滨海湿地环境评价方法研究

为研究我国典型滨海湿地环境评价方法,利用卫星遥感技术,结合地面生态调查,构建了以自然湿地面积比例、人工岸线比例等8项因子共同组成的指标体系,通过层次分析法和专家打分法进行权重赋值后,阐述了数据处理和计算的主要流程,提出了滨海湿地环境指数CWEI的概念和表征意义。应用上述方法对江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区进行了典型示范评价,结果表明该方法能够较好地反映滨海湿地环境状况与变化趋势。     

华北地区滨海湿地生态系统健康评价体系构建研究

以华北地区滨海湿地中的天津宁河七里海湿地为例,以PSR模型作为评价基础框架,运用可持续发展的理论、环境生态学、城市生态学、景观生态学等科学理论,结合社会经济资料收集、地面数据的采集与生态环境现状调查,应用层次分析法(AHP),在咨询专家意见的基础上,利用T L Saaty的标度法,构建了华北地区滨海湿地生态系统健康评价体系。体系由压力子系统、状态子系统、响应子系统构成,共筛选出三大类共计19项综合指标,其中压力指标6项、状态指标9项、响应指标4项。通过实际验证,该评价体系能客观地反映出湿地生态系统健康水平,可为环境管理部门的科学决策以及湿地的可持续发展提供技术支持,可供其他滨海地区湿地评价时参考。     

外源废水输入对福州东湖湿地水体污染元素浓度和分布特征的影响

滨海湿地作为一种特殊的湿地类型，对人类活动和环境污染响应十分敏感。近年来，外源废水输入导致滨海湿地水体污染严重，对生态环境和人类健康产生威胁。该研究以福州东湖湿地为研究对象，分析上游径流、生活污水、工业废水、养殖塘废水、退塘还湿以及天然湿地等外源水输入对福州东湖水体Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb和Mn浓度及分布特征的影响，并对养殖塘水体与沉积物中污染元素浓度进行分析和生态风险评估。研究结果表明，福州东湖湿地水体中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Mn的质量浓度分别为(0.50±0.20)、(3.87±1.54)、(34.48±1.71)、(4.72±0.48)、(0.77±0.38)、(151.96±58.81)μg/L,各污染元素浓度符合地表水Ⅱ类水标准。工业废水和养殖塘废水输入是福州东湖水体中污染元素的主要来源，其中工业废水的Mn浓度、养殖塘废水的Cr、Cu、Pb和Mn浓度较高。由于养殖饵料与消毒剂的添加，部分养殖塘沉积物Cr和Mn存在轻度或偏中度污染，呈现轻度生态风险。为防止水质进一步恶化，应改良工业废水处理设施，优化农业养殖模式，控制周边地区污染源。     

甘家湖湿地边缘带土地荒漠化演变中土壤颗粒分形特征

采用分形理论,研究了甘家湖湿地边缘带不同景观变化类型土壤颗粒体积分形维数的特征。结果表明,（1）从芦苇湿地边缘、胡杨林土、梭梭灌木林土、芦苇湿地、耕地周边、耕地到盐化草甸土的土壤粒径变化可以看出：湿地边缘带土壤荒漠化演变中砂粒含量在逐渐上升,粉粒、粘粒含量逐渐下降。这表明湿地边缘带人为的放牧、开垦、牛羊践踏对土壤产生了...     

宁夏湖泊、水库、湿地水环境现状调查与分析

为了准确掌握宁夏湖泊、水库及湿地水环境状况，开展了湖泊、水库及湿地现状调查和分析工作，对湿地资源进行合理利用提供了科学依据，对区域发展具有长远的战略意义，能够积极推动宁夏经济协调科学发展。     

浅述城市及边缘湿地的特性及其保护

介绍了城市及城市边缘湿地的内涵与分类，以及其在城市发展中的生态和社会价值。指出城市开发使得城市湿地有着与天然湿地不同的特性，并造成湿地减少，功能丧失等问题，因而提出了一系列保护、管理方案。     

2016—2018年北京城市湿地遥感监测分析

为全面了解北京城市湿地的现状及近年来的动态变化情况，利用高分辨率卫星遥感数据，综合运用GIS技术与景观生态学方法，定量分析了北京市6环内的湿地空间格局。结果表明，北京6环内城市湿地以河流湿地和湖库湿地为主；2016—2018年间湿地面积有所下降，2年间减少了126.58 hm²，主要转化为草地，少量转化为建设用地和林地；由于城市外围的开发建设强度较大，5-6环湿地被侵占面积相对较大，而4环内湿地面积的波动较小；2016—2018年，北京城市湿地的斑块密度增加，平均斑块面积有所减小，表明湿地斑块随时间变化呈破碎化的趋势，且从城市中心向城市边缘，湿地斑块的破碎化程度增强。     

专家环太湖调研为保护湿地支招

日前，常州高校十多位教授和环境专业学生与常州企业中湿地保护专家联合组成的太湖湿地保护调研实践团队，先后赴苏州吴江、无锡滨湖、常州武进等地区进行了为期一周的环太湖湿地保护考察调研活动。调研结果显示，由于围垦、污染、淤积等威胁和保护管理能力薄弱，太湖流域湿地总体上呈面积逐步减少、生态质量逐步下降、     

盐城海滨湿地的生态风险评价方法

以盐城海滨湿地这一脆弱生态系统为对象进行了生态风险评价方法的探讨,针对其生态环境的特点,通过对盐城海滨湿地的环境问题的描述,分析了它的风险源、风险受体和评价终点,建立了盐城海滨湿地生态风险评价的评价指标体系,对其生态风险评价方法进行了探索。     

滩涂湿地污灌系统生态监测指标体系的研究与构建

对在滩涂湿地建立的生态工业园区进行调查研究,用生态方法和化学成分分析方法对各物种和生物体进行研究,初步构建了滩涂湿地污灌系统生态监测指标体系,期望能够对造纸废水的处理、滩涂湿地的开发利用以及滩涂湿地生态系统起到较好的保护和改善作用,为生态工业园区建设提供较好的安全保障.     

The landscape pattern characteristics of coastal wetlands in Jiaozhou Bay Under The Impact Of Human Activities

In this study, we interpreted coastal wetland types from an ASTER satellite image in 2002, and then compared the results with the land-use status of coastal wetlands in 1952 to determine the wetland loss and degradation around Jiaozhou Bay. Seven types of wetland landscape were classified, namely: shallow open water, inter-tidal flats, estuarine water, brackish marshes, salt ponds, fishery ponds and ports. Several landscape pattern indices were analysed: the results indicate that the coastal wetlands have been seriously degraded. More and more natural wetlands have been transformed into artificial wetlands, which covered about 33.7% of the total wetlands in 2002. In addition, we used a defined model to assess the impacts of human activities on coastal wetlands. The results obtained show that the coastal wetlands of Jiaozhou Bay have suffered severe human disturbance. Effective coastal management and control is therefore needed to solve the issues of the coastal wetland loss and degradation existing in this area.     

Development and use of a floristic quality index for coastal Louisiana marshes

The Floristic Quality Index (FQI) has been used as a tool for assessing the integrity of plant communities and for assessing restoration projects in many regions of the USA. Here, we develop a modified FQI (FQI_mod) for coastal Louisiana wetlands and verify it using 12 years of monitoring data from a coastal restoration project. Plant species that occur in coastal Louisiana were assigned a coefficient of conservatism (CC) score by a local group with expertise in Louisiana coastal vegetation. Species percent cover and both native and non-native species were included in the FQI_mod which was scaled from 0–100. The FQI_mod scores from the long-term monitoring project demonstrated the utility of this index for assessing wetland condition over time, including its sensitivity to a hurricane. Ultimately, the FQI developed for coastal Louisiana will be used in conjunction with other wetland indices (e.g., hydrology and soils) to assess wetland condition coastwide and these indices will aid managers in coastal restoration and management decisions.     

Application of a three-tier framework to assess ecological condition of Gulf of Mexico coastal wetlands

A multi-level coastal wetland assessment strategy was applied to wetlands in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) to evaluate the feasibility of this approach for a broad national scale wetland condition assessment (US Environmental Protection Agency’s National Wetlands Condition Assessment). Landscape-scale assessment indicators (tier 1) were developed and applied at the sub-watershed (12-digit hydrologic unit code (HUC)) level within the GOM coastal wetland sample frame with scores calculated using land-use maps and geographic information system. Rapid assessment protocols (tier 2), using a combination of data analysis and field work, evaluated metrics associated with landscape context, hydrology, physical structure, and biological structure. Intensive site monitoring (tier 3) included measures of soil chemistry and composition, water column and pore-water chemistry, and dominant macrophyte community composition and tissue chemistry. Relationships within and among assessment levels were evaluated using multivariate analyses with few significant correlations found. More detailed measures of hydrology, soils, and macrophyte species composition from sites across a known condition gradient, in conjunction with validation of standardized rapid assessment method, may be necessary to fully characterize coastal wetlands across the region.     

An integrated approach to assess broad-scale condition of coastal wetlands—the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Wetlands pilot survey

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) initiated a two-year regional pilot survey in 2007 to develop, test, and validate tools and approaches to assess the condition of northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) coastal wetlands. Sampling sites were selected from estuarine and palustrine wetland areas with herbaceous, forested, and shrub/scrub habitats delineated by the US Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetlands Inventory Status and Trends (NWI S&T) program and contained within northern GOM coastal watersheds. A multi-level, stepwise, iterative survey approach is being applied to multiple wetland classes at 100 probabilistically-selected coastal wetlands sites. Tier 1 provides information at the landscape scale about habitat inventory, land use, and environmental stressors associated with the watershed in which each wetland site is located. Tier 2, a rapid assessment conducted through a combination of office and field work, is based on best professional judgment and on-site evidence. Tier 3, an intensive site assessment, involves on-site collection of vegetation, water, and sediment samples to establish an integrated understanding of current wetland condition and validate methods and findings from Tiers 1 and 2. The results from this survey, along with other similar regional pilots from the Mid-Atlantic, West Coast, and Great Lakes Regions will contribute to a design and implementation approach for the National Wetlands Condition Assessment to be conducted by EPA’s Office of Water in 2011.     

Atmospheric-particulates-bound mercury Hg(p) study at five characteristic sampling sites in Taiwan

The main purpose for this study is to observe the seasonal and month variations for particulates-bound mercury Hg(p) in total suspended particulates (TSP) concentration, dry deposition at five characteristic sampling sites during years of 2009-2010 in central Taiwan. The results show that the highest and lowest monthly average particulates-bound mercury Hg(p) concentrations in TSP were occurred in Dec. and Oct. at Gao-mei (wetland), Chang-hua (downtown) and He-mei (residential) sampling site. In addition, the results show that the highest and lowest monthly average particulates-bound mercury Hg(p) dry deposition was occurred in Feb. and Oct. at Quan-xing (industrial) sampling site. This study reflected that the mean highest particulates-bound mercury Hg(p) concentrations in TSP and mean highest particulates-bound mercury Hg(p) dry deposition were occurred at Gao-mei (wetland) and Quan-xing (industrial). However, the mean lowest particulates-bound mercury Hg(p) concentrations in TSP and mean lowest particulates-bound mercury Hg(p) dry deposition were also occurred at Gao-mei (wetland). Regarding seasonal variation, the order of mean-particulates-bound mercury Hg(p) concentrations in TSP in winter and spring were Gao-mei (wetland) > Quan-xing (industrial) > Bei-shi (suburban/coastal) > Chang-hua (downtown) > He-mei (residential). Finally, the order of mean-particulates-bound mercury Hg(p) dry deposition in fall, spring and summer were Quan-xing (industrial) > Bei-shi (suburban/coastal) > Chang-hua (downtown) > He-mei (residential) > Gao-mei (wetland).     

Changes Of Hydrological Environment And Their Influences On Coastal Wetlands InThe Southern Laizhou Bay, China

The structure and function of the coastal wetland ecosystem in the southern Laizhou Bay have been changed greatly and influenced by regional hydrological changes. The coastal wetlands have degraded significantly during the latest 30 years due to successive drought, decreasing of runoff, pollution, underground saline water intrusion, and aggravating marine disasters such as storm tides and sea level rising. Most archaic lakes have vanished, while artificial wetlands have been extending since natural coastal wetlands replaced by salt areas and ponds of shrimps and crabs. The pollution of sediments in inter-tidal wetlands and the pollution of water quality in sub-tidal wetlands are getting worse and therefore “red tides” happen more often than before. The biodiversity in the study area has been decreased. Further studies are still needed to protect the degraded coastal wetlands in the area.     

Characterizing wetland change at landscape scale in Jiangsu Province, China

Human activities produced great impacts on wetlands worldwide. Taking Jiangsu Province, China, as a representative wetland region subject to extensive human activities, the aim of this study is to understand the conversion trajectory and spatial differentiation in wetland change from a multi-scale perspective. Based on multi-temporal Landsat images, it was found that the natural wetlands decreased by 11.2% from 1990 to 2006 in Jiangsu Province. Transition matrices showed that the conversion of natural wetlands to human-made wetlands (mostly aquaculture ponds) was the major form of natural wetland reduction, accounting for over 60% of the reduction. Percentage reduction and area reduc tion of natural wetlands were respectively quantified within different wetland cover zones using a moving window analysis. Average percentage reduction showed a decreasing tendency with increasing wetland cover. The high-cover and mid-cover zone presented the largest area reduction at the scales of 1-2 km and 4-8 km, respectively. Local hotspots of natural wetland reduction were mapped using the equal-interval and quantile classification schemes. The hotspots were mostly concentrated in the Lixiahe marshes and the coastal wetland areas. For the area reduction hotspots, the quantile classification presented larger area and more patches than the equal-interval classification; while an opposite result was shown for the percentage reduction hotspots. With respect to the discontinuous distribution of the natural wetlands, area reduction could be more appropriate to represent reduction hotspots than percentage reduction in the study area. These findings could have useful implications to wetland conservation.     

Congener profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls in core sediments of Sunderban mangrove wetland (N.E. India) and their ecotoxicological significance

The paper presents the first comprehensive survey of congener profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in core sediment samples (<63 microm particle size) covering seven sites in Sunderban mangrove Wetland, north-eastern part of the Bay of Bengal. Results pointed out a non-homogenous contamination of the wetland with Sigma23PCB values ranging from 0.5 to 26.9 ng g(-1) dry weight, reflecting very low to moderate contamination closely in conformity to other Asian coastal environment. The general decreasing order of the dominant congeners to the total load was: CB138 > 153 > 149 > 101, indicating the predominance of hexa-chlorinated congeners. The spatial distribution revealed significant differences in concentration related to local urbanization with industrial and land-based sources. No uniform temporal trend on PCB levels was recorded probably due to particular hydrological characteristics of the wetland and/or non-homogenous inputs from point sources. Strong positive correlations between the seven dominant congeners suggest their common sources and similar environmental behaviors. These results were also used for a risk assessment evaluation in the Sunderban wetland, showing that the present PCB levels were exceeding in few cases the lower limit of sediment quality guidelines of Environmental Protection Agency and Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment.