液液萃取-气相色谱/串联质谱法测定水中五氯酚及其钠盐

采用液液萃取处理水样,用气相色谱-串联质谱法测定样品中五氯酚及其钠盐,通过优化测定条件,使方法在1.00μg/L~500μg/L范围内线性良好。检出限和定量限分别为1.00μg/L和5.00μg/L,空白水样五氯酚钠3个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为89.8%~98.4%,5次平行试验测定结果的RSD为5.5%~10.7%。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定水中丙烯醛和丙烯腈

采用吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定水中的丙烯醛和丙烯腈,方法在5.00μg/L~200μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限分别为4.9μg/L和0.3μg/L。用该方法测定3个质量浓度水平的空白加标样,7次测定结果的RSD为2.8%~6.7%,加标回收率为90.4%~98.3%。用该方法测定某水库和某河流的地表水,丙烯醛和丙烯腈均未检出。     

分散液液微萃取-气相色谱法测定地表水中松节油

采用分散液液微萃取-气相色谱法测定地表水中松节油,通过试验优化萃取剂、分散剂的种类和用量、盐度等影响萃取效率的条件,使该方法在10.0μg/L~500μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为1.6μg/L。用该方法测定实际水样,结果未检出。实际水样的3个质量浓度水平加标回收率为83.6%~104%,RSD为2.1%~8.3%。     

离子色谱—电化学检测法测定溴和碘

用离子色谱-电化学检测法同时测定溴和碘。以0.025mol/ L硝酸钠为淋洗液,其酸度为pH6.0.施加电压为+0.2V,对测定溴和碘量为适宜。方法可用于天然水中μg/L级溴和碘的测定。溴和碘的最低检测限各为0.4、1.0μg/L。当溴浓度为3.2μg/L,碘浓度为62μg/L时,变异系数各为3.4％及1.8％。     

柱前衍生-EI源串联四极杆气质联用测定地表水中的丙烯酰胺

建立了地表水中痕量丙烯酰胺的柱前衍生-EI源串联四极杆气质联用测定方法。丙烯酰胺的双键经溴化衍生成2,3-二溴丙酰胺,加入硫酸钠盐析,乙酸乙酯萃取,浓缩取1μl进样,由串联四极杆气相色谱质谱联用仪测定。通过MRM(150→70.0/107.0)多反应监测实现定性和外标法定量分析。与其他方法相比,该方法具有定性准确、灵敏度高的特点。方法检出限为0.03μg/L,线性范围在0.030~40μg/L;相关系数r=0.9998;六次测定值RSD在14.3%;回收率在89%~196%之间,结果满意。     

超声辅助离子液体微萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法测水中六溴环十二烷

建立了超声辅助离子液体液-液微萃取(USA-IL-DLLME)结合液相色谱-串联质谱测定水中六溴环十二烷3种异构体(α-HBCD、β-HBCD、γ-HBCD)的分析方法。实验中分别考察了离子液体萃取剂的种类及体积、超声时间、样品p H及盐浓度等因素的影响。在最佳条件下,HBCDs 3种异构体在0.5~100μg/L质量浓度条件下有较好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.998,最低检出限分别为156.4、84.6、85.5 ng/L,测定下限分别为0.626、0.339、0.342μg/L。相对标准偏差(n=5)为5.3%~9.7%。采用该方法对实际环境水样进行了检测与加标回收实验,在1、20μg/L 2个添加水平下,加标回收率为71%~102%。方法具有简单快速、有机溶剂用量少、绿色环保的特点。     

土壤中挥发性有机物的快速测定方法

本文建立了用便携式气相色谱-质谱仪快速测定土壤中VOCs的方法。该方法能够快速对土壤样品中VOCs进行定性分析和定量测定。当采样量达到5 g时,方法检出限0.02~2.11μg/L,相对标准偏差2.0%~13.5%;加标20μg/L时,回收率63%~123%。采用该方法测定北京地区5个土壤样品,总体质量浓度为0~873μg/kg。     

顶空进样-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定水中三氯乙醛

用氢氧化钠处理水样,将水样中的三氯乙醛转化为三氯甲烷,用顶空-气相色谱/质谱联用法间接测定水中三氯乙醛,通过优化试验条件,使该方法在1.00μg/L~20.0μg/L之间线性良好,方法检出限为0.12μg/L。用该方法测定3个质量浓度水平的空白加标样,RSD为2.6%~4.4%,回收率为99.4%~101%。3批实际水样只有废水样检出三氯乙醛,实际水样加标回收率为76.2%~104%。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定环境水样中四乙基铅的方法探讨

通过对双硫腙目视比色法测定四乙基铅的方法进行改进,利用四乙基铅标制作工作曲线,用浓硝酸取代溴-硝酸进行消解,使有机铅变成无机铅后,用石墨炉原子吸收方法定量测定。此方法操作简单、节省试剂,对测定环境水样中四乙基铅的灵敏度、准确度都有很大提高。该方法的最低检出浓度为0.02μg/L,测量范围为0.1~80μg/L,回收率88%~101%。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定武汉东湖水体中微囊藻毒素

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱法(SPE-HPLC)测定东湖水样中微囊藻毒素(MC)的方法,考察了不同流动相、淋洗液和洗脱液对MC-RR和MC-LR测定的影响。结果表明,MC-RR和MC-LR的方法检出限分别为0.0789μg/L和0.0234μg/L,其线性定量范围分别为0.1～10.0mg/L和0.06～10.0mg/L;样品测定回收率为78.4%～97.4%,RSD小于6.3%。该法灵敏度高,快速准确,用于实际水样测定的结果令人满意。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...