制订我国污染场地土壤风险筛选值的几点建议

近年来,我国大中城市陆续开展污染企业搬迁,环境管理上要求对搬迁场地进行商业开发前必须开展场地环境调查、风险评估和修复,客观上要求有一套场地环境评价标准和污染土壤修复标准.针对目前国内污染场地标准缺失及盲目引用国外相关筛选值出现的误区,分析了美国、荷兰和英国土壤筛选值差异的主要原因,为合理借鉴国外土壤筛选值及其制定方法学...     

基于人体健康风险评估的冶炼行业污染场地风险管理与决策流程

简述了冶炼行业污染场地风险管理和风险评估流程。在借鉴国内外相关经验和教训的基础上,结合我国冶炼行业的特点,提出了基于层次性人体健康风险评估的冶炼行业污染场地风险管理与决策框架体系,利用该框架体系,通过层次性风险评估,可以筛选风险大的场地进行重点监管,并采取有针对性的措施防治污染扩散及消除对人体和生态环境的风险,从而经济有效地实现对冶炼行业污染场地的监管。     

磷化工企业场地污染调查与健康风险评估实例研究

以江阴某磷化工企业搬离时,对遗留场地开展的污染调查与健康风险评估为实例,探讨污染场地健康风险评估的方法和进行场地修复的必要性。     

我国场地调查土壤中污染物监测分析方法标准的思考

结合重点行业企业用地调查工作实践,分析了我国场地调查土壤中污染物监测分析方法标准现状和存在的问题,包括缺少一些行业特征污染物、重金属形态分析和现场快速检测技术标准,以及部分方法的可比性和适用性较差等,提出了结合污染场地环境调查土壤基质的特点及风险评估与治理修复的需求,加快制定缺失的行业特征污染物和重金属形态分析方法标准,及时修订和完善现行分析方法体系,增强标准的可比性、适用性和可操作性等建议.     

基于风险的工业污染场地管理

中国科学院土壤环境与污染修复重点实验室污染场地生态修复工程技术研发中心致力于研究污染场地定量健康与环境风险评估技术,在国际国内具有领先地位。中心人员主持过英国环保署（EA）及环境、食品与农村事务部（DEFRA）污染土地暴露评估软件（CLEA）的开发。     

某化工厂致癌有机污染物分层健康风险评估

以某化工厂污染场地为例,根据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》(HJ 25.3-2014),运用HERA风险评估软件,将污染场地分为4层分别进行人体健康风险评估,结果表明:该场地存在高致癌风险,需要修复后才能开发再利用;关注污染物氯仿、苯,在地下0 m~3 m的风险控制值分别为0.07 mg/kg、0.83 mg/kg,在地下3 m~5 m的风险控制值分别为0.15 mg/kg、1.91 mg/kg,在地下5 m~9 m的风险控制值分别为0.40 mg/kg、5.05 mg/kg,在地下9 m~18 m的风险控制值分别为0.73 mg/kg、7.82 mg/kg。与以往计算单一的风险控制相比,分层计算污染物的风险控制值能有效减少治理土方量,降低治理成本。     

南京市某电镀企业搬迁遗留场地调查及风险评估

以南京某电镀企业搬迁遗留场地为例,根据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》(HJ 25.3—2014)进行场地调查及风险评估。结果表明:该场地作为工业用地开发,土壤中六价铬致癌风险高于可接受风险水平10~(-6)。该场地在开发前需进行场地修复,土壤中六价铬的修复目标为0.54 mg/kg,修复范围为电镀车间内、污水处理设施沟渠附近和总排口附近。     

污染场地环境风险评价中可接受风险水平探讨

简述了可接受风险水平的内涵及其发展历程,介绍了国外污染场地环境风险评价中可接受风险水平的选取。提出我国污染场地风险评价和修复治理应合理选取风险可接受水平数值,梳理现有修复治理工程修复目标值的制定过程,建立差异化的可接受风险水平标准体系。     

基于综合环境风险的砷污染场地优控筛选方法

污染场地的优控筛选是国家和地区污染场地管理的关键环节,有利于提高污染场地修复的高效性和经济性。研究以污染源强、污染途径脆弱性和受体敏感性作为筛选的主要因素,构建了基于综合环境风险的优控重金属污染场地筛选方法。通过调查某市15个砷渣污染场地,利用综合环境风险指数法分析区域不同污染场地的危害程度,据此推算不同污染场地危害 程度大小次序,并设置不同情景进行敏感性分析,从而筛选出某市优控砷渣污染场地名单。结果表明:污染场地H15和H12在不同权重情景下均处于高危害程度水平,为优控污染场地；H2在多数情景下危害程度较高,确定为备选优控污染场地。     

广州市建设用地土壤污染风险管控和修复现状、问题与对策

通过调研广州市已经开展风险管控和修复的污染地块,分析其基本特征、调查评估和治理修复等情况,总结出该市建设用地土壤污染风险管控和修复工作中存在的土壤环境背景值研究缺乏、重金属污染地块修复面临困难、地下水风险管控起步晚、修复过程技术标准缺失等问题,并有针对性地提出开展土壤环境背景值研究、探索重金属污染地块适用修复模式、重视地下水风险管控、完善技术标准支撑体系等对策建议。     

Assessing soil and groundwater contamination in a metropolitan redevelopment project

The purpose of this study was to assess contaminated soil and groundwater for the urban redevelopment of a rapid transit railway and a new mega-shopping area. Contaminated soil and groundwater may interfere with the progress of this project, and residents and shoppers may be exposed to human health risks. The study area has been remediated after application of first remediation technologies. Of the entire area, several sites were still contaminated by waste materials and petroleum. For zinc (Zn) contamination, high Zn concentrations were detected because waste materials were disposed in the entire area. For petroleum contamination, high total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and hydrocarbon degrading microbe concentrations were observed at the depth of 7 m because the underground petroleum storage tank had previously been located at this site. Correlation results suggest that TPH (soil) concentration is still related with TPH (groundwater) concentration. The relationship is taken into account in the Spearman coefficient (α).     

Limitations of the CLEA model when assessing human health risks from dioxins and furans in soil at an allotments site in Rochdale, NW England

Many allotments in the UK today are situated on urban brownfield areas which creates a potential human health risk from soil borne contamination. This paper looks specifically at the risks to allotment users at a site in Rochdale, UK, from polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDD and PCDF). A contaminated land investigation was undertaken involving the collection and analysis of 24 soil samples from the top 0.0-0.3 m of the soil profile. Homogenised egg samples were also collected and analysed from plots where poultry were kept. The concentration of PCDD and PCDF in soil at the site varied from 0.69 to 13.62 μg kg(-1); two plots out of a total of eight exceeded the soil guideline value (SGV) of 8 μg kg(-1), however all plots fell below the site specific assessment criteria (SSAC) of 15.9 μg kg(-1). Human health risks were assessed using the Environment Agency's contaminated land exposure assessment (CLEA) model. The assessment using CLEA alone did not provide enough evidence to indicate significant possibility of significant harm (SPOSH) across the entire allotment site. However, when the likely exposure from the soil was combined with potential exposure from consumption of site laid eggs, the results indicated that the potential risks could constitute SPOSH. This paper gives evidence to support the bioconcentration of PCDD and PCDF in eggs and highlights the importance of considering pollutant linkages outside the generic CLEA model.     

Ecotoxicological and microbiological characterization of soils from heavy-metal- and hydrocarbon-contaminated sites

The aims of this study were to characterize soils from industrial sites by combining physicochemical, microbiological, and ecotoxicological parameters and to assess the suitability of these assays for evaluation of contaminated sites and ecological risk assessment. The soil samples were taken from long-term contaminated sites containing high amounts of heavy metals (sites 1 and 2) or petroleum hydrocarbons (site 3) located in the upper Silesia Industrial Region in southern Poland. Due to soil heterogeneity, large differences between all investigated parameters were measured. Microbiological properties revealed the presence of high numbers of viable hetrotrophic microorganisms. Soil enzyme activities were considerably reduced or could not be detected in contaminated soils. Activities involved in N turnover (N mineralization and nitrification) were significantly (P?<?0.05) higher in samples from the metal-contaminated sites than in samples from the hydrocarbon-contaminated site, whereas the opposite was observed for phosphatase activity. The Microtox test system appeared to be the most appropriate to detect toxicity and significant differences in toxicity between the three sites. The Ostracodtoxkit test was the most appropriate test system to detect toxicity in the hydrocarbon-contaminated soil samples. Correlation analysis between principal components (obtained from factor analysis) determined for physicochemical, microbiological, and ecotoxicological soil properties demonstrated the impact of total and water-extractable contents of heavy metals on toxicity.     

化工企业拆迁场地健康风险评价

随着城市的发展,越来越多的工业企业逐步搬迁出主城区,遗留下的场地将会用作商业或居住用地,对这些拆迁场地如不加强环境管理,可能会对公众健康造成危害。以化工企业拆迁场地为例,按照危害识别、暴露评估、毒性评估、风险表征4个步骤,介绍了健康风险评价的一般方法,着重介绍了"危害识别"步骤中对于化工企业拆迁场地环境调查方面的方法与注意事项。最后指出了我国在污染场地健康风险评价方面的不足,并提出了相应的建议。     

A GIS-based approach for the long-term prediction of human health risks at contaminated sites

A Health Index/Risk Evaluation Tool (HIRET) has been developed for the integration of risk assessment and spatial planning using GIS capabilities. The method is meant to assist decision makers and site owners in the evaluation of potential human health risk with respect to land use. Human health risk defined as the potential adverse effects on human life or health is generally accepted as the most important aspect for site assessment and planning of remediation strategies. It concerns polluted sites that endanger human health on one hand and derelict land that does not cause the immediate risk on the other hand. In current state-of-the-art risk-assessment, long-term spatial and temporal changes of risks, in relation to changes in contamination patterns and land use functions, are not taken into account. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the methodology developed for human health risk assessment in aspect of spatial and temporal domain. HIRET was developed as an extension for ESRI software ArcView 3.2 and allows performing dynamic human health risk assessment in long-term period, which is relevant for land use planning. The paper illustrates how such methodology can assist in environmental decision-making to enhance the efficiency of contaminated land management. A case study of contaminated site is given showing how data can be used within a GIS framework to produce maps indicating areas of potential human health risk.     

多环芳烃的健康风险评价以及暴露参数的敏感性分析

在暴露情景假设和评估模型的确定下,有必要对污染场地的风险计算结果有影响的模型参数开展敏感性分析,以便在开展土壤健康风险评估工作时,提高评估的准确性和科学性,节约修复成本。以上海市某污染场地为例,对模型参数敏感性开展敏感性分析。贡献率结果显示,经口摄入土壤和皮肤接触土壤为场地表层污染土壤的主要致癌风险暴露途径。敏感性分析结果显示,致癌风险与体重呈反向变化,当体重参数减小时,暴露风险将向不利的方向移动。当体重参数在大范围减小时,敏感程度较高。致癌风险与暴露周期、暴露频率、每日摄入土壤量、暴露皮肤表面积、皮肤表面土壤粘附系数呈同向变化,当这些参数增大时,暴露风险将向不利的方向移动;其中暴露周期和暴露频率的敏感程度中等。上海市敏感用地下苯并(a)蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽、茚并(1,2,3-c,d)芘、苯并(a)芘、二苯并(a,h)蒽风险控制值分别为0.726、0.726、0.726、0.072 6、0.072 6 mg/kg。     

Site environmental assessment to an old paint factory in China

High ethyl-benzene and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) were found in the soil samples and groundwater samples during a site environmental assessment for an old paint factory in the city Changchun, Jilin province of China. The target old paint plant had been in operation for near 30 years by manufacturing resin and house paint. Driving force for this study was to identify potential environmental contamination existing in this paint factory which is located next to a new resident area under construction. The assessment result would be used as baseline environmental data input for remediation plan when the factory site will be changed into potential resident area in near future. The analytical data from the soil samples from different area of the factory which had high exposure to operation showed that solid waster storage area was contaminated with high heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn) and waster paint storage areas were contaminated with ethyl-benzene, xylene and C9-C30 aromatic hydrocarbon solvent. The analytical data from the groundwater samples from different area of the factory showed that resin plant area and waster paint storage areas were contaminated with high concentration of naphthalene, ethyl-benzene and xylene which exceed the reference standard. Remediation action is recommended.     

中、英、美污染场地风险评估导则异同与启示

近年来,随着国家"退二进三"旧城改造政策的实施,全国几乎所有的大中城市正面临着大批多种污染行业企业的关闭和搬迁,这些搬迁企业遗留场地都存在着不同程度的环境与健康风险.开展定量评估人体健康与生态环境风险是建立我国工业污染场地管理体系不可缺少的技术手段,也是适合我国国情并走向可持续性(绿色)土壤与地下水修复及综合环境管理的...     

铬渣污染场地修复技术研究进展

铬渣对中国地下水、地表水和土壤造成了严重污染,并对生态环境和人体健康构成了巨大威胁。开展对铬渣污染场地的修复工作已迫在眉睫。在分析铬污染特性的基础上,阐述了国内外最新铬污染场地修复技术研究动态,并概括分析了其不足与未来铬渣污染场地修复技术的发展趋势。