDCP、TCEP浓度出现降低外,其余OPEs浓度水平均未出现明显的处理效果;生态风险评估显示长江南京段横断面水、水源水、出厂水主要检出物质OPEs的风险熵值均低于1,表明不具有环境生态高风险。     

Comparing removal of trace organic compounds and assimilable organic carbon (AOC) at advanced and traditional water treatment plants

Stability of drinking water can be indicated by the assimilable organic carbon (AOC). This AOC value represents the regrowth capacity of microorganisms and has large impacts on the quality of drinking water in a distribution system. With respect to the effectiveness of traditional and advanced processing methods in removing trace organic compounds (including TOC, DOC, UV₂₅₄, and AOC) from water, experimental results indicate that the removal rate of AOC at the Cheng Ching Lake water treatment plant (which utilizes advanced water treatment processes, and is hereinafter referred to as CCLWTP) is 54%, while the removal rate of AOC at the Gong Yuan water treatment plant (which uses traditional water treatment processes, and is hereinafter referred to as GYWTP) is 36%. In advanced water treatment units, new coagulation–sedimentation processes, rapid filters, and biological activated carbon filters can effectively remove AOC, total organic carbon (TOC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In traditional water treatment units, coagulation–sedimentation processes are most effective in removing AOC. Simulation results and calculations made using the AutoNet method indicate that TOC, TDS, NH₃-N, and NO₃-N should be regularly monitored in the CCLWTP, and that TOC, temperature, and NH₃-N should be regularly monitored in the GYWTP.     

Water monitoring and treatment for drinking purposes in 2004 tsunami affected area—Ban Nam Khem, Phang Nga, Thailand

University of Brescia and Mahidol University of Bangkok developed a project in Phang Nga province (Thailand), the most damaged by 2004 tsunami. In particular, the study, performed between April and May 2006, dealt with the surface and ground water monitoring in Ban Nam Khem village and the experimental evaluation of possible drinking treatment alternatives. The monitoring highlighted that saline content in the tsunami affected area is decreasing but still very high (conductivity presented values up to 2,600 and 6,230 microS/cm in ground and surface water, respectively); hence, advanced and complicated processes such as reverse osmosis should be adopted to treat such water for drinking purposes. Waiting for ground water salinity to assume acceptable values, activities for the reduction of its organic and microbiological contamination will be started. However, it has to be underlined that the diffusion of drinking water to a greater part of population can be obtained only through the realization of new centralised treatment plants and the improvement of existing ones (serving at the moment about 20% of inhabitants).     

Study of personal–indoor–ambient fine particulate matters among school communities in mixed urban–industrial environment in India

A sampling program was conducted to investigate the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at two advanced water treatment plants in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. The results in this study can be used as a reference for the operational control of water treatment plants and the setting of regulations in Taiwan. Samples of drinking water were collected from two advanced water treatment plants from June 2007 to April 2008. Changes in the concentration of dissolved organic carbon, the trihalomethane formation potential, and the haloacetic acids formation potential were measured in raw water samples. Variations in the concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAA₅) in finished drinking water were evaluated. The major species of HAA₅ were in the order of dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid and the THM was of trichloromethane. DOC was strongly related to DBPs in raw water. In this investigation, the removal efficiency of DBPs in Plant A (ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis system) exceeded that in Plant B (ozonation/biological activated carbon system). Both advanced water treatment plants greatly improved the quality of drinking water.     

Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in drinking water in southern China

Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in drinking water was investigated in southern China. Fifteen and twelve PPCPs were detected with concentrations of 0-36 ng L(-1) in source water and of 0-20 ng L(-1) in treated water, respectively. Four PPCPs were detected with concentrations of approximately 1 ng L(-1) in drinking water of distribution network. Conventional water treatment processes removed the types and average concentrations of PPCPs by 30% and above 50%, respectively. Advanced water treatment processes were more efficient in the removal of most PPCPs, with the types and concentrations reduced by 50% and approximately 90%, respectively. Molecular properties of PPCPs had an important influence on their behaviors during water treatment. pK(a) (acidity coefficient) and K(oc) (organic carbon partition coefficient) of PPCPs appeared to have a combined effect on PPCPs removal during coagulation and oxidation. Adsorption and biodegradation were two possible mechanisms responsible for PPCPs removal during sand filtration.     

Assessment of the school drinking water supply and the water quality in Pingtung County, Taiwan

In this study, a questionnaire survey of school drinking water quality of 42 schools in Pingtung County was conducted according to the water sources, treatment facilities, location of school as well as different grade levels. Among them, 45% of schools used tap water as the main source of drinking water, and the schools using groundwater and surface water as drinking water source account for 29% and 26%, respectively. The schools above senior high school level in the city used tap water as drinking water more than underground water, while the schools under junior high school level in the rural area used surface water as their main source of drinking water. The surface water was normally boiled before being provided to their students. The reverse osmosis system is a commonly used water treatment equipment for those schools using tap water or underground water. Drinking fountain or boiled water unit is widely installed in schools above senior high school level. For schools under junior high school level, a pipeline is stretched across the campus. Relative test shows that the unqualified rate of microbe in water is 26.2%. All parameters for physical and chemical properties and metal content had met the domestic standards except that the turbidity of schools under junior high school level using tap water is slightly higher than the standard value.     

Application of multimedia exposure assessment to drinking water

A potentially important exposure route for humans is the ingestion of chemicals via drinking water. If comprehensive exposure assessments are to be completed for either existing or proposed new chemicals and cost effective control strategies developed, then a quantitative understanding of multimedia transport and fate of specific chemical pollutants must be achieved. Mathematical models provide a powerful framework into which quantitative relationships may be placed to provide guidance in reaching water quality goals. Existing, state-of-the-art media-specific toxic organic transport and fate models for atmospheric (DiDOT), land surface (NPS) and surface water processes (EXAMS) and potable water treatment (WTP) have been linked to demonstrate the technical feasibility of such an approach. Limited application and sensitivity testing of this linked modeling system has shown that the impact of various source loadings and control strategies on drinking water quality can be estimated.     

末梢水与水源水数据“倒挂”现象探讨

末梢水与其水源水的数据“倒挂”现象是影响居民饮水健康的安全隐患。基于末梢水数据“倒挂”现象在新闻报道、政府信息公开及相关调查研究中的表现形式,分析了引起末梢水数据“倒挂”的原因主要包括：监测采样、分析偏差,物理因素和化学、生物反应以及综合因素造成的污染等。提出,在饮用水水源方面,加强规范化管理,保持水源水水质合格并长期稳定;在水处理阶段,选择适宜且安全高效的水处理方式;在水管输送阶段,选择健康的管道材质并合理规划设计、维护输水管网体系;在饮用水使用阶段,加强用水宣传,让居民养成良好的健康用水习惯。从而逐渐消除末梢水数据“倒挂”现象,保障居民的饮水安全。     

ANFIS-based modelling for coagulant dosage in drinking water treatment plant: a case study

Coagulation is the most important stage in drinking water treatment processes for the maintenance of acceptable treated water quality and economic plant operation, which involves many complex physical and chemical phenomena. Moreover, coagulant dosing rate is non-linearly correlated to raw water characteristics such as turbidity, conductivity, pH, temperature, etc. As such, coagulation reaction is hard or even impossible to control satisfactorily by conventional methods. Traditionally, jar tests are used to determine the optimum coagulant dosage. However, this is expensive and time-consuming and does not enable responses to changes in raw water quality in real time. Modelling can be used to overcome these limitations. In this study, an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was used for modelling of coagulant dosage in drinking water treatment plant of Boudouaou, Algeria. Six on-line variables of raw water quality including turbidity, conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, ultraviolet absorbance, and the pH of water, and alum dosage were used to build the coagulant dosage model. Two ANFIS-based Neuro-fuzzy systems are presented. The two Neuro-fuzzy systems are: (1) grid partition-based fuzzy inference system (FIS), named ANFIS-GRID, and (2) subtractive clustering based (FIS), named ANFIS-SUB. The low root mean square error and high correlation coefficient values were obtained with ANFIS-SUB method of a first-order Sugeno type inference. This study demonstrates that ANFIS-SUB outperforms ANFIS-GRID due to its simplicity in parameter selection and its fitness in the target problem.     

UV/H2O2 oxidation of arsenic and terbuthylazine in drinking water

Arsenic is a widespread contaminant in the environment. The intake of water containing high concentrations of arsenic could have serious impact on human health, such as skin and lung cancer. In the European Union, thus, also in Italy, the arsenic limit in drinking water is 10 μg L^?1. Several water remediation treatment technologies are available for arsenic removal. For some processes, the removal efficiencies can be improved after an oxidation step. Most full-scale applications are based on conventional oxidation processes for chemical micropollutant removal. However, if water contains arsenic and refractory organic contaminants, the advanced oxidation processes could be considered. The aim of this work was to investigate the effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) radiation alone and in combination with hydrogen peroxide for the oxidation of arsenic and terbuthylazine (TBA). The experimental tests were performed in groundwater at the laboratory scale (0.1 mg L^?1 As(III) and 10 μg L^?1 TBA). Hydrogen peroxide alone (15 mg L^?1) was ineffective on both arsenic and TBA oxidation; the 253.7-nm radiation alone did not oxidize arsenic(III), but photolyzed efficiently TBA (52 % removal yield at a UV dose of 1,200 mJ cm^?2). The UV/H₂O₂ advanced oxidation (UV dose 600–2,000 mJ cm^?2, 5–15 mg L^?1 H₂O₂) was the most effective process for the oxidation of both arsenic and TBA, with observed oxidation efficiencies of 85 and 94 %, respectively, with 5 mg L^?1 H₂O₂ and a UV dose of 2,000 mJ cm^?2.