微生物絮凝剂应用现状

微生物絮凝剂是一类由微生物产生的天然生物高分子物质。文章综述了微生物絮凝剂的发展及其特性，介绍了其分类、絮凝机理及其影响因素，并对其应用特别是在水处理技术方面的应用进行了简要概述。     

空气微生物污染的监测及研究进展

空气微生物不但与环境空气质量、空气污染和人体健康密切相关,并且还与自然生态平衡及许多生命现象直接相关,在自然界的物质循环中起着非常重要的作用。文章从空气微生物的污染现状、采样方法、粒度分布、分离鉴定、微生物评价、时空分布等方面对空气微生物的研究现状进行了综述,并对空气微生物在环境监测中的研究和前景进行了展望,建议空气微生物污染监测应常态化,应控制和开展对大气细颗粒或超细颗粒物对人体健康的影响研究。     

环境微生物多样性研究方法进展

本文对当前国内外环境微生物多样性研究的四种方法:传统微生物平板培养法、微生物标记物法(如PLFA法)、B IOLOG微平板法和微生物分子生物技术方法及其应用特点进行了简要的评述和分析。并指出在环境微生物多样性研究中,如果可能的话,需要将各种方法结合起来使用,从而获取关于环境微生物群落多样性的更多和更完整的信息和理解。相信传统的分析方法和现代分子生物学技术方法等多种方法相结合将是大力推动环境微生物多样性研究的有效方式。     

伊宁市空气微生物浓度状况初步调查分析

对伊宁市的空气微生物浓度进行了初步调查分析，结果表明，伊宁市部分区域空气（占总测点的22．2％）处于超重度微生物污染，并且初步讨论分析了导致不同功能区和不同时间段大气微生物浓度差异的原因。     

兰州市不同季节大气微生物气溶胶粒径及分布特征研究

大气微生物对人类危害不仅与微生物气溶胶浓度和种类有关,而且大气微生物气溶胶粒径尺度大小及其分布特征也是重要的影响因素.在兰州市城关区选取不同环境功能区对其室外大气微生物气溶胶粒径(D,μm)大小及分布特征进行研究,结果表明,不同环境功能区大气细菌、霉菌和放线菌气溶胶粒度分布特征存在季节性分布差异,其中大气细菌气溶胶粒径...     

吐鲁番市空气微生物浓度状况

对吐鲁番市空气微生物进行了初步测定。结果表明，室外平均空气细菌(B)、真菌(F)、总菌(T)的浓度及F／T分别为33106．3、0、33106．3CFU／m3及0，说明室外空气处于中度微生物污染状态．一些室外测点的空气已受到微生物的严重污染。室内平均空气细菌浓度为9982．2 CFU／m3，说明室内空气污染较重。室内外均未测到空气真菌。本文对吐鲁番市空气微生物浓度指标的时空分布状态作了分析。     

微生物传感器测定水中BOD的研究进展

详细介绍了BOD微生物传感器的构造、基本工作原理以及微生物膜的制备和固定化技术;分析了近年来BOD微生物传感器的发展情况及其使用过程中的存在问题。根据BOD传感器的研究现状提出今后的研究方向和工作重点。     

浙江沿海海洋微生物群落的研究

沿海微生物群落与陆源排污、养殖生产和人类健康密切相关,使用API细菌鉴定系统时浙江沿海四个区域的微生物进行了调查研究,发现被调查的沿海微生物主要种类为杀鲑气单胞菌、少动鞘氨醇单胞菌等,浙江沿海四个区域的优势种组成有各自的特点.使用SPSS10.0软件对各个区域的微生物群落进行聚类性分析,结果表明象山港区域与其它区域差异较大.     

污水处理厂微生物生态分布初

通过对望塘污水处理厂的细格栅、厌氧池、曝气池、二沉池周边土壤及空气微生物测定，分析微生物分布状况，得知污水处理厂不同功能区域土壤和空气微生物含量随污水处理工艺的进行呈降低趋势。土壤和微生物鉴定结果表明，厂区土壤中微生物与普通土壤无明显差异，而空气微生物中含多种致病菌，形成的微生物气溶胶威胁人类健康。     

铅锌矿区土壤微生物区系及酶活性调查

通过对四川省汉源县富泉乡万顺铅锌矿区土壤微生物区系及微生物活性的调查，结果表明，铅锌矿区土壤几种重金属含量明显高于临近非矿区土壤。该矿区土壤微生物区系组成和微生物活性显著不同于临近非矿区土壤，随着重金属含量的增加，土壤微生物数量、微生物多样性指数、微生物生物量碳以及纤维素分解强度均显著降低，但土壤基础呼吸却明显升高；土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶对铅锌矿较为敏感，而蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶受到的抑制作用不明显。     

水质标准中指示微生物的发展及现状

饮用水病原微生物污染是公共卫生面临的主要威胁之一,微生物监测在水质监测中的必要性日益受到人们的认可。在实际工作中,一般是通过检测指示微生物间接反映病原微生物的存在。通过调研国内外各组织、机构颁布的水质标准发现,近年来,我国环境质量标准和污染物排放标准中对于指示微生物的选择有从总大肠菌群向粪大肠菌群和大肠埃希氏菌(E.coli)转变的趋势,而美国环保署、欧盟、世界卫生组织、澳大利亚国家健康与医疗研究委员会等根据最新的流行病学证据,强调了大肠埃希氏菌(E.coli)、肠球菌(Enterococci)与粪便污染的相关性更强,可用于替代大肠菌群。建议我国在后续水质标准中对微生物指标进行增补修订时,参考国外经验,形成集成多种指示微生物与多种特定病原体的监测指标体系,以更好地保护环境功能和民众健康。     

Microbiological characteristics in a zero-valent iron reactive barrier

Zero-valent iron (Fe⁰)-based permeable reactive barriertreatment has been generating great interest for passivegroundwater remediation, yet few studies have paid particularattention to the microbial activity and characteristics withinand in the vicinity of the Fe⁰-barrier matrix. The presentstudy was undertaken to evaluate the microbial population andcommunity composition in the reducing zone of influence byFe⁰ corrosion in the barrier at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plantsite. Both phospholipid fatty acids and DNA analyses were usedto determine the total microbial population and microbialfunctional groups, including sulfate-reducing bacteria,denitrifying bacteria, and methanogens, in groundwater andsoil/iron core samples. A diverse microbial community wasidentified in the strongly reducing Fe⁰ environment despitea relatively high pH condition within the Fe⁰ barrier (up topH 10). In comparison with those found in the backgroundsoil/groundwater samples, the enhanced microbial populationranged from 1 to 3 orders of magnitude and appeared to increase from upgradient of the barrier to downgradient soil. Inaddition, microbial community composition appeared to change overtime, and the bacterial types of microorganismsincreased consistently as the barrier aged. DNA analysisindicated the presence of sulfate-reducing and denitrifyingbacteria in the barrier and its surrounding soil. However, theactivity of methanogens was found to be relatively low,presumably as a result of the competition by sulfate/metal-reducing bacteria and denitrifying bacteria because of the unlimited availability of sulfate and nitrate in the site groundwater. Results of this study provide evidenceof a diverse microbial population within and in the vicinity ofthe iron barrier, although the important roles of microbial activity, either beneficially or detrimentally, on the longevityand enduring efficiency of the Fe⁰ barriers are yet to be evaluated.     

Non-target effect of organic insecticides: effect of two plant extracts on soil microbial biomass and enzymatic activities in soil

Efficacious botanical derivatives can provide an alternative to synthetic pesticides for organic farming systems. However, there is lack of information regarding the side effects of organic pesticides on key soil ecological processes. In this study, we investigated the effects of aqueous extracts from Urginea maritima and Euphorbia myrsinites exhibiting translaminar and systemic activity against pests on microbial biomass and enzymatic activities in soil. Two grams of plant material was extracted with 100 ml of water and then diluted 1:100, 2:100, and 4:100 with distilled water. Diluted plant extracts were applied around hypocotyl of tomato by soil drench. The effect of both plant extracts on microbial biomass C, amount of total N and organic C, and enzymatic activity in soil was significant. After the last application, the highest microbial biomass C was determined in the lowest U. maritima concentration (U 1:100). Soils treated with the highest concentration of U. maritima (U 4:100) had always lower SMBC content than control soil. All concentrations of E. myrsinites decreased microbial biomass C by 18% to 27% compared to the control. Total nitrogen and organic carbon decreased in soils without (control) and with treated U. maritima extract from first application to last application. Phosphatase, urease, and β-glucosidase activities were monitored in plant extract-treated soils. Except U. maritima 1:100 treatments of second and fourth applications, the other treatments of plant extracts negatively affected enzymatic activity in soil. U. maritima and E. myrsinites plant extracts exhibited different effects on soil microbial biomass and activity, probably because of their different chemical contents.     

Application of Defined Co-Immobilized Microbial Consortium as a Ready-to-Use Seed Inoculum in Bod Analysis

A number of microorganisms were isolated from sewage. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD-5 day) analysis was carried out by individual pure cultures. The cultures giving higher or equal BOD values as compared to reference GGA solution were selected for the formulation of a defined mixed microbial consortium. This microbial consortium was co-immobilized on calcium-alginate beads. Four synthetic and six industrial samples were tested for BOD by using immobilized beads as well as sewage as source of seeding materials. BOD values obtained with beads for all the synthetic as well as industrial samples were fairly comparable with those obtained with sewage. Reusability of prepared microbial beads was also checked with different synthetic and industrial samples and was compared with reference GGA solution. The same microbial beads can be reused three times for different BOD-5 day estimations. It is recommended that immobilized microbial beads can be used as a ready-to-use seeding material for BOD analysis.     

Characterization of microbial communities from coastal waters using microarrays

Molecular methods, including DNA probes, were used to identify and enumerate pathogenic Vibrio species in the Chesapeake Bay; our data indicated that Vibrio vulnificus exhibits seasonal fluctuations in number. Our work included a characterization of total microbial communities from the Bay; development of microarrays that identify and quantify the diversity of those communities; and observation of temporal changes in those communities. To identify members of the microbial community, we amplified the 16S rDNA gene from community DNA isolated from a biofilm sample collected from the Chesapeake Bay in February, 2000. The resultant 75 sequences were 95% or more similar to 7 species including two recently described Shewanella species, baltica and frigidimarina, that have not been previously isolated from the Chesapeake. When the genera of bacteria from biofilm after culturing are compared to those detected by subcloning amplified 16S fragments from community DNA, the cultured sample exhibited a strong bias. In oysters collected in February, the most common bacteria were previously unknown. Based on our 16S findings, we are developing microarrays to detect these and other microbial species in these estuarine communities. The microarrays will detect each species using four distinct loci, with the multiple loci serving as an internal control. The accuracy of the microarray will be measured using sentinel species such as Aeromonas species, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio vulnificus. Using microarrays, it should be possible to determine the annual fluctuations of bacterial species (culturable and non-culturable, pathogenic and non-pathogenic). The data may be applied to understanding patterns of environmental change; assessing the health of the Bay; and evaluating the risk of human illness associated with exposure to and ingestion of water and shellfish.     

新型反应器式BOD快速测定仪的性能研究

BOD是反映水体有机污染的主要参数,广泛应用于水体监测、污水处理厂的运行以及水与废水处理的教学与研究工作。传统的BOD测量需要5天,耗时费力。因此,开发BOD快速测量方法及仪器十分重要。文章针对一种新型反应器式BOD快速测定仪在仪器化过程中需要解决的一些问题进行了探讨。包括固定化微生物颗粒制备、反应温度的优化、有无搅拌条件、仪器性能等。实验结果表明,最适宜的测量温度为30℃,可以利用微量曝气代替磁力搅拌,以方便仪器的制作。在对150mg/L的GGA标准液进行的5次测定实验中,测量结果的最大偏差≤10%,精密度为4.6%。该仪器的灵敏度与准确性均能满足BOD快速测量要求。     

As水质毒性发光细菌及微生物燃料电池在线监测技术的比选研究

针对实际应用需要,对比研究了发光细菌和微生物燃料电池两种不同毒性预警技术对典型类金属砷离子的响应差异,并考察了丰水期、枯水期河水水质背景干扰对响应信号的影响。结果表明,发光细菌法对砷离子响应较为灵敏,微生物燃料电池法对砷离子的响应非常灵敏。发光细菌法受水体水质背景干扰大,且不同生产厂家的仪器差异显著,推测可能是由于菌株来源不同、仪器响应灵敏度差异所造成。微生物燃料电池法对背景干扰的抗性较强,稳定性较高,河水加标与纯水加标样本的剂量-效应曲线差别不大。基于上述研究结果,分析了两种技术监测类金属砷的优缺点并提出实际在线运行的相关建议。     

Enantioselective aquatic toxicity of current chiral pesticides

Chiral pesticides are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, and their enantioselectivities in aquatic toxicity are known to be complicated. The difference in enantioselective effects between enantiomers may sometimes differ by approximately 100-fold or more, which makes it important to incorporate enantioselective effects into the risk assessment of chiral pesticides. In this paper, we reviewed relevant work on the aquatic toxicity of chiral pesticides with an emphasis on the enantioselective aquatic toxicity under both chronic and acute exposure conditions. We provided a personal account of the importance of studies on molecular mechanisms of developmental toxicity and specific endpoints such as vitellogenin, yolk sac edema and pericardial edema in future research. Given the widespread use of chiral pesticides, we suggest that a more comprehensive understanding of the significance of enantioselective aquatic toxicity will be very helpful in improving risk assessment and regulation of chiral pesticides.