西安市大气颗粒物PM2.5与降水关系的探讨

对西安市2011年的降水及PM_2.5进行采样，并对其进行了pH及无机水溶性离子测定。结果表明，西安市酸雨的污染类型以硫酸型污染为主，连续性降水对大气颗粒物的去除效果明显，pH随降水量的增加而减小。对采样日降水前和降水后3 h的PM_2.5监测结果表明降水对PM_2.5质量浓度与其中的离子有一定去除作用。西安市的PM_2.5呈酸性，并且与降水的pH有着很好的相关性；另外降水前PM_2.5的质量浓度、SO₄^2-浓度与降水pH呈负相关，NO₃^-与降水pH的相关性不明显。近几年PM_2.5和降水中的SO₄^2-/NO₃^-当量值变化趋势表明西安市大气污染已步入煤烟和机动车尾气混合型污染类型，且机动车污染对大气污染和酸雨的贡献比例有所增加。     

1997—2010年北京市大气降水离子特征变化趋势研究

依据北京市环境保护监测中心1997—2010年降水监测资料,分析北京地区降水中离子特征及变化趋势,阐明北京市降水污染现状及变化特征。结合北京市特有的气象条件、地形地貌和工业分布情况,分析污染物来源及污染变化趋势。研究表明:年度降水电导率呈现波动变化,降水污染严重程度依次为南部郊区>市区>北部背景点。北京地区大气降水中的主要阳离子成分是Ca²⁺和NH₄⁺,主要阴离子成分是SO₄^2-和NO₃^-。近年来[SO₄^2-]/[NO₃^-]比值逐步下降,污染类型由典型硫酸型发展为硫酸+硝酸混合型。阳离子[Ca²⁺]/[NH₄⁺]比值下降,碱性离子缓冲能力降低。9种离子各季节浓度变化趋势基本一致,由高到低依次是春季>秋季>冬季>夏季,这种季节变化特征与气象因素密切相关。相关性及聚类分析表明:NO₃^-与SO₄^2-存在很强相关性,说明其前体物SO₂和NO_X在大气中经常一同排放且进入降水途径相同;H⁺浓度不是由某个离子决定,是所有致酸离子和中和离子相互作用的结果,而NH₄⁺来源不同于其它离子,北京地区的氨存在其单独排放源。     

2003—2018年全国酸雨状况变化趋势研究

基于2003—2018年全国291个城市降水监测结果的分析表明:全国降水酸度明显降低,其中,2003—2006年有所升高,2006年之后呈降低趋势；酸雨区面积呈减小趋势,共减少约97万km²,酸雨发生频率超过5%的面积减少了20.9个百分点；全国酸雨城市比例为21.3%～40.9%,2009年开始总体呈下降趋势,2018年降为21.6%,重酸雨城市比例在2005年之后总体呈下降趋势；全国平均酸雨频率为11.7%～25.6%,2006年之后总体呈下降趋势,2018年酸雨频率在50%以上的城市比例较2006年下降了13.9个百分点。基于174个城市的降水离子组分分析结果显示:我国降水中的主要阴离子为硫酸根,其离子当量浓度占比为19.4%～32.9%,2003年以来年平均降低0.6个百分点；降水中的主要阳离子为钙离子和铵离子；硫酸根沉降通量年平均下降0.68 t/km²,硝酸根沉降通量年平均降低0.05 t/km²,全国SO₂浓度变化趋势与硫酸根沉降通量变化趋势基本一致；我国降水中的硝酸根与硫酸根离子当量浓度比值总体呈升高趋势,表明硝酸根离子对降水酸度的影响逐渐增加,酸雨类型正由硫酸型向硫酸-硝酸混合型转变。     

2018年长三角一次持续重污染过程分析

利用常州市6个环境空气质量评价点PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂、CO和水溶性离子数据，结合后向轨迹、激光雷达探空资料、气象资料等，分析了2018年1月29日—2月2日长三角区域一次持续重污染过程。结果表明，重度污染时次高达94 h，PM_2.5最高值达235 μg/m³，由外来输送污染物与本地排放的污染物叠加而成，在不利气象条件影响下，污染物在长三角区域长时间滞留；重污染期间，污染物日变化规律显示，PM_2.5受外来源影响更显著，而SO₂、NO₂受本地污染源影响更显著，水溶性粒子组分与常州市本地源存在较大差异，其中NO₃^-、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-值增加最为明显，较污染前分别增加了9.1，5.9，4.3，4.2和4.1倍；K⁺值升高较快，说明污染期间也受到了生物质燃烧的影响。此外，NO₃^-和SO₄^2-在空气质量较好时，在水溶性离子中的占比日变化幅度较大，而在重污染期间，NO₃^-和SO₄^2-日变化幅度明显减小。     

春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对海口市空气质量的影响

基于2018年与2019年春节期间常规空气污染物数据、2019年细颗粒物PM_2.5中水溶性离子和OC/EC的化学组分数据，结合气象资料，分析了春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对海口市空气质量的影响。结果表明：春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对海口市初一的空气质量影响较大，主要影响污染物为PM₁₀、PM_2.5和SO₂，对NO₂、CO和O₃影响相对较小；实施烟花爆竹严格管控后空气质量明显改善，2019年除夕夜PM₁₀、PM_2.5和SO₂质量浓度峰值较2018年分别下降67.4%、68.5%和66.7%；烟花爆竹集中燃放主要造成K⁺、Cl^-、Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-快速上升，其中K⁺影响最为显著，K⁺短时上升了16.21 μg/m³，增加17.01倍；对于NO₂^-、Na⁺、F^-、NO₃^-、Ca²⁺、NH₄⁺等6种离子和OC/EC影响较小。     

乌鲁木齐近十二年(1997~2009)降水中化学组分变化趋势分析

通过对乌鲁木齐市近12年(1997~2009)降水的化学组分分析,表明大气环境中的年际pH值在6.04~7.42间波动。∑阴离子所占百分比约为∑阳离子2倍。SO^2-₄和Ca²⁺分别是阴离子和阳离子中占比重最大的离子,直接影响降水的化学性质。近年来,SO^2-₄在阴离子中所占比重呈下降趋势,而NO^-₃则逐年增加,说明乌鲁木齐市在控制燃煤型污染方面采取的措施取得了一定效果,而机动车尾气污染日益加重,大气环境中各阴离子的组分比例在不断变化。     

天津市PM2.5中水溶性离子组分特征

2006年8—12月连续采集PM_2.5样品,分析其中水溶性无机离子浓度特征。结果表明,采样期间,天津市PM_2.5日均浓度均不同程度超过美国EPA日均浓度标准(35 μg/m³);SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺和Cl^-为无机离子的主要成分,占全部无机离子的88.6%;各离子均表现出不同季节变化特征。对NH₄⁺和NO₃^-、SO₄^2-进行相关性分析发现,NH₄⁺和NO₃^-相关性最好,相关系数为0.795。SOR和NOR的平均值分别为0.16和0.23,均为8月最高,表明前体物二次转化夏季最明显。     

徐州市不同类型颗粒物重污染过程特征及组分差异性分析

经过多年的大气污染防治,我国空气质量有了大幅改善,但重污染过程仍有发生。对2018—2021年徐州市3种不同类型颗粒物重污染过程的污染特征、演变趋势、PM_2.5组分特征和相关性及污染成因分析结果表明:在不同类型的重污染过程中,二次无机离子NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺在PM_2.5中的占比均是最高。在累积型重污染期间,NO₃^-、SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺分别增长144%、142%、183%,二次无机离子对PM_2.5的增长贡献较大。结合相关性分析及SOR、NOR值发现,硝酸盐和硫酸盐的二次生成作用显著。在沙尘型重污染期间,结合雷达监测结果及后向轨迹图可以看出,沙尘沉降至高空与近地面污染物叠加造成颗粒物高值。化学组分中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺浓度对PM_2.5浓度的影响最大,二次生成和转化对其影响较小。在烟花燃放型重污染期间,和烟花爆竹有关的K⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-离子较污染前分别上升1 112%、2 058%、和239%,对污染过程影响显著。     

天津市PM2.5中水溶性无机离子污染特征及来源分析

2008年1、4、7月和10月在天津大气层边界站,利用中流量采样器对大气中的细粒子进行了滤膜样品采集,应用离子色谱检测技术分析了8种水溶性无机离子(Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^-)的含量。结果表明,天津市大气PM_2.5中总水溶性无机离子平均浓度为47.3 μg/m³,其中,SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺和Cl^-是最主要的水溶性无机离子,占总离子质量分数共计87.3%,表明了天津市细粒子中的主要水溶性无机离子的特征。/2 平均比值接近1.0,显示硫酸氨是细粒子中硫酸盐的主要存在形式。NO₃^-/SO₄^2-浓度比的平均值为0.65,反映了燃煤污染与机动车尾气污染并存的复合型大气污染特征。并通过对PM_2.5中8个水溶性离子成分的主成分分析进一步揭示了其来源。     

南京大气细颗粒物中水溶性组分的污染特征

为了解南京城区大气细颗粒物中水溶性组分的污染特征,在国控点草场门进行了连续一年的PM_2.5采样与分析。6种离子日均浓度为5.29~67.6 μg/m³,其中SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺、NO₃^-是PM_2.5的主要组成成分,6 种离子约占PM_2.5总质量的31%,SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺相关性较好,NH₄⁺是PM_2.5中硫酸盐和硝酸盐中居于主导地位的离子。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

Assessment of Air Quality After the Implementation of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as Fuel in Public Transport in Delhi, India

Public transport in Delhi was amended by the Supreme Court of India to use Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) instead of diesel or petrol. After the implementation of CNG since April 2001, Delhi has the highest fraction of CNG-run public vehicles in the world and most of them were introduced within 20 months. In the present study, the concentrations of various criteria air pollutants (SPM, PM₁₀, CO, SO₂ and NO_x) and organic pollutants such as benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed before and after the implementation of CNG. A decreasing trend was found for PAHs, SO₂ and CO concentrations, while the NO_x level was increased in comparison to those before the implementation of CNG. Further, SPM, PM₁₀, and BTX concentrations showed no significant change after the implementation of CNG. However, the BTX concentration demonstrated a clear relation with the benzene content of gasoline. In addition to the impact of the introduction of CNG the daily variation in PAHs levels was also studied and the PAHs concentrations were observed to be relatively high between 10 pm to 6 am, which gives a proof of a relation with the limited day entry and movement of heavy vehicles in Delhi.