杭州秋冬季PM2.5污染特征分析

为研究杭州PM_2.5污染来源特征，利用2013—2019年杭州市PM_2.5监测数据和气象观测数据，分析了杭州市2013—2019年PM_2.5浓度变化，选取本地积累型和输入型2种PM_2.5污染过程，结合单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪（SPAMS）和在线离子色谱数据，探讨杭州市PM_2.5化学组分和污染来源。结果表明：每年秋冬季（11月至次年3月）杭州以东北风、西北风及偏南风为主，风速低于4 m/s时，大气扩散条件差，受本地污染物积累影响，PM_2.5浓度容易出现超标；风速较大且为东北风和西北风时，受上游污染输入影响，易出现PM_2.5重度污染。本地积累型和输入型案例中，PM_2.5化学组分中占比最大的为NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺；PM_2.5浓度上升过程中，二次NO₃^-和SO₄^2-转换率明显上升，其中NO₃^-上升更为显著，二次气溶胶污染严重。2次案例中，PM_2.5来源贡献占比前3位均为机动车尾气源、燃煤源和工业工艺源，其中本地积累型PM_2.5浓度上升阶段，机动车尾气源占比会明显上升；输入型案例中，输入阶段机动车尾气源占比显著上升，燃煤源贡献也小幅上升。     

新冠肺炎疫情期间冀南地区空气质量时空变化特征

为研究新冠肺炎疫情期间冀南地区空气质量变化规律,明确防疫管控措施对空气质量的具体影响及大气污染物排放特征,笔者综合分析了研究区域的常规监测数据和部分大气超级站的PM_2.5组分数据。结果表明:疫情防控重点区域石家庄市、邢台市空气质量整体好转,细颗粒物和一次排放气态污染物浓度下降明显,PM_2.5来源中燃煤、生物质燃烧源占比上升,机动车尾气源占比下降,体现出交通管制、企业限产和道路工地扬尘管理等环保措施的有效性。疫情防控高风险区域石家庄市藁城区出现了明显的NO₂浓度降低、PM_2.5污染好转现象,而O₃浓度显著升高成为新的特征污染物。结果显示,藁城区综合防疫管控举措对本地一次排放污染物起到了明显抑制作用。疫情防控核心区域藁城区增村镇因实行最严格的封村、限行、停产等措施,人为污染源排放"触底",6项监测指标中除O₃浓度同比、环比均大幅度升高外,其他污染物浓度全时段降低,SO₂和CO昼夜差距缩小,环境质量明显优于周边乡镇。分析认为大规模持续化学消杀可能对O₃浓度升高有影响,此问题需要进一步探讨。     

2001—2020年合肥市空气质量变化趋势研究

为系统分析合肥市长时间序列空气质量变化特征,对合肥市2001—2020年SO₂、NO₂和PM₁₀,以及2013—2020年CO、O₃和PM_2.5的浓度特征开展研究。采用Mann-Kendall(M-K)时间趋势检验法分析了6项污染物的时间变化规律,同时考虑了人为活动对污染物小时浓度的影响。结果表明,PM_2.5和O₃是目前影响合肥市空气质量的首要污染物。2014年以来,合肥市PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO和SO₂年均浓度均呈逐年下降趋势,但NO₂和O₃污染有加剧趋势。合肥市SO₂和颗粒物浓度表现为冬春季节高、夏秋季节低;O₃浓度变化趋势与之相反;NO₂和CO浓度呈秋冬季节高、春夏季节低。     

2015—2019年抚州市临川区主要大气污染物时空变化及成因分析

选取2015—2019年抚州市临川区不同时间尺度的空气质量指数(Air Quality Index,AQI)与6种常规大气污染物监测数据,分析了临川区主要大气污染物的时空变化及影响因素。结果表明,临川区大气PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂和CO年均质量浓度整体呈现下降趋势,O₃年均质量浓度逐年增加,说明临川区应警惕O₃污染的加剧。PM_2.5、PM₁₀和NO₂质量浓度的月变化趋势表现为冬高夏低的特征。此外,2015—2019年临川区大气PM_2.5、PM₁₀月均浓度与AQI的相关性极高(r＞0.96,P≤0.01),表明临川区大气污染类型为颗粒型污染。根据污染物浓度日变化规律以及相关性分析结果可知,PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂日变化趋势与AQI相似。通过对2015—2019年临川区除夕至大年初一期间大气污染物变化规律和复合污染特征的分析可以发现,2018年和2019年空气污染程度较之前的3年有所下降,说明烟花爆竹燃放禁令对春节期间空气污染的控制具有明显成效。此外,控制移动源排放成为临川区大气污染治理亟需解决的重要问题。     

连云港市冬季霾污染成因分析及应急管控效果评估

针对2022年1月5—14日连云港发生的细颗粒物（PM_2.5）连续污染事件（PM_2.5超标共计5 d），基于常规空气质量参数、气象要素、颗粒物组分参数等数据资料，系统分析了污染期间PM_2.5时空变化特征及污染成因，结合大气化学与天气预测模式（WRF Chem）和敏感性试验方法，定量评估了应急减排措施对连云港各区县PM_2.5浓度的影响。结果表明，5 d超标日中有3 d为轻度污染，2 d为中度污染，全市PM_2.5浓度呈现先上升后下降的趋势。不利的气象条件（静稳、小风、高湿）、本地排放（机动车尾气、工业工艺源）和二次生成共同导致了PM_2.5污染的发生。实施黄色预警管控后，ρ（PM_2.5）平均值下降了4.6μg/m³，降幅为5.2%，其中东海县和灌云县ρ（PM_2.5）的降幅最大，分别为6.1%和8.3%，同时污染天ρ（PM_2.5）峰值平均下降了9.4μg/m³（6.0%）。通过PM_2.5过程分析方法发现，应急减排导致人为排放、化学过程和背景浓度对近地面ρ（PM_2.5）正贡献的减少量要显著大于垂直混合、区域输送和对流过程负贡献的增加量。     

环境空气质量新标准对珠三角区域站空气质量评价的影响

利用粤港珠三角区域空气质量监控网中天湖、金果湾与万顷沙3个区域站2010年全年SO₂、NO₂、PM₁₀、O₃、PM_2.5与CO自动监测的数据,分析了实施环境空气质量新标准(GB 3095—2012)对这3个子站空气质量评价的影响。研究发现,若采用新标准,万顷沙的NO₂、PM₁₀和PM_2.5年均浓度将不同程度超标。这3个子站空气质量达标率下降7~28个百分点,空气污染指数从91%~99%下降至63%~91%;O₃的引入是导致空气质量达标率下降的最主要的原因;O₃将取代PM₁₀成为最主要的首要污染物,出现频率大于50%,且O₃(8 h)平均浓度的影响大于O₃ (1 h)浓度的影响。PM_2.5的纳入也是导致空气质量达标率下降的重要因素,其超标率为3%(金果湾)~16%(万顷沙)。NO₂标准的收严未对天湖与金果湾空气质量评价造成影响,但导致万顷沙NO₂的超标率从2%上升至10%,且NO₂作为首要污染物的比例达24%。     

2014—2018年洛阳市大气污染变化特征及影响因素研究

研究采用空气质量指数法对2014—2018年洛阳市大气污染变化特征进行了分析,构建了空气污染物浓度的影响指标体系,采用灰色关联法研究了空气污染物浓度与影响因子之间的关联度,得到了影响空气污染物浓度的主要指标因子,并提出了改善洛阳市空气质量的措施。结果表明:洛阳市空气质量指数类别主要为良和轻度污染。2014—2018年空气质量为优良的天数主要出现在春季、夏季和秋季,重度污染和严重污染主要出现在冬季。2018年PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO₂、SO₂和CO这5项污染物浓度随时间变化呈"V"型,污染主要集中在1—5月和11—12月。O₃浓度随时间变化呈倒"V"型,污染主要集中在4—9月。研究期内PM_2.5、PM₁₀和O₃是主要污染物。市区总人口、工业(综合)能源消耗量、人均生产总值、城市机动车总数、城市房屋施工面积、人均公园绿地面积、建成区绿化覆盖率和一般工业固体废物产生量等8项指标因子与PM_2.5、PM₁₀和O₃的浓度表现出高关联度或较高关联度。     

2016年长沙市环境空气质量的“周末效应”及“假日效应”

通过获取2016年长沙市连续在线观测得到的PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO₂、O₃、CO和 SO₂逐时浓度资料，对工作日、周末、节假日（尤其是春节）的空气质量优良天数、污染物浓度变化特征进行对比分析，长沙市2016年6项污染物均表现出一定的"周末效应"现象，周末日平均浓度均低于工作日及全年的日平均浓度，其中PM_2.5最为明显；PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度均星期一最高，星期六最低，CO和 SO₂浓度周末也均处于相对最低水平，NO₂和O₃在周末的平均浓度略低于工作日水平或与其持平。国庆假期，由于城区人口、车辆减少，长沙大气环境质量相对较好，而春节假期，由于受到烟花爆竹集中燃放的影响，PM₁₀、PM_2.5和SO₂浓度远超过全年平均水平，这在一定程度上说明人类活动对污染物浓度及大气环境质量变化具有一定的影响力。     

周口市大气污染特征及污染防控对策——以2021冬防为例

基于周口市2021年冬防期间（2021年10月1日—2022年3月31日）4个国控站点的在线小时数据和日均数据，利用统计和相关性分析等方法，研究了冬防期间污染要素的时空变化特征及其与主要气象因子之间的相关性。结果表明，周口市2021冬防期间空气质量达标率为64.8%，主要污染物为细颗粒物（PM_2.5），其中1月的大气污染最严重，ρ（PM_2.5）小时平均值为120 μg/m³，可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）质量浓度小时最高值出现在3月沙尘期间，为591 μg/m³。各污染要素的变化整体趋同，但多个站点的ρ（SO₂）和ρ（NO₂）频繁出现短时高值，这一现象可能与局地细颗粒物污染相关，在后续大气污染防控中需引起重点关注。市运管处站的NO₂和SO₂质量浓度整体偏高，需关注周边机动车相关的颗粒物排放。此外，西北风和东风对于PM_2.5污染传输的影响较大，气象不利条件下，需要加强管控，以有效保证空气质量达标。     

2013—2022年全国环境空气质量变化特征

基于2013—2022年全国339个地级及以上城市环境空气质量监测数据，分析了10年来环境空气质量变化特征。结果表明，2013—2022年全国环境空气质量持续改善，74个重点城市ρ（PM_2.5）从2013年的68μg/m³降至2022年的29μg/m³，降幅为57.4%；一次排放污染物ρ（SO₂）和ρ（NO₂）10年降幅分别为71.9%和27.6%，ρ（CO）自2015年以来下降42.1%；全国ρ（O₃）波动变化，受高温干旱影响，2019和2022年ρ（O₃）为148和145μg/m³，其他年份ρ（O₃）在137~139μg/m³波动。全国74个重点城市优良天数比例从2013年的65.7%上升至2022年的83.0%，相当于10年间每个城市优良天数增加65d；重污染天数比例从2013年的7.9%下降至2022年的0.6%，重污染天数减少90%。2020—2022年，90%以上的非沙尘重污染天出现在秋冬季（11—12月和1—2月），夏秋季O₃超标问题对优良天数比例影响显著，建议进一步强化重点区域污染联防联控与重点城市大气污染防治，加强多污染物协同治理，推进空气质量持续改善。     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

Challenges in meeting international standards in undertaking social impact assessment in Russia

Implementing good practice social impact assessment (SIA) that meets international standards in countries in transition is problematic. We reflect on the challenges faced when undertaking SIA in the Russian Federation. These challenges restrict meaningful SIA processes from being undertaken and limit public participation and the effective community engagement of project-affected local people. Based on the self-reflexive professional experience of two Russian-based social practitioners, and their discursive interactions with two leading academics in environmental and social impact assessment, as well as on in-depth interviews with prominent Russian and international experts, we identified the key challenges that prevent effective SIA from being implemented in Russia: a lack of understanding of the international standards; discrepancy in the determination of the social area of influence between the national requirements and international standards; difficulties in combining national and international impact assessment processes; and a tendency by companies to restrict stakeholder engagement to the minimum. We hope that by having an awareness of these limitations, improvements to SIA practice in Russia and elsewhere will be made.     

西藏典型城市公园繁殖鸟类中的外来鸟种

选取位于西藏拉萨的罗布林卡、龙王潭公园、布达拉宫广场,位于林芝的福建公园,以及位于昌都的天津广场等5个城市公园,于2017年5—6月采取样线法对其中的鸟类群落组成和外来鸟种情况进行调查。调查共记录到鸟类9目20科36种,其中属于古北界的有12种,东洋界和广布种也均为12种。36种鸟类中,留鸟24种,夏候鸟6种,冬候鸟2种,旅鸟4种。统计到外来鸟种4种,包括山噪鹛(Garrulax davidi)、八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)、红嘴相思鸟(Leiothrix lutea)及大紫胸鹦鹉(Psittacula derbiana),占调查鸟种种类的11.1%,外来物种的入侵风险在高原不容忽视。     

Quantifying nickel in soils and plants in an ultramafic area in Philippines

In this study, concentrations of nickel (Ni) were quantified in the soils and plants in the agricultural areas of Salcedo watershed in Eastern Samar Island, Philippines. The quantity of total Ni in soils (TS-Ni) was significantly high with a mean of 1,409 mg kg^?1, while the soil available Ni (SA-Ni) was low with a mean of 8.66 mg kg^?1. As the levels of TS-Ni in the Salcedo watershed greatly exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations for agricultural soils, the site is not suitable for agricultural purposes. Despite significant TS-Ni levels, SA-Ni levels were very low due to tight binding between Ni and soil components. Consequently, all plants investigated did not meet the criterion for a Ni hyperaccumulator plant with low Ni contents (mean TP-Ni of 14.7 mg kg^?1). Comparison of Ni levels between food plants and its recommended daily intake (RDI) suggests that consumption of food-plants grown in the study area is unlikely to pose health risks. However, caution must be taken against combined consumption of food plants with high Ni levels or their prolonged consumption, as it can induce accumulation of Ni above RDI.     

Changes in the trade in native medicinal plants in Brazilian public markets

Plants continue to be an important source of new bioactive substances. Brazil is one of the world’s mega-diverse countries, with 20 % of the world’s flora. However, the accelerated destruction of botanically rich ecosystems has contributed to a gradual loss of native medicinal species. In previous study, we have observed a fast and intensive change in trade of medicinal plants in an area of Amazon, where human occupation took place. In this study, we surveyed 15 public markets in different parts of Brazil in search of samples of 40 plants used in traditional medicine and present in first edition of Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia (FBRAS), published in 1926. Samples of plants commercialized as the same vernacular name as in Pharmacopoeia were acquired and submitted to analysis for authentication. A total of 252 plant samples were purchased, but the laboratory analyses showed that only one-half of the samples (126, 50.2 %) were confirmed as the same plant species so named in FBRAS. The high number of unauthenticated samples demonstrates a loss of knowledge of the original native species. The proximity of the market from areas in which the plant occurs does not guarantee that trade of false samples occurs. The impact of the commerce of the substitute species on their conservation and in public health is worrying. Strategies are necessary to promote the better use and conservation of this rich heritage offered by Brazilian biodiversity.     

Variations in the level of some trace elements in hair of participants in the Italian expeditions in Antarctica

As a part the Italian National Programme of Research in Antarctica (PNRA) a monitoring study has been undertaken to quantify the concentrations of some selected trace elements in human hair of participants in the Antarctic expeditions. Such concentrations may vary as a consequence of the extreme environmental conditions and changes in lifestyle experienced by participants in the expeditions, as some evidence in previous investigations seems to suggest. The present study regards samples collected on the occasion of the 2002-2003 expedition to the Italian Base of Terra Nova Bay (now Mario Zucchelli Base), i.e., just before the expedition and about one month later. Seven essential elements were taken into account, namely, Ca, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn and Mo. Determinations were performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Dynamic Reaction Cell Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (DRC-ICP-MS). Data obtained were statistically treated by using the non-parametric Friedman test. The concentrations of Ca, Cu and Mg were found to decrease (P < 0.05). The stress caused by the severe environmental conditions might well play a role in the observed decrease.     

丽水市空气中Pb污染调查

为调查丽水市空气中Pb污染现状，在机动车相对集中的市区布设5个测点，测点高度1．2m；监测周期为1a，每星期采样1d或2d，每天采集1个样，每次采样6h；监测项目为TSP、Pb；评价标准采用GB3095—1996《环境空气质量标准》。结果表明，丽水市各测点空气中Pb最大的季均值、年均值均未超标；常规测点和交通路口测点之间TSP、Pb质量浓度值均存在显著的差异性。     

Trends in Nitrogen Transport in Swedish Rivers

Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p 0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO₃-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.     

HPLC法测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D 3 和维生素E

建立了以w(C2H5OH)=95 %乙醇直接提取,高效液相色谱仪在波长280 nm和254 nm处连续测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D3和维生素E的方法.色谱柱为大连依利特Hypersil ODS C18(25 cm×4.6 mm×5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.2 mL/min.维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E的质量浓度分别在1.0 mg/L～20.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L～15.0 mg/L 、2.5 mg/L～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.3×10-6 μg、0.04×10-6 μg、5.0×10-6 μg,相对标准偏差分别为1.6 %、2.7 %、2.4 %,平均回收率分别为99 %、102 %、98 %.     

Nitrous acid concentrations in homes and offices in residential areas in Greater Cairo

Indoor and outdoor measurements of nitrous acid and nitrogen dioxide were conducted at four homes and two offices in residential areas in Greater Cairo during winter (2000-2001) and summer (2001) seasons. Indoor nitrogen dioxide concentrations were higher than outdoor levels at the four homes, whereas indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide were lower than outdoor levels at the two offices, during both seasons. Indoor nitrous acid concentrations were higher than outdoor levels at all homes and offices during the period of study. The mean indoor nitrous acid concentrations were 6.8 ppb and 3.67 ppb in the four homes, whereas they were 1.42 ppb and 1.24 ppb in the two offices, during the winter and summer seasons, respectively. Indoor/outdoor ratios of nitrous acid concentration were 6.94 in the winter and 5.03 in the summer for all of the homes. However, the ratios were 1.31 and 1.61 during the winter and summer seasons, respectively, for the two offices. Insignificant positive correlation coefficients were found between indoor and outdoor concentrations of nitrous acid at homes and offices. The maximum outdoor nitrous acid concentrations were recorded during the winter season. Significant positive correlation coefficients were found between nitrous acid and nitrogen dioxide and relative humidity in homes and offices. The ratios of nitrous acid to nitrogen dioxide concentrations ranged from 0.045 to 0.16, with a mean of 0.1, in the four homes, whereas the ratios ranged from 0.026 to 0.09, with a mean of 0.059, in the two offices.