污染源在线监控系统日常运行中存在的问题与建议

随着国家的重视和环保事业的发展,污染源在线监控系统发挥着越来越重要的作用。污染源在线监控作为一种先进技术,其监测数据在提高执法工作效率和其他环境管理等方面具有优势。阐述了现阶段污染源在线监控系统建设运行过程中存在的问题并进行分析,提出了解决对策和建议。     

污染源在线监控管理与技术高级研讨会在厦门召开

为发挥污染源在线监控在环境预警、节能减排、污染治理中的重要作用，提高污染源在线监控管理运营效能及技术水平，2008年11月8日-9日，《环境监测管理与技术》理事会在厦门召开“污染源在线监控管理与技术高级研讨会”。包括国家总站、上海、天津、江苏、大连、长春、广州、深圳等65个环境监测，     

乌海市污染源在线监控系统应用现状及对策研究

本文结合乌海市污染源在线监控系统的日常管理工作实践,分析总结了乌海市污染源在线监控系统的安装、运行管理现状及存在的问题与不足,并提出了相应的对策及建议。     

基于GIS的污染源自动监测数据综合分析系统设计和实现

基于地理信息系统(GIS),将污染源在线监测数据信息与空间地理信息相结合,建立北京市重点锅炉烟气、污水处理厂两类主要污染源和水环境质量等大量在线监测数据的监控和综合分析系统。系统不仅实现了对重点污染源在线监测数据的实时监控、数据展示、统计分析、超标报警等常规业务功能,还在污染源扩散模拟展示、污染源与环境质量信息相互作用的空间综合分析等方面进行了初步研究,为进一步提高北京市的污染源监控管理和自动监测数据利用水平做出了创新性的技术尝试。     

污染源在线监控系统平台应用过程质量控制

根据质量管理的要求,结合污染源在线监控的特殊性,探讨了如何根据国家环境监测的质量管理体系,通过在线监控系统平台实现在线监测的质量管理目标,并提出了在线监控系统的质量控制指标体系及解决方案.     

环境在线监测监控管理与发布系统

阐述了省级环境在线监测监控管理与发布系统的组成及功能特点,介绍了采用GPRS无线数据传输方式,对水、气、污染源等环境在线监测自动化系统进行数据采集、统计与GIS发布的实现方式,指出其具有传输速率高、延时小、实时性强、建设方便、费用低廉等显著优点。     

环境在线监控数据交换系统的设计与应用

根据环境在线监控的数据特征和普遍存在的问题,提出了针对环境在线监控数据交换的系统设计方案,包含数据交换中心、前置系统、发布过程安全的设计。该系统可实现污染源(固定源、移动源)、水环境、大气环境、生态环境、辐射环境等各类在线监控数据的自动归集、交换和集成。为各级环保部门同时、准确地掌握各种在线监控数据,提高监管能力提供技术支撑。     

环境监控(监测)建设与发展过程的思考

论述环境监控系统的发展过程、具体应用和建设的意义。叙述环境监控系统的建设为解决环境质量监测、污染源在线自动监测和生态监测与具体部门相关联而造成信息孤岛的问题,提倡环保多业务综合共享信息的标准化;环境监控系统的建设是基础,应用是关键,运行维护管理是保障,三者不可偏废。让环境管理者产生形象思维,拓宽思路和视野,发现和解决新问题。     

南京市总量减排监测体系建设的实践与思考

南京市正在构建的总量减排监测体系,以污染源在线监控系统为核心,有机整合在线和手工监测资源,以信息化平台为体系运转载体,以期为减排管理提供准确高效的数据支持.在总量减排监测体系建设和推广过程中需重点解决在线监测系统的运行管理、在线监测与手工监测的整合,以及信息系统建设等问题.     

我国污染源在线监控系统建设运行及对策措施研究

介绍了我国污染源在线监控系统建设运行现状,阐述污染源在线监控系统建设运行过程中存在的问题,对如何解决这些问题进行研究,提出相应对策措施.     

典型电子垃圾拆解区大气颗粒物中元素污染的季节变化特征

分别在典型电子垃圾拆解区(E)和其参考区(S)采集了大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,利用等离子体电感耦合质谱(ICP-MS)检测了13种元素。结果表明,E地区大气TSP中各元素含量均高于对照区,特别是污染元素Zn、Cu、Cd、Sn和Pb。E地区和S地区TSP中元素质量浓度的季节变化趋势相似,TSP中地壳元素质量浓度夏季高于冬季,而污染元素冬季高于夏季。E地区和S地区TSP中Cu、Zn、Sn和Pb的富集因子(EF)100,E地区EF值高于对照区,说明这些元素主要来源于电子垃圾处理过程;而Mg、K、Ca、Ti、V、Mn、Fe、Co和Cd的EF值为1~10,说明元素主要为自然来源。     

Interspecific and Locational Differences in Heavy Metal Levels in Four Species of Birds Near Sydney, Australia

We examined the levels of cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium in four species of birds near Sydney, New South Wales, Australia in January, 1996. Molted contour feathers were collected from silver gull, Larus novaehollandiae (Royal National Park and downtown Sydney), sulphur-crested cockatoo, Cacatua sulphurea (Blue Mountains, Royal National Park, and Sydney), Australian white ibis, Threskiornis molucca (Sydney), and rock dove Columba livia (Royal National Park and Sydney). We tested the null hypothesis that there were no species or locational differences in metal levels. There were significant species differences in all metals, with rock doves having the highest levels of cadmium, chromium, lead, and manganese, and silver gulls having the highest levels of mercury and selenium. Metal levels were generally low in cockatoos, and were lowest in those from the Royal National Park. For silver gulls, cadmium, lead, and chromium levels were highest at Sydney, and there were no locational differences in manganese, mercury, and selenium levels. For rock doves, cadmium, chromium and manganese were higher in Sydney, and there were no locational differences in lead, mercury, and selenium. Overall, cadmium and chromium levels were significantly higher in Sydney than in the Royal National Park for all species, and there were no locational differences in mercury levels. Although the levels of most metals in feathers from these Australian birds were within the ranges reported worldwide, lead levels in ibises and rock doves were among the highest reported worldwide, suggesting a cause for concern.     

基于SOA和O3生成潜势的上海市VOCs优控物种研究

为评估上海市挥发性有机物(VOCs)对二次有机气溶胶(SOA)和臭氧生成潜势的贡献,采用SUMMA罐采样实验室GC-FID/MS分析方法开展了环境空气104种臭氧前体物和TO-15组分分析,采用DNPH吸附管采样实验室HPLC高效液相色谱法开展了环境空气13种醛酮类组分分析。结果表明:2018年8-11月上海市代表点位VOCs摩尔分数均值范围为20. 61~50. 38 nmol/mol,臭氧生成潜势(OFP)均值范围为60. 55~184. 12μg/m^3,二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(AFP)为21. 63~61. 72μg/m^3。醛酮类和芳香烃类是OFP的主要贡献因子,贡献占比分别为31. 5%~55. 2%和21. 6%~37. 8%。芳香烃类对AFP贡献超过90%。从主要组分构成来看,城区人口密集区点位乙烷、丙烷浓度最高,其他点位甲醛浓度最高;甲醛对OFP贡献最大;间/对二甲苯在浦东书院点位AFP贡献最大,其他点位为甲苯。OFP和AFP双控物种各点位均有4~5个主要物种,以芳香烃类为主。     

洞庭湖流域土壤中有机氯杀虫剂的残留规律研究

2004年5月采集了洞庭湖流域45个土壤样品,用AES萃取技术,使用GC/MS方法测定了样品中的六氯笨、滴滴涕(DDTs)、氯丹、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、七氟和灭蚁灵.结果表明,六氯苯、滴滴涕的检出率为100%,氯丹和灭蚁灵的检出率很低,艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂和七氯未检出.总有机氯杀虫剂残留量平均值216.24μg/k,其中滴滴涕214.7μg/kg,占总OCPs的99.3%,且有些土壤样品中w(DDT)/w(DDE DDD)值较大,说明DDTs曾作为湘江流域的主要杀虫剂在洞庭湖流域土壤中广泛施用过,并且近期内仍然有输入.六氯苯的残留量虽然较低,但其施用范围广泛.总OCPs在棉田中的残留量很高,在茶场土壤中最低,表明棉田土壤曾因为各种原因施用过大量的有机氯杀虫剂,茶场土壤中有机氯农药的残存量处于安全范围.     

城市大气环境中醛酮类化合物污染状况及变化规律

2003年对郑州市城市环境空气中醛酮类化合物的污染状况及变化规律进行了初步调查研究.结果表明:大气环境中醛酮类污染物的质量浓度范围为未检出～167 μg/m3,主要污染物为甲醛、乙醛和丙酮;醛酮类污染物含量在不同季节的变化趋势是:夏季>春季>冬季;醛酮类污染物主要来源于大气中有机物的光化学反应,甲醛与乙醛、甲醛与丙酮有...     

京杭运河江苏段底栖动物群落结构调查

通过2018年5月在京杭运河江苏段布设23个采样点调查底栖动物群落结构和生境状况,并用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数评价底栖动物多样性,用聚类法分析采样点底栖动物群落结构相似性,用ANOSIM分析检验聚类组差异性,用SIMPER对聚类组作主要特征物种分析。结果显示:23个采样点共采集底栖动物42种,其中甲壳纲4种、软体动物16种、多毛纲2种、蛭纲2种、昆虫纲4种(均为摇蚊类)、寡毛纲14种。聚类分析将23个采样点分成4组,ANOSIM分析检验表明各聚类组底栖动物群落结构具有显著差异(p<0.05),底质类型和水生植被等生境状况是影响京杭运河江苏段底栖动物群落结构的重要原因。     

杭州市钱塘江干支流水质多元统计分析

运用多元统计方法分析了杭州市钱塘江干支流上26个断面的水质监测指标。利用系统聚类分析方法将断面所在河流分为3组,与钱塘江流域污染空间分布现状基本一致。对各组水质的主成分分析表明,第1组河流水质以有机污染为主,水体中氮、磷营养盐浓度较高,水体污染程度较轻,污染来源相对单一;第2组河流水体受有机物、重金属、石油类等多个污染指标的影响,水体水质较第1组差,污染来源相对复杂;第3组河流水体既有一般有机污染,也有重金属、有毒有害物质的污染,水体水质污染严重。     

北京公园水体中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的测定及其分布特征

为了正确评估北京市公园水体受PAEs污染的程度,采集了北京11个公园湖水的水样,采用固相萃取-气相色谱联用技术检测了其中六种邻苯二甲酸酯类物质(PAEs)的含量,该方法加标回收率在73%～89.3%,RSD为5.9%～18.1%,检出限在0.40～4.58mg/L。实验结果为北京公园水体中总PAEs浓度在6.4～138.1μg/L,平均值为27.9μg/L,证明北京公园水体受到不同程度的PAEs污染,主要的污染物为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP),其中东南部以及西北部的公园污染较严重。分析了PAEs在公园湖水底泥中和水体中的分布特征,结果显示,PAEs在湖水底泥中的含量明显大于在水体中的含量。     

Habitat Conditions and Correlations of Sediment Quality Triad Indicators in Delaware Bay

This paper summarizes sampling results from NOAA's National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program for marine environmental quality in Delaware Bay. A stratified-random design was used to determine the spatial extent of sediment contamination and toxicity in Delaware Bay from offshore stations in the coastal zone, the lower estuary, the upper estuary, the fresh/salt mixing zone, and tidal fresh areas. Sediment samples were taken for chemical analyses of major classes of environmental contaminants, a suite of toxicity bioassays, and benthic macrofaunal community assessment to identify patterns of resident species. The tidal-fresh areas and portions of the mixing zone of the study area were heavily contaminated. Contaminant concentrations were frequently above the 90th percentile of EMAP Virginian Province levels. PAHs in the sediment were higher than previously documented, with a major component of PAHs being pyrogenic in origin. Bioassay results were highly variable. Toxicity and contaminant levels were correlated when aggregated into indices, but were only marginally correlated with benthic community impacts. High and low abundance stations were found in all zones. Most of the tidal fresh stations were dominated by pollution tolerant species. Species diversity and abundance were generally lowest in the fresh/salt mixing zone.     

Applying a Large,Statewide Database to the Assessment,Stressor Diagnosis,and Restoration of Stream Fish Communities

In this report, predictions of the species that were expected to occur at stream sites were generated and probable stressors to fish species that were predicted to occur but were absent were diagnosed. Predictions were generated based on the hierarchical screening method of Smith and Powell (1971, Am. Mus. Novit. 2458, 1–30), using fish abundance in conjunction with 25 environmental variables at 895 sites. The sites were sampled throughout Maryland and represent the entire range of environmental quality from severely degraded to minimally degraded. Stressor variable values that exceeded tolerance thresholds for species that were expected to occur, but were absent, were considered to be probable stressors. This method was tested for efficacy in stream site assessments and stressor diagnosis using an independent data set. Sites that were classified as degraded according to the IBI and to non-biological criteria had fewer predicted species present compared to minimally influenced sites, indicating that the proportion of predicted species present accurately represents the biological integrity of a stream site. The nine stressors that were applied to the test data set accounted for species absences in 43.7% of degraded sites. Impervious land cover was the most common stressor identified. In addition to assessing stream biological integrity and identifying stressors to fish species, this approach also provides tolerance thresholds for predicted fish species that are useful endpoints necessary to plan effective restoration of fish species in Maryland.