还原-偶氮光度法测定水中硝基苯的改进

样品还原后 ,直接用 1 0 % Na OH溶液调节p H 1 .2～ 1 .5 ,待分别加入 Na OH、氨基磺酸胺及N- na溶液以后 ,最后定容显色。如此可与苯胺类测定步骤相一致 ,不易混淆 ,且避免了再调节 p H等操作过程引起的误差。既简化了操作程序又提高了测定结果的准确度和精密度。采用改进后的方法测定了农药和制药废水中硝基苯类含量并同时进行样品加标试验 ,加标回收率 97.6%～1 0 5 % ,结果满意。表明改进后的方法不仅适用于校准曲线制作 ,而且在样品分析中的应用同样可行还原-偶氮光度法测定水中硝基苯的改进@任晓梅$扬州市新城环境监理所!江苏扬…     

模拟酸雨对土壤中Al的释放与缓冲作用研究

模拟研究了酸雨淋溶过程中长三角地区主要土壤铝离子释放量与缓冲机理。研究结果表明,在模拟酸雨条件下,当p H值小于3.5时,铝离子的释放量随模拟酸雨酸度的增加而增加;当p H值大于3.5时,受到土壤自身缓冲系统的影响,铝离子的释放量受p H值影响较小。     

显色酸度对钼锑抗分光光度法测定土壤中总磷的影响

采用碱熔-钼锑抗分光光度法测定土壤中总磷时,显色溶液的酸度影响磷钼络合物的形成和稳定,p H指示剂2,4-二硝基苯酚在环境温度低时配制困难、辨色不明显。分析了显色酸度对吸光值的影响,并对2,4-二硝基苯酚的配制方法进行了改进,方法操作简单,提高了分析结果的准确性。     

影响BOD测定结果的因素分析

1反应速率常数 K值的影响 :K值可通过实验 ,由对数——差分法或图解法得到。 K=0 .2 5时 ,BOD5代表总 BOD的 94%。分析时 ,应注意 K的不同其结果在意义上的差异。 2硝化过程的影响 :硝化过程需要加以抑制 ,其方法可采取“巴氏灭菌法”或“去接种法”。 3温度的影响 :温度对生化反应速率有明显影响 ,温度越低 ,温度系数 θ越大。 4p H的影响 :降解有机物的微生物只能在p H6.5～ 8.3内存活。 5营养物影响 :氮、磷含量明显影响分析结果 ,应采用水体水为稀释水。6有毒物影响 :应注意水中微量铜元素影响。影响BOD测定结果的因素分析@赵欣$…     

ZIC—ⅡA型离子色谱的分析条件选择

ZIC- A型离子色谱仪中淋洗液的浓度和 p H值对分析结果有很大影响 ,实验证明选择适当的淋洗液浓度和 p H值 ,既可改善分离效果 ,又能缩短分析时间 ,提高仪器的灵敏度。     

关于水和废水中硫化物测定的几个问题

1碘量法测定硫化物时 ,当采用低浓度 ( 0 .0 1mol/L )硫代硫酸钠标液 ,用 1 0 ml微量滴定管 ,在水样硫化物浓度在 0 .0 4～ 1 mg/L内可取得满意结果 :相对偏差 <4.0 % ,回收率 96%～ 98%。 2预处理时可将过滤好的硫化锌沉淀连同滤纸 (剪成几块 )放入碘量瓶 ,加 50 ml水浸泡几分钟 ,盖上瓶塞轻摇即可。 3用对氨基二甲基苯胺光度法测定时 ,用醋酸调节 p H值或不调吸收液 p H值均可取得较好准确度和精密度。关于水和废水中硫化物测定的几个问题@车轩$河北省环境监测中心站!河北石家庄050051…     

华东某市老城区潜层地下水硝酸盐分布特征

为了解华东某市老城区潜层地下水硝酸盐分布特征,对老城区地下水现场采样,运用统计学软件spss中的Pearson相关系数和sufer软件Kriging插值方法分析数据,研究了无机氮与地球化学因素间的相关性,同时绘制了p H值、总硬度、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的空间分布图。结果表明,硝酸盐是该地区地下水中无机氮的主要存在形态,其所占总氮含量为45.5%~74.8%,封口井的硝酸盐的含量明显低于敞口井的含量,其硝酸盐所占比例最低达到2.2%,且敞口井均受到污染;从相关性的角度来看,氮的转化受到Fe影响较弱。同时氮的形态与p H值、矿化度(TDS)、电导率(EC)等地球化学因素相关水平显著;从分布特征来看,地下水环境中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量东北部高于西南部;不同形态氮的相互转化影响地下水p H值和总硬度,致使p H值的高值区为西南部,而总硬度高值区为东北部。     

气相色谱法测定土壤中的三乙胺

在土壤样品中加入提取剂,调节pH值,超声提取,在提取液中加碱使之生成胺,取中和后的样品进样,用氢火焰离子化检测器测定,以保留时间定性,外标法定量。方法的线性范围良好,三乙胺的相关系数分为0.9997;样品加标回收率为80.4%～83.2%,相对标准偏差为1.0%～3.1%。     

土壤阳离子交换量的分析结果研究

土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)是指土壤胶体所能吸附各种阳离子的总量。本文用乙酸铵交换法测定了南通狼山水厂、洪港水厂、云湖水厂采集的15个土样中CEC值,讨论了不同质地的土在分析步骤里的差异,并与同批次土样p H值和有机质值做了一定的比较。结果表明,南通三个水厂的土壤样品CEC值大多在2~10 cmol/kg范围内,保肥能力较弱,土壤CEC值与有机质含量、p H值均存在很好的线性相关性。同时探讨了测定CEC值时的注意事项。     

生物炭基缓释肥的制备及其对土壤理化性质的影响

通过淋溶试验分析生物炭热解温度、生物炭与尿素比例、粘结剂含量对生物炭基缓释肥缓释性能的影响，采用土壤培育试验研究生物炭基缓释肥对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明，600 ℃下热解而成的生物炭缓释性能优于300 ℃下热解形成的生物炭；生物炭添加比例和粘结剂含量的增加能提升生物炭基缓释肥的缓释性能；生物炭基缓释肥的加入可降低培育土壤的容重，增大土壤的饱和导水率，提高土壤pH值和土壤有机质含量。     

土壤中活性铝的流动注射分析

研究了ECR-CTMAB体系测定土壤中活性铝的流动注射分析。结果表明,该方法具有快速、灵敏的特点,进样频率为60个样/时,检出限为0.05μg/ml。用不同提取液提取各地区土壤中活性铝并进行了测定。     

Effect of abattoir effluent on the physical and chemical properties of soils

The effect of abattoir effluent on the physical and chemical properties of soils was investigated under natural environment in pot experiment at Ambrose Alli University Teaching and Research farm, Ekpoma, Nigeria. A composite soil sample was used in the experiment. The soil was treated to seven rates of abattoir effluent (viz. 0, 25, 50, 100, 125 and 150 ml/kg soil). The treatments were laid out in randomised complete block design replicated three times. The physical and chemical properties of the soil were determined before pollution and at the end of the experiment, 5 weeks after pollution. Results obtained revealed that abattoir effluent increased pH, available P and micronutrients (Zn, Mn and Fe) significantly in the soil whilst exchangeable cations were reduced significantly when compared to the control.     

Simultaneous extraction of bromide, chloride, fluoride and sulfate from soils, waste- and building materials

The simultaneous extraction of bromide, chloride, fluoride and sulfate was studied in soils, waste- and building materials. Acid, neutral and alkaline extractants were used; 0.01 mol l(-1) H(3)PO(4), milliQ-water and 0.01 mol l(-1) NaOH, respectively. The extracts were analysed by ion chromatography and ion selective electrode. Extracted concentrations were compared with the amount obtained by an alkaline smelt, as an approximation of the total extractable content. The results indicate that there is a significant difference in extraction behaviour between waste- and building materials and soils. Bromide and chloride were in general completely extracted from the former solid materials, but less than 10% and 50%, respectively, from soils. Fluoride is strongly bound in all investigated samples; less than 10% of the total content was extracted with any of the three extractants. The fraction of extracted sulfate varied between 4 and 87% of the total content, and was in general larger in waste- and building materials than in soils. Differences in extracted concentration between the 3 extractants occurred mainly for fluoride and sulfate. Extracted bromide was similar with all three extractants and extracted chloride showed differences for the various soil samples only. Increasing the NaOH concentration up to 1 mol l(-1) resulted mainly in an increase of extracted amount of fluoride and for soils also in extracted amounts of bromide and sulfate. Although, the results show that the composition of the solid material strongly influences the final pH of the extract and the extracted amount of investigated anions, application of Milli-Q water as an extractant might be a very fruitful option within the development of the Dutch Building Materials Decree.     

西安市表层土壤和地表灰尘理化性质分析

以西安城市表层土壤和地表灰尘为研究对象,分析其基本理化指标。结果表明,西安市表层土壤pH值的变化范围是7.65~8.54,属弱碱性。地表灰尘pH值的变化范围是6.59~11.19,属碱性。表层土壤的低频磁化率和高频磁化率均值分别为1.55×10^-6 m^3/kg和1.46×10^-6 m^3/kg,频率磁化率均值为6.7%。地表灰尘的低频磁化率和高频磁化率均值分别为5.50×10^-6 m^3/kg和4.84×10^-6 m^3/kg,频率磁化率均值为1.88%。表层土壤和地表灰尘中总有机碳均值分别为1.31%和3.97%。西安城市表层土壤和地表灰尘均主要以粉粒为主,且二者各理化性质之间均有一定的相关性。     

Assessment of the effects of Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb soil contamination by ecotoxicological tests

This study aimed to assess soil quality by chemical and ecotoxicological investigations and to check the correspondence between soil metal concentrations and ecotoxicity. For these purposes, surface soils collected at four adjacent roadside urban parks and at a former industrial area were characterized for C/N, organic matter content, texture, and pH. Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb, chosen among the most representative soil metal contaminants, were measured as total content and as available and water soluble fractions. In addition, the total concentrations of the investigated metals were used to calculate two chemical indices: the contamination and the potential ecological risk factors. The toxicity of the investigated soils was evaluated by an ecotoxicity test battery carried out on both soil samples (Vibrio fischeri, Heterocypris incongruens and Sinapis alba) and elutriates (Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum). The findings, both by the chemical and ecotoxicological approaches, would suggest that the soils with high metal contamination pose ecological risks. On the other hand, moderately metal contaminated soils did not exclude soil ecotoxicity. In fact, toxic effects were also highlighted in soils with low metal content, toxicity being affected by metal availability and soil characteristics. Moreover, the results suggest the importance of using a battery of tests to assess soil ecotoxicity.     

生态修复工程实施后对土壤理化性质改善效益初探

通过监测和田地区生态修复项目实施后所取得生态效益的结果表明,生态修复项目实施后,由于项目区风速降低,温度和相对湿度的变化减少,提高了植被盖度,降低了风蚀量,促进了成土作用的进行,从而逐渐改善了土壤的理化性质。     

Sequential extractions of selenium soils from Stewart Lake: total selenium and speciation measurements with ICP-MS detection

Different techniques have been employed in order to evaluate the most efficient procedure for the extraction of selenium from soil as required for speciation. Selenium contaminated sediments from Stewart Lake Wetland, California were used. A strong acid mineralization of the samples gives quantitative total selenium, which is then used to estimate recoveries for the milder extraction methods. The different extraction methodologies involve the sequential use of water, buffer (phosphate, pH 7) and either acid solution (e.g. HNO3 or HCl) or basic solutions (e.g. ammonium acetate, NaOH or TMAH). Pyrophosphate extraction was also evaluated and showed that selenium was not associated with humic acids. The extractants were subsequently analyzed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with UV (254 and 400 nm) and on-line ICP-MS detection; anion exchange chromatography, and ion-pair reversed phase chromatography with ICP-MS detection. For sequential extractions the extraction efficiencies showed that the basic extractions were more efficient than the acidic. The difference between the acidic and the basic extraction efficiency is carried to the sulfite extraction, suggesting that whatever is not extracted by the acid is subsequently extracted by the sulfite. The species identified with the different chromatographies were selenate, selenite, elemental selenium and some organic selenium.     

Metal Contamination in Urban Soils of Coastal Tuscany (Italy)

Urban soils are often contaminated by metals deriving from human activities. Urban polluted soils can affect human health through direct physical contact or through the food chain. The behaviour of metals is affected by chemical and physical soil properties. Heavy metal concentration was determined in some soils of three medium sized towns of coastal Tuscany, Central Italy. Soil samples were collected in roadsides, urban agricultural soils (allotments), playgrounds and public parks. The analysis included total metal content (Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd), and sequential extraction. Lead reached the highest levels in the soils and was higher near roads. In urban agricultural soils and in allotments Cu was present in noticeable quantities (300 mg kg⁻¹). The presence of Cu in urban soils seems to be typical of soils used for a long period as agricultural land, especially vineyards in the area covered by this study. Sequential extraction was performed to evaluate the mobility of the metals and to better understand the impact of the anthropogenic activity on urban sites. In the present study principal components analysis (PCA) is employed to describe the characteristics of urban soils.     

Distribution of mercury in chemical fractions of contaminated urban soils of Middle Amur,Russia

The distribution of mercury (Hg) in fractions of urban soils from two industrial cities in the Russian Far East which are subject to varying degrees of Hg contamination was examined. The speciation scheme applied was based on routine chemical extraction methods used in soil investigations. Such an approach enables the Hg data to be brought into correlation with soil basic fractions and the fate of Hg bound to different soil components to be followed. Humic acids and a non-hydrolysable residue (humin), i.e. the soil fractions most refractory to microbiotic and chemical attack, were found to be principal Hg repositories in the soils studied. This pattern was equally observed for slightly, moderately and heavily contaminated soils. Hymatomelanic acids do not appear to be an efficient Hg concentrator. In heavily contaminated soils, Hg concentrations were evident in mobile fractions of fulvic acids as well as in those fractions extracted by H2O and 0.05 M Na2-EDTA pH 3. A portion of Hg extracted by 1 M HCl increased in lower horizons, reflecting relatively weakly bound Hg.     

Metal release from serpentine soils in Sri Lanka

Ultramafic rocks and their related soils (i.e., serpentine soils) are non-anthropogenic sources of metal contamination. Elevated concentrations of metals released from these soils into the surrounding areas and groundwater have ecological-, agricultural-, and human health-related consequences. Here we report the geochemistry of four different serpentine soil localities in Sri Lanka by coupling interpretations garnered from physicochemical properties and chemical extractions. Both Ni and Mn demonstrate appreciable release in water from the Ussangoda soils compared to the other three localities, with Ni and Mn metal release increasing with increasing ionic strengths at all sites. Sequential extraction experiments, utilized to identify “elemental pools,” indicate that Mn is mainly associated with oxides/(oxy)hydroxides, whereas Ni and Cr are bound in silicates and spinels. Nickel was the most bioavailable metal compared to Mn and Cr in all four soils, with the highest value observed in the Ussangoda soil at 168?±?6.40 mg kg^?1 via the 0.01-M CaCl₂ extraction. Although Mn is dominantly bound in oxides/(oxy)hydroxides, Mn is widely dispersed with concentrations reaching as high as 391 mg kg^?1 (Yudhaganawa) in the organic fraction and 49 mg kg^?1 (Ussangoda) in the exchangeable fraction. Despite Cr being primarily retained in the residual fraction, the second largest pool of Cr was in the organic matter fraction (693 mg kg^?1 in the Yudhaganawa soil). Overall, our results support that serpentine soils in Sri Lanka offer a highly labile source of metals to the critical zone.