氨气检测管的研制

经过条件优化试验，研制出氨气检测管，检测管显色长度与氨气浓度呈线性相关，对氨气标气7次测定的变异系数为11．9％，平均相对误差为7．2％，小于15％，一次测定最大相对误差为22％，小于25％，符合国家标准GB730－87的要求，与化学法比较，2种方法测试结果无显著性差异，检测管检测范围为70－500mg/m^3，有机胺产生正干扰，酸性气产生负干扰，检测管寿命为1a。     

气相分子吸收光谱法测定水中高锰酸盐指数

本文建立了气相分子吸收光谱法测定水中高锰酸盐指数的方法，采用绘制标准曲线来测定未知水样的高锰酸盐指数。研究表明，0～5.00 mg/L高锰酸盐指数标准曲线线性相关系数为0.995以上，测定检出限(MDL)为0.22 mg/L;分析环境标准样品，其相对标准偏差均小于8%;用该方法测定不同浓度的标准样品和实际水样，并与国标方法(GB11892-89)测定的结果进行F检验和t检验，结果显示2种分析方法的精密度与准确度无显著性差异。该方法在批量分析环境样品中具有一定优势。     

硫化氢检测管的研制

经过条件优化试验，研制出硫化氢检测管，其显色长度与硫化氢浓度呈线性相关，对硫化氢标气7次测定的变异系为14．6％，平均相对误差为2％，小于15％，一次测定最大相对误差为18．8％，小于25％，符合国家标准（GB7230－87）的要求，与化学法比较，2种方法测试结果无显著性差异。     

高效液相色谱法测定饮用水中苯并[a]芘

本文采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器法，用反相C18柱，在乙腈：水（V／V）=90：10作为流动相，检测波长：λEx=265nm，λEm=410nm，流速为1．5mL／min的条件下对饮用水中苯并[a]芘进行了方法学考查，本方法对苯并[a]芘的线性相关系数等于0．9998，RSD为1．46％，平均回收率为93．1％，方法操作简便、准确可靠、灵敏度较高。     

水中粪大肠菌群检测方法的比较

采用标准菌株、实际水样和国际标准样品，比较纸片快速法与多管发酵法的一致性。标准菌株试验表明，两种方法在粪大肠菌群的定性检测上没有显著性差异；实际水样试验表明，纸片快速法的检测结果略低于多管发酵法，但两种方法检测结果的回归关系显著；国际标准样品试验表明，两种方法的精密度与准确度均无统计学意义上的显著性差异。     

离子色谱法测定大气降水中的硫酸根和硝酸根离子

降水样品中的阴离子,经阴离子色谱柱交换分离,抑制型电导检测器检测,以保留时间定性,峰面积外标法定量,建立了离子色谱同时测定降水的硫酸根和硝酸根离子的分析方法。结果表明,2种阴离子标准曲线线性相关系数均大于0.9991,测定结果的相对偏差(n=10)分别是0.81%和0.89%。用该方法对样品进行测定并进行加标回收试验,加标回收率在98.0%～101.0%之间,能满足大气降水中阴离子的分析要求,是降水样品中阴离子分析的理想方法。     

梯度淋洗离子色谱法同时测定雨水中12种有机酸和无机阴离子的研究

研究了用离子色谱梯度洗脱-抑制电导检测器同时分离12种有机酸和无机阴离子的规律和色谱务件,建立了最佳梯度程序.在所选实验务件下,方法对所测有机酸和无机阴离子的线性相关系数为0.9929～0.9998,相对标准偏差为4.2%～9.3%,加标回收率为91.4%～107.0%,最低检测限为0.0069～0.34mg/L.方法用于雨水样品的测定,结果令人满意.     

氯气检测管的研制

经过条件优化试验，研制出氯气检测管。检测管显色长度与氯气浓度呈线性相关，对氯气标气7次测定的变异系数为13．8％，平均相对误差为5．2％，小于15％；一次测定最大相对误差为20％，小于25％，符合国家标准GB7230－87的要求。与化学法比较，2种方法测试结果无显著性差异。干扰物有溴和氯化氢气体以及高浓度二氧化氮。检测管寿命为1a。     

气相分子吸收光谱法测定海水中的硝酸盐氮

采用GMA3212型气相分子吸收光谱仪测定海水中的硝酸盐氮,在常规海水中硝酸盐氮质量浓度范围内(0~4.00 mg/L)线性良好(线性相关系数0.999 9),检出限为0.004 mg/L,标准溶液平行测定的相对标准偏差小于或等于1.44%,相对误差小于或等于1.33%,实际水样加标回收率为96.0%~102%。通过与国标方法镉柱还原法的比对实验,2种方法在精密度、准确度、实样比对等方面均无显著性差异,测定结果具有良好的一致性。气相分子吸收光谱法具有操作简便、分析快速准确、试剂消耗少、适合批量测定等优点,是值得推介的先进方法。     

大气VOCs在线监测系统测量准确性分析

基于在线气相色谱-氢火焰离子检测/质谱(GC-FID/MS)方法,在线测量116种大气挥发性有机物的性能指标(线性关系、检出限、精密度、正确度、期间正确度和期间精密度).基于在线监测系统连续7d的实际运行情况,定量评估116种有机物在实际长期运行中测量的准确性和可靠性.结果 表明,116种组分中,109种组分的线性相关...     

Comparative validation of amperometric and optical analyzers of dissolved oxygen: a case study

A comprehensive comparative validation for two different types of dissolved oxygen (DO) analyzers, amperometric and optical, is presented on two representative commercial DO analyzers. A number of performance characteristics were evaluated including drift, intermediate precision, accuracy of temperature compensation, accuracy of reading (under different measurement conditions), linearity, flow dependence of the reading, repeatability (reading stability), and matrix effects of dissolved salts. The matrix effects on readings in real samples were evaluated by analyzing the dependence of the reading on salt concentration (at saturation concentration of DO). The analyzers were also assessed in DO measurements of a number of natural waters. The uncertainty contributions of the main influencing parameters were estimated under different experimental conditions. It was found that the uncertainties of results for both analyzers are quite similar but the contributions of the uncertainty sources are different. Our results imply that the optical analyzer might not be as robust as is commonly assumed; however, it has better reading stability, lower stirring speed dependence, and typically requires less maintenance. On the other hand, the amperometric analyzer has a faster response and wider linear range. Both analyzers seem to have issues with the accuracy of temperature compensation. The approach described in this work will be useful to practitioners carrying out DO measurements for ensuring reliability of their measurements.     

Heavy metal binding fractions in the sediments of the Godavari estuary,East Coast of India

Sequential chemical extraction was used to study the operationally determined chemical forms of five heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Co and Ni) and their spatial distribution in the sediments. The binding behaviour of heavy metals associating with Fe–Mn oxides showed a good correlation towards Cu, Zn and Co, but moderate linear dependence with Ni and Pb. Among the five metals, correlation between Fe–Mn oxide bound Cu and Fe–Mn oxides (r = 0.95) is highest. The coefficient of determination (r ²) in organically bound heavy metals versus organic matter (OM) ranges from 0.772 to 0.952, which indicates a good linear dependence. The OM fraction in the sediments is more accessible to heavy metals and is the major ligand available for complexation. In particular, Zn and Cu are preferentially bound to OM. In general, Zn co-precipitation with carbonates is the dominant chemical form when Fe–Mn oxide and OM are less abundant. In this study, however, carbonates were less abundant, hence Zn bound to carbonates was less pronounced. Based on the results, even if the excessive binding sites are contained in the sediments, competition of various complexation reactions between sediment phases and heavy metals could dominate metal association.     

Analysis of the Daily Variations of Wintertime Air Pollution Concentrations in the City of Graz, Austria

Measured air pollution concentrations in a city reflect the influence of different kinds of sources as well as varying meteorological conditions. In the city of Graz in southern Austria, frequent stagnant meteorological conditions can cause elevated levels of air pollution although emission levels are not exceptionally high. With the aid of a detailed emission inventory and an array of sodars and tethersondes as well as lidar systems supplementing the routine meteorological and air chemistry network during a field experiment in January 1998, the daily variations of air pollution concentrations of selected components within the complex topography of the city of Graz are explained. Main results show the almost linear dependence of the morning maximum concentrations on the predicted emission rates. Throughout the day the rising of the well mixed layer reduces concentrations considerably. Concerning NO_X the fast reaction from NO to NO₂ is important due to the down-mixing of O₃ from the residual layer. The maximum in the afternoon is influenced by emission rates and pollution transport due to the mountain wind.     

离子色谱法-抑制型电导检测城市污水中的高氯酸根

利用离子色谱法-抑制型电导检测了城市污水中的持久污染物高氯酸根,以IonPac AS20高容量强亲水阴离子交换柱分离,NaOH流动相等度淋洗,高氯酸根在12min内出峰。高氯酸根在0.01~50 mg/L内具有良好的线性,相关系数为0.9998,50μl进样时检出限可达到3μg/L。方法可用于多种城市污水中高氯酸根的监测,样品测定的标准相对偏差在0.60%~0.94%之间,加标回收率在97.3%~105.8%之间,具有较好的准确性和重现性。     

Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an industrialized city, Kocaeli, Turkey: study of seasonal variations, influence of meteorological parameters and health risk estimation

Ambient gas and particle phase samples were collected during two sampling periods from a residential area of an industrialized city, Kocaeli, Turkey. The sampling occurred during winter months when structures were being heated, and summer months when structures were not being heated. Σ(13)PAH (gas + particle) concentrations ranged between 6.2 ng m(-3) (DahA) and 98.6 ng m(-3) (Phe) in the heating (winter) period and 3.0 ng m(-3) (BaA) and 35.1 ng m(-3) (Phe) in the non-heating (summer) period. Phe, Flt and Pyr were found to be at high concentrations in both sampling periods. Winter time to summer time concentration ratios for individual ambient PAH concentration ratios ranged between 1.2 (DahA) and 17.5 (Flu), indicating the effect of the emissions from residential heating on measured concentrations of PAHs, but great industrial plants and the only incinerator facility of Turkey are other important pollution sources around the city. Temperature dependence of gas phase PAHs was investigated using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. A high slope obtained (5069.7) indicated the effect of the local sources on measured gas phase PAHs. Correlation of the supercooled vapor pressure (P) with the gas particle partitioning coefficient (K(p)) and particle phase fraction was also evaluated. The relationship between the meteorological parameters and individual PAH (gas + particle) concentrations was investigated further by multiple linear regression analysis. It was found that the temperature had a significant effect on all of the measured PAH concentrations, while the effects of the wind speed and direction were not significant on the individual PAHs. On the other hand, PAH concentrations showed a strong linear relationship with the ventilation coefficient (VC) which showed the influence of local sources on measured PAHs. Benzo[a]pyrene toxic equivalent (BaP(eq.)) concentrations were used for health risk assessment purposes. The winter period risk level (2.92 × 10(-3)) due to the respiratory exposure to PAHs was found to be almost 3 times higher than in the summer period (1.15 × 10(-3)).     

The Influence of Linear Elements on Plant Species Diversity of Mediterranean Rural Landscapes: Assessment of Different Indices and Statistical Approaches

This paper mainly aims to study the linear element influence on the estimation of vascular plant species diversity in five Mediterranean landscapes modeled as land cover patch mosaics. These landscapes have several core habitats and a different set of linear elements -habitat edges or ecotones, roads or railways, rivers, streams and hedgerows on farm land- whose plant composition were examined. Secondly, it aims to check plant diversity estimation in Mediterranean landscapes using parametric and non-parametric procedures, with two indices: Species richness and Shannon index.Land cover types and landscape linear elements were identified from aerial photographs. Their spatial information was processed using GIS techniques. Field plots were selected using a stratified sampling design according to relieve and tree density of each habitat type. A 50×20 m² multi-scale sampling plot was designed for the core habitats and across the main landscape linear elements. Richness and diversity of plant species were estimated by comparing the observed field data to ICE (Incidence-based Coverage Estimator) and ACE (Abundance-based Coverage Estimator) non-parametric estimators.The species density, percentage of unique species, and alpha diversity per plot were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in linear elements than in core habitats. ICE estimate of number of species was 32% higher than of ACE estimate, which did not differ significantly from the observed values. Accumulated species richness in core habitats together with linear elements, were significantly higher than those recorded only in the core habitats in all the landscapes. Conversely, Shannon diversity index did not show significant differences.     

Optimal Selection of Priority Development Areas Considering Tradeoffs Between Hydrology and Development Configuration

Mixed-integer linear programs are proposed for siting development and conservation areas in watersheds, addressing economic objectives (development perimeter and proximity) and ecological objectives. Links between watershed hydrology and ecology need not be well defined. Parameters for the linear programs are obtained from linearization of the SWAT hydrologic model.     

Assessing Multi-site Drought Connections in Iran Using Empirical Copula

Drought is a multi-dimensional natural hazard with stochastic characteristics usually related to each other. Separate univariate statistical models cannot capture the important relationships among drought characteristics, that is, severity and duration. In this study, an empirical copula is employed to construct a bivariate model of droughts, where droughts are defined as continuously negative standardized precipitation index (SPI) periods with one SPI value reaching ?1 or less. Bivariate frequency analyses in terms of recurrence intervals are performed using the established empirical copula-based bivariate drought model. The inter-connection among different regions of droughts is explored by a lower tail dependence coefficient. A nonparametric estimation based on an empirical copula is employed pairwisely to calculate the lower tail dependence coefficient among stations. The proposed method is applied to six rainfall gauge stations in Iran to explore drought properties of single sites as well as the inter-connection among multi-sites. The results show that greater mean drought severity and duration are associated with the least arrival rate of drought events, which occurs at the Ahwaz station. The tail dependence analysis reveals that distance between stations is not a key parameter. Generally, the Ahwaz and Isfahan stations have the highest probability of simultaneous droughts among the six stations.     

Evaluation of a novel structural model to describe the endogenous release of lead from bone

The aim of this paper was to assess the endogenous release of lead from bone to blood, in 204 exposed subjects. resuming their duties after a 10-month strike in a primary lead smelter in 1991. In vivo 109Cd K X-ray Fluorescence (109Cd K XRF) was used to measure the bone lead concentration in tibia and calcaneus in the smelter, in 1994 and five years later. The 1994 data were used to derive the post-strike bone lead concentrations retrospectively from the significant association between bone lead and the cumulative blood lead index (CBLI). When a linear model was used to predict the current blood lead upon the level of lead in bone, structural analysis of the data produced slopes for tibia (2.0, 95% CI 1.66-2.54) and calcaneus (0.19, 95% CI 0.16-0.23) that were significantly higher than those predicted by the commonly used simple linear regression method, for tibia (0.73, 95%, CI 0.58-0.88) and calcaneus (0.08, 95% CI 0.06-0.09). This suggests that more lead than previously predicted by regression is released from bone to blood. Furthermore, the structural analysis of the data produced an estimation of the contribution of the bone lead stores to the bloodstream that was more consistent with the 1999 epidemiological data than did the regression estimation. Moreover, a non-linear relationship between tibia lead and blood lead was suggested from the assumption checking procedures for regression. When a non-linear regression model was fit to the data, the method produced estimates of important parameters in human lead kinetics, namely the blood lead saturation constant, showing a good agreement with current knowledge of lead metabolism. Finally, the likelihood of a non-linear bone lead release seems to be supported by the recently described dependence of the half-life of lead in bone on age and intensity of occupational exposure.     

Statistical Analysis of Air Pollutants and Meteorological Parameters in Afyon, Turkey

In this study, the relation between sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and particulate matter (PM) concentrations periodically measured in the city of Afyon’s atmosphere with meteorological factors such as precipitation, humidity, temperature, wind velocity, and inversion were investigated. The mean values of SO₂ and PM concentrations measured during the winter months of October–March 1990–1999 were correlated with the meteorological parameters of the same period. Simple and multiple linear regression analysis were utilized to evaluate the contribution of meteorological variables. The statistical results show that the pollutants, i.e., SO₂ and PM are dependent upon humidity, temperature, and inversion at the 1% significance level; while the dependence of both pollutants with temperature is negative when those of humidity and inversion are positive. Two models in which temperature and inversion are dependent with multiple variables are recommended for predicting the contribution of meteorological parameters on SO₂ and PM. In addition, the relationship between humidity, temperature, and inversion with pollutants is also determined using nonlinear (polynomial) models.