基于着生硅藻多参数指标评价赤水河生态状况

随着人类活动的加剧,赤水河生态状况受到越来越多的关注,全面了解赤水河的生态状况,识别影响生态状况的主要环境胁迫因子对于赤水河的管理十分重要。笔者分别于2016年春季(4月)和秋季(9月)对赤水河干流着生硅藻及主要环境指标展开系统调查,春季以曲壳藻属相对丰度、高需氧物种、高磷物种、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为核心参数,秋季以低需氧物种、物种丰富度、高营养物种为核心参数,构建了着生硅藻多参数指标(D-MMIs)。对赤水河干流生态状况进行评估。结果表明:调查期间,赤水河干流中上游样点水体状况优于下游样点,并且春、秋季赤水河生态状况存在差异。D-MMIs与环境因子的回归分析结果显示:影响春季赤水河生态状况的环境因子为COD,影响秋季赤水河生态状况的环境因子为NH4_+~-N。构建的赤水河D-MMIs,能够较好地指示环境胁迫因子对赤水河生态状况的影响,对于指导赤水河的管理实践具有参考价值。     

滦河流域大型底栖动物生物完整性指数健康评价

生物完整性指数能够综合反映河流健康状况,是管理者制定科学保护恢复策略的有效评价工具。为全面了解滦河流域水生态健康状况,于2016年10—11月在滦河流域布设53个采样点,同时监测环境数据和大型底栖动物物种数据。通过构建底栖动物生物完整性指数(B-IBI)体系,对53个采样点进行生物完整性健康评价。B-IBI计算结果显示,滦河流域53个采样点中,"健康"和"亚健康"等级共有24个,"一般"等级有12个,"差"等级有10个,"极差"等级有7个。"健康"和"亚健康"的采样点多分布在承德市上游和冀东地区的部分干流和支流,而中下游大部分采样点表现为"差"和"极差"的健康状况。非参数检验结果显示,参照点B-IBI要显著高于受损点,表明所构建的B-IBI评价体系适用于在滦河流域开展河流健康评价。     

新村港海草床生态系统健康评价

通过分析2004—2009年海南岛新村港海草床生态系统的水环境、沉积环境、生物残毒、栖息地、生物等5类18项评价指标的调查数据,并根据《近岸海洋生态健康评价指南》(HYT 087—2005)的评价标准,对新村港海草床生态系统的健康状况进行评价。结果显示,新村港水质、沉积环境、生物残毒和栖息地等4个评价指标的健康状况为健康,健康指数分别为11.4、9.0、7.1、13.0,水环境健康指数临近亚健康临界值;生物评价指标的健康状况为亚健康,健康指数为30.0;综合以上5类指标评价,新村港海草床生态系统的健康状况为亚健康,健康指数为70.5。海水养殖、污水排放、海洋工程、渔业活动等是导致海草床退化、底栖生物减少、水环境质量下降的主要原因。     

忻州市滹沱河主要支流生态系统健康评价

采用河流生态健康评价体系中的水量、水质、生物、水体连通性4个指标,运用综合健康指数法分别对忻州市滹沱河4条支流进行生态健康评价。结果表明:阳武河总指标数值为34.1,呈病态状态;牧马河总指标数值为47.1,呈亚健康状态;云中河总指标数值为15.7,呈濒于崩溃状态;清水河总指标数值为75.0,呈基本健康状态。可见,该区域河流生态健康水平整体不容乐观,同时各河流具有差异性,尤其是云中河、阳武河生态修复非常迫切。     

三亚河水体中甲烷和氧化亚氮的分布、释放及影响因素研究

甲烷(CH₄)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)是大气中重要的温室气体，对全球变暖和大气化学有重要作用。受人为活动影响较大的河流、河口是大气中CH₄和N₂O的重要源。于2019年春季、2020年秋季台风前后沿三亚河从下游到上游采集了11个站位的样品，测定三亚河水体中CH₄、N₂O浓度及相关参数，并估算了水-气界面释放通量。结果表明：春季、秋季以及台风后CH₄平均浓度分别为(15.92±23.04)、(364.43±265.41)、(666.02±502.60) nmol/L,N₂O平均浓度分别为(24.37±19.88)、(8.47±5.19)、(47.48±33.47) nmol/L,台风后大于台风前。水体中CH₄、N₂O主要受溶解氧(DO)和降雨影响，下游河段主要受潮汐作用影响。现场产生和沉积物释放是水体中CH₄的主要源，硝化作用是水体中N₂     

蟒蛇河水域浮游植物调查与水生态评价

2012—2013年春(3月)、秋(9月)两季,从蟒蛇河上游大纵湖至下游新洋港大桥,共设置6个监测点位,调查浮游植物种类组成及群落结构,并利用群落结构指数等方法评价其水生态状况,结果表明:蟒蛇河水域共监测到浮游植物64种,以硅藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门为主要门类;各监测点位浮游植物密度呈现秋季显著高于春季的季节性变化趋势;春、秋季节浮游植物优势种存在交叉演替的现象;蟒蛇河浮游植物多样性较好,指征水体污染程度为尚清洁;Shannon-wiener多样性指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数数值均表现为春季高于秋季,且上、下游点位间差异不明显。     

三峡水库135m水位蓄水典型次级河流回水段富营养化监测评价

通过2004年3月份对三峡水库135m水位蓄水状态下库区成库河段典型次级河流朱衣河、梅溪河、大宁河回水河段富营养化监测与评价,掌握了在这一季节三峡库区成库河段次级河流回水河段营养状态不同的分布模式.     

水生态完整性监测评价的基准与参照状态探究

水生态完整性评价通过对水生态系统中不同生态组分(非生物和生物)的监测,整合物理栖息地、环境水质和生物特征形成综合评价指数来反映水生态系统健康状况,是流域水环境管理的重要手段。笔者尝试从水生态完整性评价中基准与参照状态的核心要素出发,探讨基准与参照状态的概念框架与具体定义,综述评价参照状态的四大类确定方法(基于分类学的参照位点法、历史数据法,针对特定位点的模型预测法以及提供经验解释与描述的专家判断法),并对参照状态研究的挑战与应用予以展望。     

大亚湾水体营养盐分布特征及其生态环境效应

2019年秋季和2020年春季在大亚湾海域开展了生态环境现状调查,调查要素包括水温、盐度、pH、溶解氧、化学需氧量(COD)、溶解无机氮(DIN)、磷酸盐(DIP)、叶绿素a等。秋季DIN和DIP平均浓度分别为(5.00±3.36)、(0.31±0.56) μmol/L,春季分别为(3.12±1.97)、(0.13±0.05) μmol/L,春季DIN和DIP含量低于秋季。秋、春季DIN和DIP高值区均位于淡澳河入海口、哑铃湾和范和港湾口以及渔业养殖和港口交汇海域,且呈现自湾顶至湾口逐渐减小趋势,主要受入海径流、外海水入侵、渔业养殖、污水排放等多重因素影响。大部分海域处于贫营养化状态,仅湾顶局部海域为中度富营养化水平。春季叶绿素a平均值为(2.10±1.07) μg/L,大于秋季[(0.83±0.54) μg/L],秋、春季叶绿素a空间分布大体与营养盐相同,即湾顶高,湾中和湾口逐渐降低,秋、春季N/P平均值分别为30.52±20.09和26.68±17.70,湾顶浮游植物繁殖的主要限制因子为磷,湾口的主要限制因子为氮。     

应用鱼类完整性指数F-IBI评价巢湖流域的主要河流健康

保护河流健康是河流生态管理的重要目标,鱼类对维护河流生态系统健康的作用重要且不可替代。依据2013年10月巢湖53个河流采样点的鱼类调查数据,采用假设参照值法构建鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI)的参照系统,进而评价河流健康状况。基于29个候选生物参数,通过参数与环境因子间的相关性分析、参数间的冗余分析及其分布范围分析,确定F-IBI由鱼类总物种数、鲤科鱼类物种数百分比、中下层鱼类物种数百分比、肉食性鱼类数量百分比、产粘性卵鱼类数量百分比和耐受性鱼类数量百分比等6个参数构成。利用比值法统一各参数量纲,F-IBI值即为各构成参数比值的累加,进而评价河流水生态健康的等级,其中亚健康的采样点占16.98%,健康状况一般的采样点占50.94%,健康状况较差的采样点占32.08%。此外,影响巢湖主要河流F-IBI的重要水环境变量是叶绿素a。对重点污染区域,修复水生态系统和制定科学合理的策略,是恢复巢湖流域生态健康的重要手段。     

松花江流域大型底栖动物生物完整性指数构建及其适用性

利用生物完整性指数评价河流健康状态,对于水环境管理决策具有重要的实践意义。基于大型底栖动物构建生物完整性指数(B-IBI),并评价松花江流域的水生态系统健康状况。在松花江主要干支流设定37个采样点,分别于2016年6、9月进行环境因子和大型底栖动物调查研究。最终从28个候选参数中确定了种类总数、摇蚊种类数、敏感种百分比、Hilsenhoff指数、Marglef指数作为核心参数构建B-IBI。通过0～10赋分法,计算得到了松花江流域全部采样点的生物完整性评价得分。结果显示,松花江流域内60%区域生物状态存在不同程度的损害。另外,B-IBI能够综合反映松花江大型底栖动物群落多样性、生境质量、理化水质等,具有一定的适用性。     

A longitudinal assessment of the aquatic macroinvertebrate community in the channelized lower Missouri River

We conducted an aquatic macroinvertebrate assessment in the channelized reach of the lower Missouri River, and used statistical analysis of individual metrics and multimetric scores to identify community response patterns and evaluate relative biological condition. We examined longitudinal site differences that are potentially associated with water qualityrelated factors originating from the Kansas City metropolitan area, using data from coarse rock substrate in flowing water habitats (outside river bends), and depositional mud substratein slack water habitats (dike fields). Three sites above rivermile (RM) 369 in Kansas City (Nebraska City, RM = 560; St. Joseph, RM = 530; Parkville, RM = 377) and three below (Lexington, RM = 319; Glasgow, RM = 228; Hermann, RM = 94) were sampled with rock basket artificial substrates, a qualitative kicknet method, and the Petite Ponar. We also compared the performance of the methods used. A total of 132 aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa were collected from the lower Missouri River; one third of these taxa belonged to the sensitiveEPOT insect orders (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Odonata, and Trichoptera). Rock baskets had the highest mean efficiency (34.1%) of the methods, and the largest number of taxa was collected by Ponar (n = 69) and kicknet (n = 69) methods. Seven of the 15 metrics calculated from rock basket data, and five ofthe nine metrics calculated from Ponar data showed highly significant differences (ANOVA, P < 0.001) at one or more sitesbelow Kansas City. We observed a substantial reduction in net-spinning Trichoptera in rock habitats below Kansas City (Lexington), an increase in relative dominance of Oligochaeta in depositional habitats at the next site downstream (Glasgow), and lower relative condition scores in rock habitat at Lexingtonand depositional habitat at Glasgow. Collectively, these data indicate that some urban-related impacts on the aquatic macroinvertebrate community are occurring. Our results suggest that the methods and assessment framework we used in this studycould be successfully applied on a larger scale with concurrentwater and sediment chemistry to validate metrics, establish impairment levels, and develop a specific macroinvertebrate community index for the lower Missouri River. We recommend accomplishing this with longitudinal multi-habitat sampling at a larger number of sites related to all potential sources of impairment, including major tributaries, urban areas, and point sources.     

西安市黑碳气溶胶浓度特征及与气象因素和常规污染物相关性

利用西安市环境监测站超级站2013年9月1日—2015年5月31日黑碳气溶胶(BC)的监测数据,研究空气中BC浓度特征及其与气象因素和常规污染物相关性。结果表明:BC小时平均浓度均值在春季、夏季和冬季的变化趋势呈"W"型,秋季呈"V"型,且冬季的第一个最低值和峰值比春季和夏季的分别延迟1 h和2~3 h,且20:00~次日6:00秋季BC小时平均浓度均值高于当年冬季。BC浓度在秋季和冬季较高,夏季较低。冬季BC/PM_(2.5)基本最低,秋季BC/PM_(2.5)相对最高。BC日平均浓度与气温、降水和风速的日平均值为极负显著相关,且风速小于1.0 m/s时,其与风速呈最显著的负相关。除O_3外,BC日平均浓度与其他常规空气污染物浓度呈显著相关,表明其同源性很强,且受机动车尾气排放的影响更大。     

Mullet and gudgeon liver histopathology and macroinvertebrate indexes and metrics upstream and downstream from a wastewater treatment plant (Febros River—Portugal)

The increased pollution in ecosystems reinforces the importance of both chemical monitoring and biological monitoring of streams and rivers, as an effective water quality-based approach to assess aquatic ecosystem health. In this study, gudgeon (Gobio gobio) and mullet (Mugil cephalus) liver histopathology (biomarker) and some macroinvertebrate community indexes and metrics (bioindicator) were used to evaluate the effect of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Febros (Avintes) in Febros River water quality and ecosystem health. Regarding macroinvertebrate communities, the Belgian Biotic Index (BBI) and Iberian Biological Monitoring Working Party (IBMWP) indexes suggested that Febros water was slightly polluted, even though the worst situation was found downstream the WWTP discharge. Concerning community metrics, upstream percent of individuals in five numerically dominant taxa (80%) was slightly more superior than the downstream (78%). The presence of intolerant or sensible individuals, determined by percent of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera individuals and number of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera families metrics, was higher upstream WWTP, reflecting a better water quality. The histopathology shows the presence of hepatic lesions in gudgeon and mullet. The statistical analysis of the lesion gradation showed that only necrosis was significantly higher in gudgeon captured downstream the WWTP, while differences were not observed for mullet. The multivariate analysis of data confirmed the existence of differences in hepatic lesions between gudgeon and mullet and between sampling sites. Regarding macroinvertebrate community, this analysis showed that the organic contamination reflected by the BBI and IBMWP indexes values was a determinant factor in the spatial distribution of macroinvertebrates. This work showed that the study of different biological organization levels can be used for a better assessment of ecosystem ecological integrity and can be used as a tool to reveal anthropogenic activity effects in macroinvertebrate diversity and in fish liver pathology from Febros River.     

Biomonitoring in the Boulder River Watershed, Montana, USA: Metal Concentrations in Biofilm and Macroinvertebrates, and Relations with Macroinvertebrate Assemblage

Portions of the Boulder River watershed contain elevated concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in water, sediment, and biota. We measured concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in biofilm and macroinvertebrates, and assessed macroinvertebrate assemblage and aquatic habitat with the objective of monitoring planned remediation efforts. Concentrations of metals were generally higher in downstream sites compared with upstream or reference sites, and two sites contained metal concentrations in macroinvertebrates greater than values reported to reduce health and survival of resident trout. Macroinvertebrate assemblage was correlated with metal concentrations in biofilm and macroinvertebrates. However, macroinvertebrate metrics were significantly correlated with a greater number of biofilm metals (8) than metals in invertebrates (4). Lead concentrations in biofilm appeared to have the most significant impact on macroinvertebrate assemblage. Metal concentrations in macroinvertebrates were directly proportional to concentrations in biofilm, indicating biofilm as a potential surrogate for monitoring metal impacts in aquatic systems.     

胶州湾大型底栖动物的次级生产力

基于国外大型底栖动物次级生产力的评估方法,结合国内研究现状,选取了3种Brey模型对胶州湾大型底栖动物的次级生产力进行估算,通过2015—2017年连续3个季度对胶州湾海域大型底栖动物的调查,最终结果表明:胶州湾大型底栖动物的次级生产力与其他海域相比具备较高的水平,次级生产力的季节性变化明显,其中夏季为最高;湾内高值区位于湾顶中部红岛以南到向西偏移至大沽河口和红石崖附近。分析发现历年来大型底栖动物群落的物种组成基本保持稳定,菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)资源的变化是造成次级生产力变化的最主要因素。研究推荐使用Brey(2012)模型来估算胶州湾大型底栖动物次级生产力,春、夏、秋季的估算结果分别为880.17、1 537.64、458.33 kJ/(m~2·a)。     

Reduced riparian zone width compromises aquatic macroinvertebrate communities in streams of southern Brazil

Recent changes in Brazilian legislation reduced the width of riparian forest buffer needed to be preserved in private properties from 30 to 15 m or less. The consequences of these modifications can be dramatic, mainly because riparian buffer width is an important parameter for riparian forest structure and functioning. Our study assessed whether (1) macroinvertebrate family richness and Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) family richness decrease with reduced riparian buffer width; (2) taxonomic composition and functional feeding group (FFG) composition of macroinvertebrates vary with a reduced riparian buffer width; and (3) reduced riparian buffer width similarly influence the macroinvertebrate community in different stream substrates. We selected three fragments with different riparian buffer widths (>40, <30, and <15 m) in three streams (fourth and fifth orders) in the Sinos River watershed, southern Brazil. Our results show that on all substrate types, reducing the width of the riparian buffer altered neither the macroinvertebrate richness nor EPT richness. However, EPT richness was greater in the substrates stone and gravel than leaf litter, independent of riparian buffer width. There was a significant difference in macroinvertebrate composition among riparian buffer widths. The macroinvertebrate composition and FFG differed among substrates, independent of riparian buffer width. This study showed that riparian buffer widths <15 m altered the macroinvertebrate community. A width greater than 15 m is necessary to maintain the composition and trophic conditions of macroinvertebrate families similar to those found in reference states of conservation.     

Evaluating macroinvertebrate biological metrics for ecological assessment of streams in northern Portugal

A procedure to select the most relevant metrics for assessing the ecological condition of the Douro basin (north Portugal) was developed based upon a set of 184 benthic community metrics. They were grouped into 16 biological categories selected from literature using data collected over 2 years from 54 sites along 31 rivers covering the whole perceived range of human disturbance. Multivariate analyses were carried out to identify the main trends in the macroinvertebrate data, to select reference versus impaired sites, to avoid multicolinearity between metrics, and to identify those that were clearly independent from natural stream typology. Structural metrics, adaptation metrics, and tolerance measures most effectively responded across a range of human influence. We find these attributes to be ecologically sound for monitoring Portugal’s lotic ecosystems and providing information relevant to the Water Framework Directive, which asserts that the definition of water quality depends on its “ecological status”, independent of the actual or potential uses of those waters.     

Adjusting the effect of seasonal variability in the bioassessment of streams

Bioassessment tools should distinguish between the effects of anthropogenic degradation in communities and natural temporal changes. The present study tests the influence of natural seasonal variability on macroinvertebrate stream communities assessed by a predictive model (PORTRIV) and a multimetric index (IPtI) calibrated for spring. The scores of PORTRIV decreased significantly between spring and autumn, and between spring and winter (ca. 37 to 53 %, respectively), while those of IPtI did not change significantly between seasons. For non-reference samples, the results of the predictive model also indicate no significant differences. A correction factor (CF) was calculated to adjust the existing differences in the model assessments between seasons, based on the percentage of variation of reference site scores from spring to autumn and winter. After the application of the CF to the OE50 scores of spring reference samples, the differences were no longer significant. Independent reference validation sites confirmed this tendency. This method has the advantage of avoiding large efforts required for the construction of databases from other seasons and the development of new models to allow the assessment of streams in seasons other than spring. Further tests with models developed in regions with more marked seasonal changes should be done to confirm its wider applicability.