利用H ach仪器开发低浓度COD的测试方法

利用Hach仪器开发了0 mg/L～150 mg/L COD的测试方法.采用反应器消解,比色法测定,配制的消解液能保证样品消解过程中浓硫酸和催化剂的含量与国标法相当,通过150 mg/L COD样品消解结束后重铬酸根离子半电池反应的电位折中确定重铬酸钾浓度.校准曲线线性关系良好,方法检出限为7 mg/L,与国标法作比较,结果表明两种方法可替换使用.     

应用荧光定量PCR技术监测玄武湖蓝藻水华

应用荧光定量PCR技术和显微计数法对玄武湖蓝藻水华进行了长期监测,结果表明,荧光定量PCR法可同步监测蓝藻、微囊藻和有毒微囊藻的数量,及时准确反映玄武湖蓝藻水华优势种群微囊藻和有毒微囊藻的动态变化。与显微计数法相比,具有需要的样品量少、时效性强、检出下限较低、自动化程度高等优势,可有效地应用于蓝藻水华的监测。     

CRC-ICP-MS在重金属突发环境事件中的半定量方法研究

采用非反应性的He碰撞模式和动能歧视与ICP-MS的联用技术,建立了一套在重金属环境突发事件中的半定量检测方法.通过对三江口表层水样加标回收及ESS-2标准土壤样品的半定量分析,结果显示,该方法能够有效消除各种来源和各种活性的多原子离子干扰,实现多种重金属元素的一次性快速测定,水样的回收率85.5%～09%,标准土壤样品的回收率84%～107%.该方法已成功应用于两次突发环境事件中,为快速处理提供了科学依据.     

许昌市浅层地下水中离子总量与电导率间关系的研究

通过实验,用回归分析法,研究了许昌市浅层地下水中离子总量与电导率间的定量关系,可用电导法快速了解水质中的离子总量和衡量水质全分析中主要被测离子总和的质量.     

基于 GIS和USLE/RUSLE的小流域土壤侵蚀量研究

依据实地调查资料,建立了典型小流域地理数据库;应用采样分析数据结果及坡面单元法,确定了定量计算通用土壤流失方程RUSLE因子指标的方法.在地理信息系统ArcGIS支持下,根据USLE/RUSLE土壤侵蚀预测模型对数据库实施运算操作,预测了小流域土壤侵蚀量.结果表明:①流域总体土壤侵蚀为中度,治理难度仍很大;②坡耕地是流...     

基于SOM网络的山地城市径流污染影响因素研究

以万州区海绵城市建设试点为研究对象,采用自组织映射神经网络（SOM网络）,通过径流污染指标变量与影响因素变量的U〖CD*2〗矩阵识别降雨径流污染的主要影响因素及其相关性,并利用构建的场次降雨污染物平均浓度（EMC）预测模型分析确定各因素的影响强度。结果表明,有限的监测数据难以识别径流污染的显著影响因素,而采用SOM组分面（矩阵）可直观地半定量解译各污染物间的相关关系,与Pearson定量相关性分析结果吻合。SOM网络可有效识别径流污染物的主要影响因素,其中SS、COD和TP污染物主要受降雨量和径流系数影响,NO-3-N和NH3-N受降雨量和降雨历时影响,而TN则主要受径流系数驱动影响。     

直接采样法确定面源恶臭挥发率的研究进展

确定面源恶臭挥发率的方法一般有两种:间接采样法和直接采样法.直接采样法由于具有许多优点而得到了广泛的应用.采样设备的选择会影响到恶臭样品的组成,通过对比可知,由动态采样器和静态采样器确定的恶臭挥发率的结果是不同的.用风洞法确定的恶臭挥发率与用问接法确定的恶臭挥发率有较好的一致性,可以作为恶臭扩散模型的输入参数.     

快速凯氏定氮仪与纳氏试剂光度法测定NH3-N的精密度及总不确定度比较

通过对实际水样中NH3-N的测定结果的精密度及总不确定度检验,比较快速凯氏定氮法和纳氏试剂光度法测试结果,置信概率为95%.双侧DIXON检验、精密度和不确定度检验,结果表明,两方法测定结果之间不存在显著性差异,具有一致性.     

标准物质在环境应急监测定量分析中的作用

以环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)监测为例,比较分析了标准物质在应急监测、实验室定量分析,以及应急监测定量、半定量分析中的作用。结果表明,在有标准物质进行定量校准时,应急监测方法和实验室标准分析方法的定量结果具有可比性;在无标准物质进行半定量分析时,应急监测结果可能存在较大误差。提出,在需准确定量的应急监测中应使用标准物质进行校准,以保证监测结果的准确性。     

环境监测3种不确定度评定方法的比较——以水中化学需氧量的测定为例

利用环境监测实验室积累的数据,通过线性拟合法、GUM法和控制图法对水中化学需氧量的不确定度进行了评定。结果表明:3种不确定度评定方法的评定结果相似。在量化过程中存在两种主要不确定度评定的类型:一种是不确定度的正向传播,另一种是模型不确定度和参数不确定度的反向评定。GUM法明显是正向的不确定度,线性拟合法和控制图法是反向不确定度。GUM法应用复杂且烦琐,操作性差;相比,控制图法和线性拟合法更加简单实用,可代替GUM法来评估监测实验室的不确定度。     

Use of in vivo phycocyanin fluorescence to monitor potential microcystin-producing cyanobacterial biovolume in a drinking water source

The source water of a drinking water treatment plant prone to blooms, dominated by potential microcystin-producing cyanobacteria, was monitored for two seasons in 2007-2008. In the 2008 season, the median value for potential microcystin-producing cyanobacterial biovolume was 87% of the total phytoplankton biovolume in the untreated water of the plant. Depth profiles taken above the plant's intake identified three sampling days at high risk for the contamination of the plant's raw water with potentially toxic cyanobacteria. Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae caused false positive values to be generated by the phycocyanin probe when cyanobacteria represented a small fraction of the total phytoplanktonic biovolume present. However, there was little interference with the phycocyanin probe readings by other algal species when potential microcystin-producing cyanobacteria dominated the phytoplankton of the plant's untreated water. A two-tiered method for source water monitoring, using in vivo phycocyanin fluorescence, is proposed based on (1) a significant relationship between in vivo phycocyanin fluorescence and cyanobacterial biovolume and (2) the calculated maximum potential microcystin concentration produced by dominant Microcystis sp. biovolume. This method monitors locally-generated threshold values for cyanobacterial biovolume and microcystin concentrations using in vivo phycocyanin fluorescence.     

Microcystins and cyanobacteria trends in a 14 year monitoring of a temperate eutrophic reservoir (Aguieira, Portugal)

A monitoring program of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in the framework of the surveillance of the Water Treatment Plant efficiency of the municipality of Santa Comba D?o (Portugal) was conducted from 1994 until 2007. With these data we aimed to answer the question, are MCs produced evenly over the years in a single water body? Samples were taken by the local health authorities in the site of the Water treatment plant and analyzed for total phytoplankton, cyanobacteria and the hepatotoxic cyanotoxins microcystins (MCs). Apart from 1999 and 2000, cyanobacteria represented a high proportion of total phytoplankton, attaining during several months of the year more than 90% of total phytoplankton density. A total of 24 cyanobacteria species were identified and Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena flos-aquae and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae were the main potentially toxic cyanobacteria species present throughout the period. MC concentration varied between 0.3 μg MC-LR eq l?1 in October 98 and 87.0 μg MC-LR eq l?1 in September 2001. The evolution of the average cell quota does not reveal any especial trend, although in 2001 the quota was the highest but not significantly different from the other years. The threshold limit of 5000 cells per ml of Microcystis aeruginosa should be taken into consideration in monitoring programs because the 10,000 cells per ml proposed by several other national programs might not be enough to prevent human health risks. Due to high annual variation in MC cell quota, monitoring programs of cyanobacteria and MC should be extended in time, since short term studies do not provide us the data needed for a safe management of a water body used for human purposes.     

利用流式影像术(FlowCAM)分析淡水浮游藻类群落特征 ——以北京城区主要河流为例

浮游藻类是水生态系统的重要初级生产者,对其进行分类鉴定和定量分析是开展生态研究的基础.选取北京城区主要河流为研究对象,于2020年6—7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)对北运河水系22个站位的表层水进行采样调查,探究利用流式影像术(FlowCAM)分析浮游藻类群落结构的可行性.结果表明,浮游藻类的细胞丰度和粒径组成均存在着明...     

Temporal and spatial variability of phytoplankton monitored by a combination of monitoring buoys,pigment analysis and fast screening microscopy in the Fehmarn Belt Estuary

For 2 years, a baseline investigation was carried out to collect reference information of the present environmental status in the Fehmarn Belt and adjacent area. The temporal and spatial variability of phytoplankton was monitored by a combination of monitoring buoys, pigment analysis and fast screening microscopy. The overall phytoplankton succession in the Fehmarn Belt area was found to be influenced primarily by the seasonal changes, where various diatoms dominated the spring and autumn blooms and flagellates like Chrysochromulina sp., Dictyocha speculum and various dinoflagellates were occasionally abundant in late spring and summer. The phytoplankton groups were remarkably uniform horizontally in the investigation area while large differences in both biomasses and composition of individual phytoplankton groups were seen vertically in the water column, especially in the summer periods, in which the two-layer exchange flow between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea is showing a particularly strong stratification in the Fehmarn Belt. The chlorophyll a concentrations ranged continuously from 1 to 3 μg/L at the three permanent buoy stations during the 2 years of monitoring, except for the spring and autumn blooms where chlorophyll a increased up to 18 μg/L in the spring of 2010 and up to 8 μg/L in the autumn of 2009. Recurrent blooms of filamentous cyanobacteria are common during the summer period in the Baltic Sea and adjacent areas, but excessive blooms of cyanobacteria did not occur in 2009 and 2010 in the Fehmarn Belt area. The combination of the HPLC pigment analysis method and monitoring buoys continuously measuring fluorescence at selected stations with fast screening of samples in the microscope proved advantageous for obtaining information on both the phytoplankton succession and dynamic and, at the same time, getting information on duration and intensity of the blooms as well as specific information on the dominant species present both temporally and spatially in the large Fehmarn Belt area.     

Impact of salinity and pH on phytoplankton communities in a tropical freshwater system: An investigation with pigment analysis by HPLC

An in vitro study was carried out to understand the effects of salinity shock and variation in pH on phytoplankton communities in a tropical freshwater system of the Godavari River (a major peninsular river in India). The distributions of, and variations in, phytoplankton communities were assessed by quantitative determination of their class specific marker pigments, using HPLC. Subtle changes in salinity of the freshwater by one practical salinity unit (PSU) completely removed green algae from the system and allowed the cyanobacteria to come into dominance. The cyanobacteria were found to tolerate higher osmotic stress until the salinity reached a PSU of 16. The higher salinity tolerance range of the cyanobacteria was attributed to the enhanced synthesis of zeaxanthin as protective xanthophylls against the osmotic stress. However, the effects of changing pH were not as dramatic as salinity where the green algae and the cyanobacteria from the same freshwater system showed a considerable acclimation towards the fluctuating pH. These findings are environmentally relevant to understand the likely impact of salt water intrusion and pH variation on phytoplankton communities in a tropical freshwater system.     

印染废水污染对劳动河水生生态系统的影响

根据浮游藻类、浮游动物、底栖动物、水生维管束植物、鱼类几项生物学指标的定性和定量监测结果,评价印染废水污染对劳动河水生生态系统的影响程度,并反映水质污染状况。     

Phytoplankton and water quality in a Mediterranean drinking-water reservoir (Marathonas Reservoir, Greece)

Phytoplankton and water quality of Marathonas drinking-water Reservoir were examined for the first time. During the study period (July-September 2007), phytoplankton composition was indicative of eutrophic conditions although phytoplankton biovolume was low (max. 2.7 mm3 l?1). Phytoplankton was dominated by cyanobacteria and diatoms, whereas desmids and dinoflagellates contributed with lower biovolume values. Changing flushing rate in the reservoir (up to 0.7% of reservoir's water volume per day) driven by water withdrawal and occurring in pulses for a period of 15-25 days was associated with phytoplankton dynamics. Under flushing pulses: (1) biovolume was low and (2) both 'good' quality species and the tolerant to flushing 'nuisance' cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa dominated. According to the Water Framework Directive, the metrics of phytoplankton biovolume and cyanobacterial percentage (%) contribution indicated a moderate ecological water quality. In addition, the total biovolume of cyanobacteria as well as the dominance of the known toxin-producing M. aeruginosa in the reservoir's phytoplankton indicated a potential hazard for human health according to the World Health Organization.     

Fluorescent screening of phytoplankton and organic compounds in sea water

The flow-through spectrofluorometers, FLUO-IMAGER, were developed to measure the abundance of phytoplankton, including the analysis of pigment composition and concentration of organic pollution and dissolved organic matter (DOM), in continuous mode. The measurements can be carried out without the time-consuming pretreatment of water samples. The analytical concept uses the technique of spectral fluorescent signatures (SFS), based on the systematized spectral library comprising the SFS of major phytoplankton species and chemical pollution. The SFS technique has been applied for several years in qualitative and quantitative screening of organic compounds and phytoplankton in the Baltic, North and Norwegian Seas. The results of the analysis of phytoplankton pigments, the dynamic processes of bloom development, DOM and oil pollution are presented.     

湖泊蓝藻水华监测与评价探讨

以长期的湖泊蓝藻监测实践工作为基础，提出了湖泊蓝藻水华监测的点位布设、采样（频次、层次、采集量等）、分析鉴定等技术方法，以太湖为例，在对近几年蓝藻水华暴发情况进行统计分析基础上，制定了蓝藻水华状况的定性描述、蓝藻水华暴发的等级划分标准。     

太湖浮游植物种类组成时空变化规律

从2010年的3月到2010年的10月，通过春、夏、秋3个季度的采样，对太湖东部的浮游植物种类组成及其变化进行渊查，发现浮游植物92属279种，太湖东部五个采样点位的浮游植物常见种季节变化明显，而各湖区浮游植物种类绀成空间变化较小。通过对太湖东部浮游植物种类组成的时空变化的规律的初步探索，为预警监测及水环境保护提供技术支持。