南京市固定污染源非甲烷总烃在线监测系统比对监测探讨

对南京市某典型企业固定污染源非甲烷总烃在线监测系统开展比对监测,将在线监测结果和便携式仪器监测、手工监测结果作比对分析。结果表明,在线监测系统线性误差与量程漂移可以满足现阶段管理要求,实际样品比对过程中采用不同的采样分析仪器,监测结果差距较大,便携式分析仪结果相对误差较小(为3. 72%),手工监测结果相对误差较大(为48. 3%)。建议加强污染源废气手工监测的质控管理,强化在线监测设备的运维管理,推进污染源非甲烷总烃CEMS合理有序发展。     

污染源水质COD在线仪器比对监测

比较了几种现场应用较多的水质COD在线监测分析与实验室分析方法在原理、方法等方面的主要差异,针对比对过程中存在的实际问题,提出了在样品采集、仪器原理选择、仪器定期校正等方面做好水质COD在线监测比对实验工作的建议。     

高锰酸盐指数在线分析仪

介绍了高锰酸盐指数在线分析仪近况和以酸性为基础的在线分析仪及其关键部件的研制，解决了测定低检测限样品和仪器腐蚀的问题。     

COD在线监测仪的比对分析

以新疆某化肥有限公司污水COD在线监测仪为例,用在线监测数据与实验室重铬酸钾法测定数据进行比对分析,对污染源在线监测的比对分析方法进行探讨.通过比对,二者没有显著性差异,用在线监测仪测定COD,可节约时间,有利于对污染源的在线监控.     

COD 在线分析仪使用中的几个问题

目前,对重点污染源排放实施在线自动监测工作已在许多城市、地区开展,COD在线分析仪已广泛应用于自动监测工作中.由于COD固有属性和检测方法的复杂,如何充分发挥COD在线分析仪的功能,正常开展废水中COD监测,一直是废水自动监测工作的重点、难点,现就开展在线自动监测工作中遇到的问题,作一介绍和探讨.     

环境空气VOCs在线监测中标准气体的比对研究

环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的在线监测技术近年来受到普遍关注。相对于传统的离线手工监测,在线监测能够解决监测数据时空代表性不足的问题,同时更好地满足环境质量连续监测和研究的需要。现有环境空气常规气体在线监测技术规范对量值溯源有较高的要求,其中标准气体的溯源和比对是质量控制和质量保证的根本。通过构建上海市环境空气VOCs在线监测的标准气体实验室比对测试流程,提出了标准气体比对结果的评价指标及方法,以确保在线监测数据的准确性和可比性。结果显示,6瓶臭氧前体混合物标准气体中,90%以上物种的测定结果的相对偏差在±10%以内,个别物种超出范围,说明定期开展标准气体比对对于VOCs在线监测的质控和质保具有重要意义。     

COD连续在线监测仪的测定方法与标准方法分析结果比对

对废水中COD的连续在线监测,不同原理监测仪器的测定结果与标准分析方法之间存在差异[1-3],而且各种废水成分复杂多样,现场环境温度和湿度的变化,也是影响测定结果的因素.通过比对测量,可以确定连续在线监测数据与标准分析方法测量数据之间的相关性参数,确保数据的可靠溯源.南京市污染源在线自动监测系统采用的COD连续在线监测仪的品种较多,为此,进行了COD连续在线监测仪的仪器测量结果与人工监测结果的比对分析.     

水质总氮、总磷在线自动分析仪的发展现状

对水质总氮和总磷在线自动分析仪的方法原理，主要类型，主要技术特点以及主要仪器型号等发展现状进行了评述。     

哈希在线分析仪在石化废水COD测定中的应用

介绍了美国哈希公司COD在线分析仪的工作原理、仪器结构与测量步骤,以及在中石化金陵分公司污染源在线监测系统中的应用.分析了仪器常见故障产生的原因与排除方法,提出应注重仪器的日常运行检查,采取相应的质量控制措施,确保自动监测数据的有效性.     

颗粒物对污染源COD水质在线监测仪比对监测的影响

污水中的颗粒物是COD在线监测仪在比对监测时出现较大误差的原因之一,就颗粒物对COD在线监测仪是否产生影响以及影响效果进行了实验研究。研究结果表明,COD在线监测仪的预处理系统去除颗粒物会带来比对监测的误差,并且随着颗粒物浓度增加,误差增大;预处理系统过滤器尺寸也会对比对监测的误差产生影响,针对同一浓度水样,孔径越大误差越小,针对同一孔径过滤器则水样浓度越高误差越小。     

Improving the precision of sample-based forest damage inventories through two-phase sampling and post-stratification using remotely sensed auxiliary information

Many countries have a national forest inventory (NFI) designed to produce statistically sound estimates of forest parameters. However, this type of inventory may not provide reliable results for forest damage which usually affects only small parts of the forest in a country. For this reason, specially designed forest damage inventories are performed in many countries, sometimes in coordination with the NFIs. In this study, we evaluated a new approach for damage inventory where existing NFI data form the basis for two-phase sampling for stratification and remotely sensed auxiliary data are applied for further improvement of precision through post-stratification. We applied Monte Carlo sampling simulation to evaluate different sampling strategies linked to different damage scenarios. The use of existing NFI data in a two-phase sampling for stratification design resulted in a relative efficiency of 50 % or lower, i.e., the variance was at least halved compared to a simple random sample of the same size. With post-stratification based on simulated remotely sensed auxiliary data, there was additional improvement, which depended on the accuracy of the auxiliary data and the properties of the forest damage. In many cases, the relative efficiency was further reduced by as much as one-half. In conclusion, the results show that substantial gains in precision can be obtained by utilizing auxiliary information in forest damage surveys, through two-phase sampling, through post-stratification, and through the combination of these two approaches, i.e., post-stratified two-phase sampling for stratification.     

Urgent problems of improving background air pollution monitoring systems

For more than 12 years, systematic observations of background air pollution have been carried out in accordance with the WMO Programme using the network of USSR stations located in sparsely populated settlements and in a number of neighbouring cities. The parameters involved include spectral radiation measurements, determination of chemical composition of precipitation and the concentrations of a number of atmospheric pollutants. Analysis of the data obtained allows conclusions to be drawn on the capabilities of the current system and to evaluate methods of improving it.In order to further improve the monitoring system, it is recommended that the system should perform the same observations on air pollution and precipitation as carried out by other international and national programs, and also to create centralized laboratories to deal with the analysis of samples from these monitoring stations. Additionally, solid sorbents are emerging as an effective means of sampling certain air pollutants. They may be sent by post, they increase the accuracy of measurements and allow air sampling intervals of up to 7–10 days, thus synchronizing this period with the interval of precipitation sampling.     

食品企业周边空气中异味挥发性有机物测定方法比较

以1个典型食品生产企业(酱菜厂)周边的异味挥发性有机物监测为例,介绍了罐采样-GC/MS、便携式GC/MS、SPME-GC/MS以及SPME-异味分析系统等4种监测方法的实际应用,从定性、定量监测结果等方面,比较了4种监测方法的特点。罐采样-GC/MS、便携式GC-MS 2种方法适用于定性、定量检测,在有标准样品的前提下,定量结果总体可比;SPME-GC/MS以及SPME-异味分析系统2种方法更适用于定性检测。     

高通量固定污染源废气颗粒物中总汞的测定

用玻璃纤维滤筒采集固定污染源废气颗粒物,借助硝酸和氢氟酸的作用,使滤筒和废气颗粒物在160℃下消解,再用原子荧光法测定消解液中总汞。用50%热硝酸溶液处理玻璃纤维滤筒,消除滤筒本底值不一对测定结果的干扰,并优化消解过程,使该方法在0.050μg/L~1.00μg/L范围内线性良好。当采样体积为10 L时,方法检出限为4.5×10~(-5)mg/m~3,空白加标样6次测定结果的RSD为7.2%,加标回收率为87.0%~113%。将该方法用于测定某固定污染源废气颗粒物中总汞,测定值在标准排放限值内。     

热分解-冷原子吸收法测定土壤中汞

采用热分解处理土壤样品,用冷原子吸收法测定样品中的汞,通过优化固体测汞仪的分析条件、确定校准曲线的线性范围和样品的称样量,使该方法在0.025 mg/kg~1.50 mg/kg范围内线性良好。当取样量为0.2 g时,方法检出限为0.000 9 mg/kg,有证标准物质的测定结果在保证值范围内,高、低浓度标准物质6次测定结果的RSD分别为4.6%和4.8%。用热分解法与国标法同时处理样品并测定,其测定结果无显著差别。     

Multi N/C2100S总有机碳分析仪校准方法的建立

以德国Analytikjena公司Multi N/C 2100S分析仪为例,研究建立了合理可行的总有机碳分析仪校准方法.在总有机碳分析仪检定规程JJG 821-2005的基础上,增加零点漂移、直线性、标准曲线线性和检出限4项特性指标,改变了准确性特性的判定方法.根据仪器的使用频率和稳定性,建议校准周期不超过2年.     

烟气二氧化硫分析仪采样计量泵的研制与应用

采样误差是抽样式污染源气体分析仪最大的误差来源之一。采样的气体浓度越高 ,越需要高精度的气体采样计量泵。文章介绍的计量泵精度可达 0 .1 1 %。应用该计量泵可以基本消除气体分析仪采样方面的计量误差     

Mercury and trace elements in cloud water and precipitation collected on Mt. Mansfield,Vermont

The lack of high quality measurements of Hg and trace elements in cloud and fog water led to the design of a new collector for clean sequential sampling of cloud and fog water. Cloud water was collected during nine non-precipitating cloud events on Mt. Mansfield, VT in the northeastern USA between August 1 and October 31, 1998. Sequential samples were collected during six of these events. Mercury cloud water concentrations ranged from 7.5 to 71.8 ng l(-1), with a mean of 24.8 ng l(-1). Liquid water content explained about 60% of the variability in Hg cloud concentrations. Highest Hg cloud water concentrations were found to be associated with transport from the Mid-Atlantic and Ohio River Valley, and lowest concentrations with transport from the north of Mt. Mansfield out of Canada. Twenty-nine event precipitation samples were collected during the ten-week cloud sampling period near the base of Mt. Mansfield as part of a long-term deposition study. The Hg concentrations of cloud water were similar to, but higher on average (median of 12.5 ng l(-1)) than Hg precipitation concentrations (median of 10.5 ng l(-1)). Cloud and precipitation samples were analyzed for fifteen trace elements including Mg, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb by ICP-MS. Mean concentrations were higher in cloud water than precipitation for elements with predominately anthropogenic, but not crustal origin in samples from the same source region. One possible explanation is greater in-cloud scavenging of crustal elements in precipitating than non-precipitating clouds, and greater below-cloud scavenging of crustal than anthropogenic aerosols.     

An analysis of the influence of the local effects of climatic and hydrological factors affecting new malaria cases in riverine areas along the Rio Negro and surrounding Puraquequara Lake,Amazonas, Brazil

A study was conducted at three sampling regions along the Rio Negro and surrounding Puraquequara Lake, Amazonas, Brazil. The aim was to determine the influence of the local effects of climatic and hydrological variables on new malaria cases. Data was gathered on the river level, precipitation, air temperature, and the number of new cases of autochthonous malaria between January 2003 and December 2013. Monthly averages, time series decompositions, cross-correlations, and multiple regressions revealed different relationships at each location. The sampling region in the upper Rio Negro indicated no statistically significant results. However, monthly averages suggest that precipitation and air temperature correlate positively with the occurrence of new cases of malaria. In the mid Rio Negro and Puraquequara Lake, the river level positively correlated, and temperature negatively correlated with new transmissions, while precipitation correlated negatively in the mid Rio Negro and positively on the lake. Overall, the river level is a key variable affecting the formation of breeding sites, while precipitation may either develop or damage them. A negative temperature correlation is associated with the occurrence of new annual post-peak cases of malaria, when the monthly average exceeds 28.5 °C. This suggests that several factors contribute to the occurrence of new malaria cases as higher temperatures are reached at the same time as precipitation and the river levels are lowest. Differences between signals and correlation lags indicate that local characteristics have an impact on how different variables influence the disease vector’s life cycle, pathogens, and consequently, new cases of malaria.     

Factors dominating stratification cycle and seasonal water quality variation in a Korean estuarine reservoir

A comprehensive monitoring program was conducted during 2005-2007 to investigate seasonal variations of hydrologic stability and water quality in the Yeongsan Reservoir (YSR), located at the downstream end of the Yeongsan River, Korea. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to identify factors dominating the seasonal water quality variation from a large suite of measured data--11 physico-chemical parameters from 48 sampling sites. The results showed that three principal components explained approximately 62% of spatio-seasonal water quality variation, which are related to stratifications, pollutant loadings and resultant eutrophication, and the advective mixing process during the episodic rainfall-runoff events. A comparison was then made between YSR and an upstream freshwater reservoir (Damyang Reservoir, DYR) in the same river basin during an autumn season. It was found that the saline stratification and pollutant input from the upstream contributed to greater concentrations of nutrients and organic matter in YSR compared to DYR. In YSR, saline stratification in combination with thermal stratification was a dominant cause of the longer period (for two consecutive seasons) of hypoxic conditions at the reservoir bottom. The results presented here will help better understand the season- and geography-dependent characteristics of reservoir water quality in Asian Monsoon climate regions such as Korea.