分光光度法测定土壤阳离子交换量的方法优化

为了提高土壤阳离子交换量测定的准确度,针对《土壤阳离子交换量的测定三氯化六氨合钴浸提-分光光度法》(HJ 889—2017)标准的不足,对有机质、pH值、浸提时间、离心时间、浸提液过滤等条件进行优化。结果表明,酸性土壤在测试前调节pH值为6.0~8.0,振荡1 h,离心10 min,能够很好地解决测试结果偏低的问题。当有机质质量分数较高,且在380 nm处吸光度很高时,才需要在475 nm处进行吸光度校正。当实际样品基质复杂时,可采用针头过滤的方法,使得测试结果更准确。优化后的方法适用于各种类型土壤的大批量测定。     

氯化钡浸提法测定土壤可交换酸度

建立了氯化钡浸提测定酸性土壤可交换酸度的方法，优化了水土比、土壤粒度、浸提液质量浓度、浸提次数、震荡时间等试验参数。方法检出限为0．016cmol／kg，经重复性和再现性检验表明精密度良好。该方法可同时用于土壤可交换性氢和可交换性铝的测定。     

容量法测定土壤阳离子交换量的方法探讨

探讨了乙酸铵交换-容量法测定土壤阳离子交换量过程中影响测定结果的关键分析条件。试验结果表明,最佳分析条件是:土壤样品粒径为20目,土壤样品与乙酸铵溶液的固液比为2 g∶50 m L,振荡频率为240 r/min、振荡时间为4 min,铵离子洗脱剂乙醇使用量为150 m L(均分3次),水蒸气蒸馏的馏出液体积为120 m L,用盐酸标准溶液容量法测定土壤阳离子交换量。结果表明,方法检出限为1.0 cmol/kg,测定下限为4.0 cmol/kg,代表性样品(p H值=5.69~8.13)测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.4%~4.6%(n=6),土壤标准样品测定结果与标准值相符,说明方法具有良好的适用性,能够满足国家土壤环境质量监测及农用地详查分析工作质量要求。     

容量法测定土壤阳离子交换量的质量控制方法

探讨了乙酸铵交换-容量法测定土壤阳离子交换量过程中影响测定结果的关键分析条件。试验结果表明，最佳分析条件是：土壤样品粒径为20目，土壤样品与乙酸铵溶液的固液比为2 g∶50 mL，振荡频率为240 r/min、振荡时间为4 min，铵离子洗脱剂乙醇使用量为150mL（均分3次），水蒸气蒸馏的馏出液体积为120 mL，用盐酸标准溶液容量法测定土壤阳离子交换量。结果表明，方法检出限为1.0 cmol/kg，测定下限为4.0 cmol/kg，代表性样品(pH值=5.69～8.13)测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.4%～4.6%（n=6），土壤标准样品测定结果与标准值相符，说明方法具有良好的适用性，能够满足国家土壤环境质量监测及农用地详查分析工作质量要求。     

土壤阳离子交换量的分析结果研究

土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)是指土壤胶体所能吸附各种阳离子的总量。本文用乙酸铵交换法测定了南通狼山水厂、洪港水厂、云湖水厂采集的15个土样中CEC值,讨论了不同质地的土在分析步骤里的差异,并与同批次土样p H值和有机质值做了一定的比较。结果表明,南通三个水厂的土壤样品CEC值大多在2~10 cmol/kg范围内,保肥能力较弱,土壤CEC值与有机质含量、p H值均存在很好的线性相关性。同时探讨了测定CEC值时的注意事项。     

土壤阳离子交换量两种测定方法的比较

土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)的测定具有分析步骤繁琐、分析周期长等特点,为比较分光光度法与滴定法测定CEC值的优劣性,文章采用国家标准HJ 889-2017和NY/T 295-1995两种方法,测定土壤样品的CEC值并进行分析、对比。结果表明,方法 HJ 889-2017在分析效率、分析周期、精密度等方面均优于方法 NY/T 295-1995。     

动态顶空-气相色谱/离子阱质谱法测定土壤中苯系物

采用动态顶空进样，气相色谱/离子阱质谱法测定土壤中的苯系物。对样品的吹扫温度、吹扫时间和解析时间进行了优化，各组分的方法检出限：苯为0.43 μg/kg，甲苯为1.13 μg/kg，对、间二甲苯均为1.74 μg/kg，邻二甲苯为0.37 μg/kg；对5种苯系物的低、中质量浓度标液进行加标，回收率为82.0%～115%，重复测定7次的RSD为4.8%～15.1%。对某造纸厂周边土壤样品中苯系物进行测定，结果固废堆存处周边土壤中苯和甲苯检出。     

AB-DTPA浸提ICP-MS法分析土壤中有效钼的研究

采用AB-DTPA浸提剂和电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析,建立了1种土壤中有效钼的分析方法。将土壤用AB-DTPA在(25±2)℃,(180±10) r/min的振荡频率下浸提8 h,电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析,实验结果表明,检出限为0.000 3 mg/kg,测定下限为0.001 mg/kg。通过对标准物质的测定,土壤有效钼与真值的相对误差在-17.4%～-7.5%,数据测试的准确度较好,加标回收率在90.0%～95.7%,能够满足土壤实际样品的分析测试,同时适用于各种类型土壤的批量检测。     

气相色谱法测定土壤中五氯酚

采用索氏提取-气相色谱法测定土壤中的五氯酚，优化了试验条件。方法在0wg／kg-200wg／kg范围内线性良好，检出限为0．03μg/kg，空白土壤加标样测定的RSD为2．6％，回收率为95．4％～101％。     

全自动淋洗-智能蒸馏联合技术检测土壤中阳离子交换量

针对土壤中阳离子交换量检测国标方法的不足,介绍了一种全自动淋洗法结合自动智能一体化蒸馏的联合技术。通过对实际样品和6种土壤标样的比较实验,表明,淋洗时间设置为20 min、乙醇洗涤次数设置为4次、蒸馏液质量设置为130 g较佳,在该条件下,土壤标样及实际样品的相对标准偏差(0.87%~1.07%)远小于行业标准方法的标准偏差(3.87%~5.18%),方法准确度也均在保证值范围内。该方法自动化程度高、可操作性强且检测结果的准确度、精密度及重现性都符合标准规定,可满足大批量土壤样品分析要求。     

加压流体萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定土壤和沉积物中27种拟除虫菊酯类农药

建立了加压流体萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定土壤和沉积物中27种拟除虫菊酯类农药的方法。以丙酮/正己烷(V∶V=1∶1)为萃取溶剂,在120℃和10. 3 MPa条件下静态萃取7 min,循环3次,石墨化炭黑串接氨丙基键合硅胶固相萃取柱净化,HP-5MS UI色谱柱分离,优化了提取和分析过程的重要条件。方法检出限为0. 001~0. 012 mg/kg,土壤中低、高浓度的加标回收率范围分别为68. 3%~123%和75. 3%~115%,沉积物中低、高浓度的加标回收率范围分别为67. 1%~120%和78. 6%~110%,单一目标物的相对标准偏差(RSD)均<20%(n=6)。实验结果表明,该方法消耗溶剂少、效率高、检出限低、精密度和准确度好,适用于土壤和沉积物中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的测定。     

超声波萃取-红外分光光度法测定土壤中石油类

采用超声波萃取-红外分光光度法测定土壤中石油类,并对超声波机的功率、水浴温度和萃取时间进行优化.试验表明：方法在0mg/L～80.0mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数r为0.9997;方法检出限为6.00μg/L,当取土壤样品10.0g时,方法检出限为0.03mg/kg;空白土壤的加标回收率为97.4% ～103%;测定实际土壤样品的RSD为3.0% ～3.9%.通过比较超声波萃取、四氯化碳热浸法和快速溶剂萃取法的前处理效果,显示出超声波萃取法的优越性.     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中银

建立了土壤样品中痕量银的石墨炉原子吸收光谱测定方法,优化了试验条件,标准曲线线性关系良好,当取样质量为0.25 g,定容体积为25 mL时,方法检出限为0.01 mg/kg.经标准样品验证,方法准确度符合土壤样品分析要求.     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱/串联质谱法测定土壤中20种有机氯农药

建立了用加速溶剂萃取法（ASE）提取、气相色谱-串联质谱法分析土壤中20种有机氯农药的方法。用正己烷和丙酮（1∶1,V/V）的混合溶剂为提取剂,萃取温度100℃,压力1 500 psi,静态提取10 min,循环提取2次,提取液经石墨化碳黑固相萃取柱净化,浓缩后进行GC-MS/MS测定,外标法定量。试验结果表明,采用串联质谱多反应监测模式,降低了背景干扰,当取5 g土壤时,有机氯农药的检出限在0.1~3.0μg/kg之间,低浓度水平（8μg/kg）的基体加标回收率为70.3%~134%,相对标准偏差〈23%。测定方法背景干扰低,灵敏度高,适合土壤中20种有机氯农药残留的同时测定。     

Comparison study of five analytical methods for the fractionation and subsequent determination of aluminium in natural water samples

Five methods for aluminium fractionation used in different laboratories in Norway and Finland were compared using six control, 75 soil water and 10 lake water samples. Different fractionation principles [cation exchange, formation of the Pyrocatechol Violet (PCV) or quinolin-8-ol (oxine) complex], types of cation exchanger [Amberlite (Na/H) or Bond Elut (H)], reaction time (from 2.3 s), flow systems (flow injection analysis or segmented flow) and determination principles (molecular absorption spectrometry or ICP-AES) were tested. Determination of the 'labile' fraction was strongly dependent on the method used and the largest differences were observed between the ICP-AES method with cation exchange (Bond Elut H form) and the 'quickly reacting' method (oxine, 2.3 s). Different flow systems, both using cation exchange and determination of the PCV complex but with different reaction times and an extra acidification step, resulted in large differences in the 'reactive' and 'non-labile' fractions determined. However, the determination of the labile fraction gave similar results with both these methods. The two different types of cation exchanger used (with and without pH buffering and with different counter ions) in the ICP-AES methods resulted in differences, mainly because of a smaller 'non-labile' fraction in the non-buffered system. The two flow injection systems (oxine and PCV complexation) showed common trends, which may be connected with the short reaction times used. Comparison with theoretical equilibrium calculations using the model ALCHEMI suggested that the best correlation for the determination of the 'labile' fraction were obtained with the ICP-AES method with an Amberlite column.     

Addressing the challenges of tetracycline analysis in soil: extraction, clean-up, and matrix effects in LC-MS

An optimized extraction and clean-up method for the analysis of chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline antibiotics in soil is presented in this work. Soil extraction using different solvents was performed, but the use of a 50 : 50 (v/v) methanol : acetate buffer (pH 8) solvent mixture in a pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) system proved to give the best extraction efficiency and reproducibility. The effect of soil composition on the PLE extraction efficiency was also examined, and results indicated that recovery data for one soil is not necessarily consistent with other soil types containing different compositions of clay and organic matter content. The percent recoveries of the optimized PLE method varied between the soils and ranged from 22-99%, depending on soil type, and more specifically clay content. In addition, the extent of ionization suppression caused by co-extracted humic acids was examined in an ion trap mass spectrometer (MS), and a single quadrupole MS. It was found that under positive electrospray ionization, the single quadrupole MS was less susceptible to ionization suppression than the ion trap MS. Therefore, various sample clean-up procedures were evaluated to selectively reduce the amount of co-extracted humic acids in the soil extracts. The most effective clean-up was obtained from the use of StrataX sorbent in combination with a strong anion exchange cartridge.     

Addressing analytical uncertainties in the determination of trichloroacetic acid in soil

Soil is an important compartment in the environmental cycling of trichloroacetic acid (TCA), but soil TCA concentration is a methodologically defined quantity; analytical methods either quantify TCA in an aqueous extract of the soil, or thermally decarboxylate TCA to chloroform in the whole soil sample. The former may underestimate the total soil TCA, whereas the latter may overestimate TCA if other soil components (e.g. humic material) liberate chloroform under the decarboxylation conditions. The aim of this work was to show that extraction and decarboxylation methods yield different TCA concentrations because the decarboxylation method can also determine "bound" TCA. Experiments with commercial humic acid solutions showed there was no additional chloroform formation under decarboxylation conditions, and that all TCA in a TCA-humic acid mixture could be quantitatively determined (108 +/- 13%). Anion exchange resin was used as a provider of solid-phase TCA binding; only 5 +/- 1% of a TCA solution mixed with the resin was present in the aqueous extract subsequently separated from the resin, yet the decarboxylation method yielded mass balance (123 +/- 22%) with TCA remaining in the resin. In aqueous extraction of a range of soil samples (with or without added TCA spike), the decarboxylation method was able to satisfactorily account for TCA in the extractant + residue post-extraction, compared with whole-soil TCA (+ spike) pre-extraction: e.g. mass balances for unspiked soil from Sikta spruce and larch forest were 99 +/- 8% and 93 +/- 6%, respectively, and for TCA-spiked forest and agricultural soils were 114 +/- 13% and 102 +/- 2%. In each case recovery of TCA in the extractant was substantially less than 100%(<20% for unspiked soils, <55% for spiked soils). Extraction efficiencies were generally lower in more organic soils. The results suggest that analytical methods which utilise aqueous extraction may underestimate whole-soil TCA concentrations. Application of both methodologies together may enhance insight into TCA behaviour in soil.     

Development of an extraction method for perchlorate in soils

Perchlorate originates as a contaminant in the environment from its use in solid rocket fuels and munitions. The current US EPA methods for perchlorate determination via ion chromatography using conductivity detection do not include recommendations for the extraction of perchlorate from soil. This study evaluated and identified appropriate conditions for the extraction of perchlorate from clay loam, loamy sand, and sandy soils. Based on the results of this evaluation, soils should be extracted in a dry, ground (mortar and pestle) state with Milli-Q water in a 1 ratio 1 soil ratio water ratio and diluted no more than 5-fold before analysis. When sandy soils were extracted in this manner, the calculated method detection limit was 3.5 microg kg(-1). The findings of this study have aided in the establishment of a standardized extraction method for perchlorate in soil.     

Rapid spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of palladium in water samples after dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

A simple, rapid, and efficient dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method, followed by UV–Vis spectrophotometry was developed for the preconcentration and determination of Pd ions in water samples. Pd ions react with α-furildioxime (chelating agent) to form a hydrophobic complex. Various parameters were altered to study and optimize their effects on the extraction efficiency, such as pH, ligand concentration, the type and volume of extraction and dispersive solvents, extraction time, and salt concentration. Under optimized conditions, the method exhibited an enrichment factor (C _org/C _aq) of 25 and recovery more than 98 % within a very short extraction time. The linearity of the method ranged from 10 to 200 μg?L^?1. The limit of detection was 1.1 μg?L^?1. The relative standard deviation for the concentration of 100 μg?L^?1 of Pd was 2.3 % (n?=?10). Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of Pd in tap, river, mineral, and sea water samples.     

顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中四乙基铅

建立了水中四乙基铅的测定方法——顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱法,探讨了影响水中四乙基铅萃取效率的温度、转速和萃取时间等因素。实验结果表明,在0.08～10μg/L范围内线性关系良好,方法检出限为0.02μg/L,实际水样加标回收率为96.2%～98.3%。