福建省茶园土壤中多环芳烃的分布、来源分析及生态风险评价

利用高效液相色谱分析技术对福建省茶园土壤中16种多环芳烃进行了定量分析,结果表明,PAHs的总量在0.622~812.0μg/kg之间,平均值为48.4μg/kg。其组成以3环的为主,4环次之,主成分分析和PAHs特征参数分析发现,福建省茶园土壤中多环芳烃主要以燃油、木柴和煤燃烧来源为主,部分样点存在油类排放污染。生态风险评价结果显示,福建省茶园土壤中多环芳烃已具有不利生物影响效应。     

石油化工园区周边土壤中多环芳烃的分布研究

采集锦州市石油六厂工业区、交通运输区及农业区土壤,采用高效液相色谱/质谱联用仪分析测定土样中16种PAHs的总含量(∑PAHs):工业区均值为386.19μg/kg、交通运输区均值为328.54μg/kg、农业区均值为192.64μg/kg;致癌性PAHs的总含量(∑PAHscare):工业区均值为147.97μg/kg、交通运输区均值为131.52μg/kg、农业区均值为73.83μg/kg;不同功能区PAHs成分组成规律基本一致,PAHs以3环和4环为主,土壤中PAHs成分比例规律为4环>3环>2环>5环>6环;无论是土壤中∑PAHs还是∑PAHscare含量规律,都为工业区>交通运输区>农业区。工业区石油类污染较为严重,交通运输区及农业区土壤中PAHs污染主要来源于化石燃料的燃烧及农业用品的施用。     

乌鲁木齐土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及生态风险评价

在乌鲁木齐地区不同功能区采集28个表层土壤样品,对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染特征进行研究,并运用正定矩阵因子分析法对其来源进行分析,采用苯并[a]芘的毒性当量浓度(TEQBa P)对PAHs的生态风险进行评价。研究显示,土壤中∑16 PAHs含量为331~15 799μg/kg,其平均值为(5 018±4 896)μg/kg(n=28),以3环、4环为主。∑16PAHs的浓度呈现出交通区工业区公园区农业区居民商业区的变化趋势;正定矩阵因子分析法表明,乌鲁木齐表层土壤中PAHs的主要来源及贡献分别为煤的燃烧(51.19%),汽油车燃烧(19.02%),柴油车燃烧(18.35%),机动车石油的泄漏(11.42%);53%的采样点TEQBa P值超过荷兰土壤标准目标参考值,主要集中在交通区和工业区。     

不同类型企业周边土壤中多环芳烃来源解析与风险评价

研究对比了山东省不同类型污染企业周边土壤中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染水平,结果表明:化工、钢铁、焦化企业周边土壤中ΣPAHs范围分别为41.4μg/kg～804μg/kg、1 230μg/kg～1 945μg/kg和776μg/kg～1 299μg/kg,土壤中PAHs成分谱轮廓相似,4～6环PAHs占比普遍高于2～3环。特征比值法源解析表明,PAHs主要来源于煤、焦炉、木材等的不完全燃烧。企业周边土壤PAHs污染与企业产业结构有关,钢铁、焦化、石化等大量消耗化石燃料的企业周边土壤中10种PAHs的毒性当量浓度TEQ_(Bap)超标0.6倍～3.8倍,而高分子化工、精细化工、农药化工等企业周边土壤受PAHs污染较轻,均满足荷兰土壤质量标准。     

南昌市周边农田土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源分析

采集南昌市周边三个县的18个农田表层土壤样品,采用液固萃取-层析净化-高效液相色谱分析技术,研究了土壤中16种优控多环芳烃类物质的含量和组分特征,运用主成分因子荷载方法分析了其污染来源,并初步评价了其风险水平。结果表明,该区域内农田土壤33.3%轻度污染,最高污染样点PAHs含量为422.8ng/g,最低污染样点PAHs含量为75.2ng/g,平均含量为197.9ng/g,且远离城市的农田土壤残留水平明显低于靠近城市的农田土壤;PAHs的组分特征为以毒性水平较低的低环化合物为主;其污染来源主要是煤、天然气和汽油燃烧组成的混合源。     

搬迁化工厂区土壤中多环芳烃污染及来源分析

分析南通某搬迁化工厂区土壤中16种优控多环芳烃（PAHs）污染物的含量特征及污染水平。结果表明，车间和仓库土壤中多环芳烃总量为200—300ng／g，在南通市耕地土壤污染水平范围内。停车场土壤中PAHs含量为3435ng／g，污染水平高于普通耕地，与交通干线两侧土壤相当，土壤中PAHs以4环及4环以上PAHs为主，为汽车尾气污染，若继续用于道路或停车场等功能无需进行PAHs修复。     

株洲市区农业土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征研究

采集株洲市区农业土壤表层样品185个,用高效液相色谱法对16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行检测结果表明,除萘外,其余15种PAHs均有不同程度的检出,以苯并[b]萤蒽、萤蒽和苯并菲等3或4环PAHs为主, ～5521μg/kg之间,平均280μg/kg.地域上,石峰区、芦淞区>天元区>荷塘区;从土地利用类型看,旱地>水田>林地.按Maliszewska-Kordybach土壤污染程度分级标准,株洲市区农业土壤总体上受到PAHs轻度污染,这些PAHs主要来源于工业生产、交通运输等过程中化石燃料的燃烧.     

某地区农田土壤中多环芳烃分布与来源解析

研究了某地区农田表层土壤中16种PAHs污染状况和来源。结果表明,研究区2012和2016年土壤中PAHs总平均值分别为1 748和3 248 ng/g,其值显著高于其他文献研究区。指出,研究区土壤已受到PAHs的污染,土壤中PAHs以3环、4环为主,Bb F、Ba P、Phe、Ba A、Fla、Pyr、Chr、Flu等质量比相对较高,其污染源主要为焦化、煤和天然气的燃烧,此外交通源对多环芳烃污染也有一定的贡献。     

加速溶剂提取气-质联用分析土壤中的多环芳烃

建立了加速溶剂提取-凝胶渗透色谱净化和气相色谱-质谱联用快速分析土壤中16种多环芳烃的新方法。方法的检出限、定量限分别为1.1~12μg/kg、3.7~40μg/kg。16种PAHs的回收率为76.6%~96.8%,相对标准偏差为2.9%~9.5%。应用于多个环境样品的分析测试,结果满意。     

微波提取高效液相色谱法测定土壤中15种痕量多环芳烃

采用微波提取结合高效液相色谱技术测定了土壤中15种PAHs的含量.比较了用微波提取、索氏提取和超声萃取3种土壤样品的前处理方法对多环芳烃测定的影响,考察了色谱柱的性能、梯度洗脱条件的优化、荧光检潮波长程序变换及柱温等因素对15种PAHs组分之同分离的影响.经优化后的HPLC方法对15种PAHs的最低检测限为0.10～0.80 μg/kg,相对标准偏差为0.60%～4.60%,方法的回收率为58.1%～97.8%.实验结果表明,该方法兵有高效、快速、灵敏等特点,可以用于环境土壤样品中痕量PAHs的检测.     

Contamination, source identification, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soil of Shanghai, China

The level, distribution, compositional pattern, and possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soil of Shanghai were investigated. The concentrations ranged from 140.7 to 2,370.8 μg kg(?-1) for 21 PAHs and from 92.2 to 2,062.7 μg kg(?-1) for 16 priority PAHs, respectively. The higher level of PAHs was mainly distributed in the south and west of Shanghai region, and the lower concentration was found in Chongming Island. Generally, the composition pattern of PAHs was characterized with high molecular weight PAHs, the seven possible carcinogenic PAHs accounted for 4.8-50.8% of the total PAHs, and fluoranthene, pyrene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene were the most dominant components in soil samples. The correlation analysis suggested that low molecular weight PAHs and high molecular weight PAHs were originated from different sources and further corroborated that total organic carbon was a key soil property affecting the fate of persistent organic pollutants in the environment. The isomer ratios and principal component analysis indicated that PAHs in the investigated areas were derived primarily from combustion of biomass, coal, and petroleum. Compared to the soil quality standards of the Netherlands, all the target PAHs (except Ant) in most samples exceeded their target values. The Nemerow composite index based on the same soil quality standard showed that 69.4% of the soil samples were heavily polluted. The total BaP(eq) of ten Dutch target PAHs in 72% soil samples were higher than the reference total carcinogenic potency. Therefore, the agricultural soil in Shanghai is suffering from serious PAHs contamination.     

Distributions, sources and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoil at Ji’nan city, China

Surface soil (0-5 cm) samples from 17 sampling sites including different functional areas at Ji'nan city in Shandong Province of China were collected and analyzed for 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The total PAH concentrations were in the range from 1.31 mg kg(-1) to 254.08 mg kg(-1) (dry weight), and the average level of total PAHs was 23.25 mg kg(-1). The highest total PAHs concentrations were found in steel and iron plant at industrial areas. The total PAHs concentrations in industrial areas were markedly higher than those in other different functional areas. According to comparing total PAHs concentration in Ji'nan city to that of other urban areas, it was found that total PAHs concentrations were 6 to 137 times higher than other areas because of some specific sampling sites such as steel and iron plant and one main roadside. The results showed that PAHs in topsoil of Ji'nan city were suffered from strong pyrogenic influence, especially in industrial areas. However about 52.9% soil samples were mainly originated from both pyrogenic and petrogenic mixed sources based on Flu/Pyr ratios and Phe/Ant ratios. Furthermore, It was found that all individual PAHs except Fle were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with LMW, HMW, total PAHs and SOM, and individual PAHs except Fle in soils were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with each other. The nemerow composite index to assess the environmental quality showed that the soil sample of steel and iron plant in industrial areas and one main roadside were heavy pollution of PAHs, and about 47% soil sampling sites were safety, about 53% soil sampling sites were got different grades of PAHs pollution.     

A preliminary investigation of BDE-209, OCPs, and PAHs in urban road dust from Yangtze River Delta, China

Urban road dust samples were collected from different land use areas in Suzhou, Wuxi, and Nantong, Yangtze River Delta, China. The dust samples were analyzed for the levels and compositional profiles of deca-polybrominated diphenyl ethers (Deca-BDE), 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The levels of BDE-209, ∑OCPs, and ∑PAHs in samples ranged from 4.01–1,439 μg/kg, 3.15–615 μg/kg, and 2.24–58.2 mg/kg, respectively. PAHs were the predominant target compounds in road dust samples, comprising on average 97.7 % of total compounds. The spatial gradient of the pollutants (commercial/residential area> industrial area > urban park concentrations) was observed in the present study. The results indicated that the levels of BDE-209, OCPs, and PAHs observed in road dust were usually linked to anthropogenic activities in the urban environment. In addition, there might be a reflection of current usage or emissions of OCPs in urban environment.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in river sediments from the western and southern catchments of the Bohai Sea, China: toxicity assessment and source identification

The concentration, distribution, and origin of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in river sediments from the western and southern catchments of the Bohai Sea, China. A toxicity assessment of 28 sediment samples collected from 15 main rivers was conducted by utilizing threshold and probable effect concentrations (TEC and PEC, respectively) derived from consensus-based sediment quality guidelines. The concentrations of total PAHs (∑PAH₁₆) ranged from 0.14 to 10,757 μg/kg dry weight (mean?=?1,368.6 μg/kg). The high concentrations of PAHs found in Binhai New Area of Tianjin and Binzhou City are likely the result of rapid population and heavy industry growth, resulting in elevated point and nonpoint source inputs of PAHs. Of the samples collected, samples 1 and 10 (7.1 % of the total) were categorized as toxic since some of the PAH concentrations exceeded the corresponding PECs. Twenty samples were classified as nontoxic, with both the individual PAH and the∑PAH₁₆ concentrations falling below the corresponding TECs. Analyses of selected PAH isomer ratios aided in the identification of PAH origins, allowing for a discrimination between pyrogenic and petrogenic sources. Spatial variability confirmed source heterogeneity within the study area. The most significant PAH-associated contamination was found in the Beitang River and Ji Canal, which are located in Binhai New Area. The magnitude of contamination and the likelihood of an ongoing influx of PAHs support the need for a better understanding of pollution sources and methods for both control and sediment restoration.     

Distribution and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Liaohe estuarine wetland soils

Thirty-one surface soil samples were collected from Liaohe estuarine wetland in October 2008 and May and August 2009. The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), identified as priority pollutants by the US EPA, were measured by gas chromatography. PAHs were predominated by three- and four-ring compounds. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 704.7 to 1,804.5 μg/kg with a mean value of 1,001.9 μg/kg in October 2008, from 509.7 to 1,936.9 μg/kg with an average of 887.1 μg/kg in May 2009, and from 293.4 to 1,735.9 μg/kg with a mean value of 675.4 μg/kg in August 2009. The PAH concentration detected at most sites shared the same pattern, with maximum concentrations during the autumn (October) and minimum concentrations during the summer (August). The ecological risk assessment of PAHs showed that adverse effects would occasionally occur in the soils from Liaohe estuarine wetland based on the effects range low (ERL)/effects range median and the toxic equivalency factors. The results revealed that some of the individual PAHs were in excess of ERL which implied possible acute adverse biological effects. The BaP(eq) values in some sites surpassed the Dutch target value. Therewith, quite a part of soils in the wetland were subjected to potential ecological risks.     

Composition and source apportionment of PAHs in sediments at river mouths and channel in Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan

Fifty-eight sediment samples were collected in 2009 from the bottom of river mouths near Kaohsiung Harbor (Taiwan) and the harbor channel for the analyses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Concentrations of total PAHs varied from 39 to 30,521 ng g(-1) (dry weight); samples collected from the mouths of Love River, Canon River, Jen-Gen River, and Salt River showed the highest PAHs concentrations. This indicates that the major sources of sediment PAHs come from those polluted urban rivers and the harbor channel. In samples collected from the Salt River mouth, approximately 43% of the PAHs are identified as PAHs with 2 or 3 rings. However, samples collected from other locations contain predominantly PAHs with 4 rings (32 to 42%) or 5 and 6 rings (36 to 44%). Emissions from traffic-related sources and waste incineration contribute to the majority of PAHs found in most channel and river mouth sediments. However, coal/oil combustion is the main cause of high concentrations of PAHs observed in the Salt River mouth sediments. Principal component analyses with multivariate linear regression (PCA/MLR) have been used to further quantify the source contributions, and the results show that the contributions of coal/oil combustion, traffic-related and waste incineration are 37%, 33% and 30%, respectively.     

Comparison of different methods for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Sicilian (Italy) coastal area sediments

This paper describes a work aimed at improving the conditions of an extraction method, coupling GC-MS determination, for the analysis without cleanup phase, of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from sediment samples. The automatic Soxhlet extraction in warm mode (using Extraction System B-811 Standard, Büchi) has demonstrated advantages for automation, reduced extraction time, and lower solvent use than for conventional Soxhlet extraction. Under these conditions, the recoveries are very good as they resulted greater than 85 % and, in most of the cases, near 100 %. The repeatability is also satisfactory (relative standard deviation less than 15 %). The detection limits are also acceptable and ranged from 0.001 to0.01 μg/kg dry weight. Fifty-four sediment samples were collected. The total concentration of the 17 compounds investigated, in samples of sediments collected from three Sicilian coastal areas, expressed as the sum of concentrations, varies from 99 to 11,557 μg/kg of dry matrix; concentrations of total PAHs in the sediments of Cala are two to three times higher than the other stations.     

TPH-contaminated Mexican Refinery Soil: Health Risk Assessment and the First Year of Changes

The soil of a coastal Mexican refinery is quite contaminated, especially by hydrocarbons, with detected concentrations up to 130000 mg kg(-1) as TPHs (total petroleum hydrocarbons). The main sources of contamination are pipelines, valves, and old storage tanks, besides the land disposal of untreated hydrocarbon sediments derived from the cleaning of storage tanks. A health risk assessment (HRA) was carried out in order to measure the risk hazard indexes and clean-up standards for the refinery soil. HRA suggested the following actions to be taken: benzene concentrations must be reduced in eight of the 16 studied refinery zones to 0.0074-0.0078 mg kg(-1). Also, vanadium concentration must be reduced in two zones up to a concentration of 100 mg kg(-1). In only one of all of the studied zones, benzo(a)pyrene concentration must be reduced to 0.1 mg kg(-1). After 1 yr, TPHs showed a diminution of about 52%. Even though TPHs concentrations were variable, during 1999 the average concentrations were as much as 15.5 times the goal concentration. For year 2000, TPHs concentrations were only 7.4-fold the proposed value. For the 1999-2000 period, PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) concentrations decreased by 82%. Some PAHs with 2, 3, 4, and 5 aromatic rings were removed up to 100% values.     

Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments of the Mediterranean: assessment and source recognition of petroleum hydrocarbons

Coastal marine sediment samples were collected from ten sampling stations along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast in April 2010. All sediment samples were analyzed for aliphatic (C7 to C34) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as well as total organic carbon (TOC) contents and grain size analysis. Total aliphatic hydrocarbons ranged from 1621.82 to 9069.99 ng/g (dry weight), while aromatic hydrocarbons (16 PAHs) varied between 208.69 and 1020.02 ng/g with an average of 530.68?±?225.86 ng/g?dwt. Good correlations observed between certain PAH concentrations allowed to identify its origin. The average TOC percent was varied from 0.13 to 1.46 %. Principal component analysis was used to determine the sources of hydrocarbon pollutants in sediments of Mediterranean. Additionally, special PAHs compound ratios suggest the petrogenic origins.