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1.
我国将在一定时期内对大气环境中二氧化硫(SO_2)及氮氧化物(NO_x)污染监测采用三种不同监测方法共存的方针,即采用间断采样实验室分析法、24小时连续采样实验室分析法及连续自动监测法。由于这三种监测方法所采用的采样方法及分析方法各不相同,因此监测结果必然存在着不同程度的差异。监测结果的准确性、可靠性及代表性不仅依赖于分析方法,而且在很大程度上依赖于采样方法。而采样精度表示样品的代表性,它受污染物排放特征、扩散机理、采样频数、采样时段及置信水平等因素的影响。本文以大量实地监测数据依据,用统计分析的方法,对不同监测点所采用的不同监测方法的采样精度进行了比较。推荐一种估计采样精度的方法。  相似文献   

2.
河流水质监测的布点和采样,在“环境水质监测质量保证手册”[以下简称 “手册”]中已有了一个大纲,然而缺乏一些较具体的方法和步骤。本文结合新疆的实际情况,在方法上对河流水质监测的布点和采样,提出自已的意见。其目的是引起人们对水质监测布点、采样重要性的认识,使河流水质监测布点,采样的方法更加客观和合理,并使之逐渐标准化。  相似文献   

3.
我国固体废物监测技术发展现状   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
简述了我国固体废物环境管理和监测框架体系,回顾了固体废物监测的发展历史,并从采样和制样、浸出毒性的浸出方法、无机污染物和有机污染物测定方法等方面对固体废物监测现状进行了总结。针对固体废物监测体系存在的问题,提出了对采样技术开展更新性研究,尽快将已有的测定方法标准化并建立总量监测方法,开发各类污染物的形态分析方法,以及规范废弃物危险特性试验方法等建议。  相似文献   

4.
根据PM2.5中重金属监测国标分析方法,从PM2.5采样方法、采样保存条件、滤膜材质性能等方面说明利用空气自动采样滤膜监测PM2.5中铅和镉是可行的;对手工采样(石英滤膜)和Beta射线法自动采样(自动采样滤膜)2种方法,对PM2.5实际样品中铅和镉的结果进行比较,结果显示:自动采样滤膜的空白检出和检出限均满足铅和镉的监测需求,铅和镉的回收率分别为95.2%~107%和91.8%~105%,与手工采样方法相比测得铅和镉的相对误差分别为3.6%~8.4%和1.3%~10.8%,从实践角度进一步证明了利用自动采样滤膜对PM2.5中铅和镉进行监测是可行的。  相似文献   

5.
固体废弃物填埋场大气污染监测方法探讨   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在分析了造成固体废弃物填埋场大气污染的主要原因和对环境产生的重要影响后,归纳设计出了一套适合于填埋场的大气污染监测方案,包括布点原则、采样频率和时间、采样方法和分析技术,该监测方案可用于不同地理环境下的固体废弃物填埋场大气污染监测.  相似文献   

6.
主动采样法采集博物馆空气中微量污染气体   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
根据博物馆污染气体的种类,对气体主动采样法进行了采样器种类、吸收液种类和浓度、吸收液体积的选择。验证了气体采样流量、采样时间与气体采样浓度的线性关系,确定了酸性和碱性污染气体的主动采样方法,为监测文物保存环境污染气体提供了可行方法。  相似文献   

7.
有机气体污染物的采集是大气中有机样品测定的第一步.而标准监测方法和较为成熟有针对性的监测方法又比较少.这就给我们的监测工作带来了困难.因此掌握一些有机气体污染物采样的基本原则和各种采样方法是完全必要的.大气中有机气体采集基本上分成两大类:直接(集气)采样和富集采样(浓缩采样).  相似文献   

8.
突发性大气环境污染事故应急监测布点研究   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5  
采样点的布设在应急监测过程中起着至关重要的作用,科学、合理地布置采样点是应急监测的关键技术之一,采样点必须分布在整个事故影响区域。引入气体扩散模式预测事故影响范围,根据毒负荷标准在事故影响区内划分危险区。阐述了应急监测采样点布设原则及事故初期、中期、后期的特点,并对三个时期采样点布设方法进行研究。  相似文献   

9.
县级环境监测站污染源监督监测普遍存在监测任务与人力、财力的矛盾,而污染源样品的采集又是污染源监督监测的主要组成部分,笔者从污染源监督监测管理的实践出发,谈谈怎样以较少的人力和费用,取得有代表性的样品,从而得到有实用价值的可靠数据,更好的为环境管理和经济建设服务.1 确定合理的采样频率采样频率的高低受多种因素的影响,但主要是依据管理的需要和监测站的监测能力来确定.采样频率过低,不能适应环境管理的需要,不能起到监督监测的效能;采样频率过高,会使环境监测的负担过重,不利于提高监测质量.因此,确定合理的采样频率十分必要.确定采样频率的方法较多,主要的方法有如下几种:  相似文献   

10.
地表水现场采样是环境监测的重要环节,文章从现场采样技术角度全面分析地表水基本项目采样布点、采集方法、样品保存和运输中容易出现的问题和解决方法,从完善现场监测入手,加强监测队伍建设和提高监测技术,以满足和适应环保新形势对环境监测现场工作的要求。  相似文献   

11.
The effectiveness of different monitoring methods in detecting temporal changes in water quality depends on the achievable sampling intervals, and how these relate to the extent of temporal variation. However, water quality sampling frequencies are rarely adjusted to the actual variation of the monitoring area. Manual sampling, for example, is often limited by the level of funding and not by the optimal timing to take samples. Restrictions in monitoring methods therefore often determine their ability to estimate the true mean and variance values for a certain time period or season. Consequently, we estimated how different sampling intervals determine the mean and standard deviation in a specific monitoring area by using high frequency data from in situ automated monitoring stations. Raw fluorescence measurements of chlorophyll a for three automated monitoring stations were calibrated by using phycocyanin fluorescence measurements and chlorophyll a analyzed from manual water samples in a laboratory. A moving block bootstrap simulation was then used to estimate the standard errors of the mean and standard deviations for different sample sizes. Our results showed that in a temperate, meso-eutrophic lake, relatively high errors in seasonal statistics can be expected from monthly sampling. Moreover, weekly sampling yielded relatively small accuracy benefits compared to a fortnightly sampling. The presented method for temporal representation analysis can be used as a tool in sampling design by adjusting the sampling interval to suit the actual temporal variation in the monitoring area, in addition to being used for estimating the usefulness of previously collected data.  相似文献   

12.
Accurate quantification of stormwater pollutant levels is essential for estimating overall contaminant discharge to receiving waters. Numerous sampling approaches exist that attempt to balance accuracy against the costs associated with the sampling method. This study employs a novel and practical approach of evaluating the accuracy of different stormwater monitoring methodologies using stormflows and constituent concentrations produced by a fully validated continuous simulation watershed model. A major advantage of using a watershed model to simulate pollutant concentrations is that a large number of storms representing a broad range of conditions can be applied in testing the various sampling approaches. Seventy-eight distinct methodologies were evaluated by "virtual samplings" of 166 simulated storms of varying size, intensity and duration, representing 14 years of storms in Ballona Creek near Los Angeles, California. The 78 methods can be grouped into four general strategies: volume-paced compositing, time-paced compositing, pollutograph sampling, and microsampling. The performances of each sampling strategy was evaluated by comparing the (1) median relative error between the virtually sampled and the true modeled event mean concentration (EMC) of each storm (accuracy), (2) median absolute deviation about the median or "MAD" of the relative error or (precision), and (3) the percentage of storms where sampling methods were within 10% of the true EMC (combined measures of accuracy and precision). Finally, costs associated with site setup, sampling, and laboratory analysis were estimated for each method. Pollutograph sampling consistently outperformed the other three methods both in terms of accuracy and precision, but was the most costly method evaluated. Time-paced sampling consistently underestimated while volume-paced sampling over estimated the storm EMCs. Microsampling performance approached that of pollutograph sampling at a substantial cost savings. The most efficient method for routine stormwater monitoring in terms of a balance between performance and cost was volume-paced microsampling, with variable sample pacing to ensure that the entirety of the storm was captured. Pollutograph sampling is recommended if the data are to be used for detailed analysis of runoff dynamics.  相似文献   

13.
对《空气和废气监测分析方法》中砷的采样和测定方法进行了改进,并在云南某炼铜厂环境空气中含砷监测进行了实际验证。结果表明,方法的检出限、精密度、准确度均能满足测定的要求,并且更适合测定高浓度砷。  相似文献   

14.
影响悬浮物测定结果的因素分析   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
通过对水中悬浮物的测定条件、取样量以及样品采集等方面的因素分析 ,找出了悬浮物监测结果产生误差的原因 ,提出了解决的方法和如何进行悬浮物测定的质量控制 ,进而提高监测数据的准确性和精密性  相似文献   

15.
烟道气中二氧化硫监测质量控制探讨   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过对碘量法测定烟道气中二氧化硫在布点,采样,样品保存等方面的分析,找出了二氧化硫监测结果产生误差的原因,提出了改进方法,进而提高监测数据的准确性和可靠性。  相似文献   

16.
于2019年对济南市固定污染源颗粒物在线监测设备的品牌、方法原理和手工监测比对情况进行了分析。结果表明,4种激光前向散射法颗粒物在线设备比对结果符合性较好,带加热功能的采样头可以有效降低水滴的干扰;激光后向散射法颗粒物在线设备比对结果符合性较差,零点漂移达到3. 3%,2/3的手工比对数据绝对误差±5 mg/m3。指出,激光后向散射法设备不适用于超低排放企业,激光前向散射法设备因适用高湿度低量程环境,测量精度高,在济南市的适用性更好。  相似文献   

17.
影响PM2.5自动监测准确度的主要因素   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
PM2?5的自动监测过程较为复杂,其测量准确度受多种因素影响。通过分析几种典型PM2?5测定方法原理,研究了PM2?5监测过程中可能产生误差的来源,结果表明,影响PM2?5监测结果准确度的主要因素有采样流量的准确性、采样管加热方式、对PM2?5挥发性组分的补偿方式、校准膜本身的准确度和校准结果、监测仪器的日常运行维护水平等。因此,在PM2?5日常监测过程中,需加强对上述因素的误差控制,严格执行国家监测技术规范,确保PM2?5监测结果准确可靠。  相似文献   

18.
根据实验室资质认定对于方法确认的要求,结合环境监测实验室的特点,提出了新项目方法确认的具体步骤,并分析了其中存在的常见问题。指出在方法确认过程中,应严格按照标准方法和监测技术规范进行全过程试验,尤其不能忽视采样现场实验、空白实验和检出限的测定。建议在精密度与准确度检验过程中,使用高、中、低不同浓度的有证标准样品,实际样品加标回收,比对试验(方法比对、人员比对、实验室间比对),增加分析次数等多种手段,确保新项目开展的可靠性。  相似文献   

19.
Accurately estimating various solute loads in streams during storms is critical to accurately determine maximum daily loads for regulatory purposes. This study investigates the impact of sampling strategy on solute load estimates in streams in the US Midwest. Three different solute types (nitrate, magnesium, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) and three sampling strategies are assessed. Regardless of the method, the average error on nitrate loads is higher than for magnesium or DOC loads, and all three methods generally underestimate DOC loads and overestimate magnesium loads. Increasing sampling frequency only slightly improves the accuracy of solute load estimates but generally improves the precision of load calculations. This type of investigation is critical for water management and environmental assessment so error on solute load calculations can be taken into account by landscape managers, and sampling strategies optimized as a function of monitoring objectives.  相似文献   

20.
博物馆室内微环境中碱性气体的被动采样方法研究   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0       下载免费PDF全文
针对博物馆微环境中的碱性污染气体-氨气,采用自行研制的被动采样器,建立了一套适合博物馆馆藏文物保存环境中氨气含量分析的被动采样-离子色谱检测方法,应用于博物馆的实地采样分析,通过与主动法采样对照,获得了被动采样器在博物馆微环境中氨的吸收系数,从而获得采样点空气中氨气的浓度,为博物馆文物保存环境监测提供了可行方法。  相似文献   

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