利用活性炭和三氯甲烷降低挥发酚测定中试剂空白

利用活性炭和三氯甲烷降低挥发酚测定中试剂空白高云，金淑聪，王建平（新疆昌吉州环境监测站８３１１００）常规测定水中挥发酚浓度采用４－氨基安替比林革取光度法，该法灵敏度高，精度好，适用于地下水、地面水、低浓度废水中酚的测定。但在测定过程中由于受４－氨基安...     

挥发酚测定中三氯甲烷萃取废液的回收和显著性实验

1回收 :将三氯甲烷废液静置 ,分层 ,弃去水层 ,将三氯甲烷层放入蒸馏烧瓶 ,在通风橱内 ,放于电炉加热。保持电炉微热 ,加热蒸馏 ,弃去最初的几毫升馏出液 ,收集 61～ 63℃的馏分 ,待烧瓶内剩下 2 0～ 30毫升残液时 ,停止蒸馏。回收过程结束 ,得到经回收的三氯甲烷。2采用回收的和分析纯的两种三氯甲烷分别测定酚时 ,在酚的空白试验值和萃取吸光值上存在着显著性差异 ,故两种三氯甲烷不能混用 ;而校正吸光度之间不存在显著性差异 ,故当采用两种三氯甲烷分别测定时 ,对酚的校准曲线和酚的测定结果没有影响挥发酚测定中三氯甲烷萃取废液的回收…     

简化亚甲蓝分光光度法测定水中阴离子洗涤剂

亚甲蓝分光光度法测定水中阴离子洗涤剂，在加入亚甲蓝溶液后，需用三氯甲烷多次萃取洗涤，操作繁琐，不适合大批量样品测定。今简化成用三氯甲烷重复萃取两次(每次15mL)。将此萃取液通过洗涤液反洗一遍，再用三氯甲烷10mL萃取洗涤液1次，作吸光值测定。     

顶空气相色谱法测定水中三氯乙醛的条件控制

探讨了顶空气相色谱法测定水中三氯乙醛的条件控制，阐述了加碱量对测定结果的影响，以及加热温度过高或加热时间过长导致三氯甲烷响应值变低的原因。结果表明，在5.0 mL水样中加入0.4 mL 5 mol/L NaOH水溶液，于45 ℃条件下加热30 min，可使目标产物三氯甲烷的响应值及稳定状态达到最佳。方法在2.00 μg/L～30.0 μg/L范围内线性良好，检出限为0.5 μg/L。对三氯甲烷背景浓度较高的自来水样品的加标回收率为88.3%～105%，RSD为6.3%。     

亚甲蓝分光光度法测定阴离子表面活性剂的改进

在用亚甲蓝分光光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂中,积累点滴经验,供参考. 1 萃取方法 《水和废水监测分析方法(第3版)》[1]中,采用三氯甲烷多次重复萃取后定容50 mL,萃取工作量和三氯甲烷用量都较大(方法1).现改为在水样中加入三氯甲烷10 mL萃取,激烈振摇30 s,定容25 mL,静置分层.将三氯甲烷层放入预先盛有50 mL洗涤液的第2个分液漏斗内,重复上述操作1次.合并所有三氯甲烷萃取液至第2个分液漏斗中,激烈振摇30 s,静置分层,将三氯甲烷层通过装有脱脂棉的漏斗,放入25 mL具塞比色管中,再用三氯甲烷5 mL萃取洗涤液1次,三氯甲烷层并入比色管,加三氯甲烷至标线,摇匀.在652 nm处,以三氯甲烷为空白,测定三氯甲烷萃取液吸光值(方法2).     

实验室中三氯甲烷废液的回收利用

通过对三氯甲烷废液的回收及用于环境样品阴离子洗涤剂的测定中作为萃取液对比实验,得出回收的三氯甲烷与纯三氯甲烷实验结果一致,经检验,二者无显著性差异。回收后的三氯甲烷不仅能取得良好的实验结果,而且具有一定的经济效益和环境效益。     

低浓度阴离子洗涤剂亚甲兰分光光度法测定的方法改进

1主要测定步骤 :取 1 0 .0 0 ml十二烷基苯磺酸钠使用液 ,加 2 5 ml亚甲兰溶液、1 5 ml三氯甲烷 ,激烈振荡 30秒。静置分层 ,轻轻拍打分液漏斗使附着在内壁上的三氯甲烷液珠降落。将三氯甲烷层放入预先盛有 30 ml洗涤液的第二个分液漏斗内。激烈振荡 30秒静置分层。轻拍分液漏斗壁使附着在壁上的三氯甲烷液珠降落。在 65 2 nm处以三氯甲烷为参比 ,采用直接流入 3厘米比色皿进行测定。 2与标准方法相比 ,绝对吸光值提高1 0倍 ,灵敏度提高 2 .5倍。 n=5时变异系数为5 .8%。低浓度阴离子洗涤剂亚甲兰分光光度法测定的方法改进@郝永红$邯郸市环…     

4-氨基安替比林分光光度法测定水中挥发酚显色剂纯度探讨

为了保证挥发酚测定的精密度和准确性,本文从显色剂4-氨基安替比林的纯度对空白值的影响进行分析,现对浓度为2.0%的4-氨基安替比林溶液加三氯甲烷萃取对空白值的影响进行探讨。     

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定空气中四乙基铅

采用一氯化碘的盐酸溶液吸收光谱法和三氯甲烷萃取-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定空气中四乙基铅,优化了试验条件。此方法对测定空气中四乙基铅的灵敏度、准确度都有很大的提高,方法的最低检出浓度为0.70μg/L,当采样体积为60 L,四乙基铅最低检出浓度为0.000 1 mg/m3。对实际样品进行分析,四乙基铅的加标回收率为89.1%~105.9%。     

顶空进样-气相色谱/质谱联用法测定水中三氯乙醛

用氢氧化钠处理水样,将水样中的三氯乙醛转化为三氯甲烷,用顶空-气相色谱/质谱联用法间接测定水中三氯乙醛,通过优化试验条件,使该方法在1.00μg/L~20.0μg/L之间线性良好,方法检出限为0.12μg/L。用该方法测定3个质量浓度水平的空白加标样,RSD为2.6%~4.4%,回收率为99.4%~101%。3批实际水样只有废水样检出三氯乙醛,实际水样加标回收率为76.2%~104%。     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

西藏典型城市公园繁殖鸟类中的外来鸟种

选取位于西藏拉萨的罗布林卡、龙王潭公园、布达拉宫广场,位于林芝的福建公园,以及位于昌都的天津广场等5个城市公园,于2017年5—6月采取样线法对其中的鸟类群落组成和外来鸟种情况进行调查。调查共记录到鸟类9目20科36种,其中属于古北界的有12种,东洋界和广布种也均为12种。36种鸟类中,留鸟24种,夏候鸟6种,冬候鸟2种,旅鸟4种。统计到外来鸟种4种,包括山噪鹛(Garrulax davidi)、八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)、红嘴相思鸟(Leiothrix lutea)及大紫胸鹦鹉(Psittacula derbiana),占调查鸟种种类的11.1%,外来物种的入侵风险在高原不容忽视。     

Quantifying nickel in soils and plants in an ultramafic area in Philippines

In this study, concentrations of nickel (Ni) were quantified in the soils and plants in the agricultural areas of Salcedo watershed in Eastern Samar Island, Philippines. The quantity of total Ni in soils (TS-Ni) was significantly high with a mean of 1,409 mg kg^?1, while the soil available Ni (SA-Ni) was low with a mean of 8.66 mg kg^?1. As the levels of TS-Ni in the Salcedo watershed greatly exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations for agricultural soils, the site is not suitable for agricultural purposes. Despite significant TS-Ni levels, SA-Ni levels were very low due to tight binding between Ni and soil components. Consequently, all plants investigated did not meet the criterion for a Ni hyperaccumulator plant with low Ni contents (mean TP-Ni of 14.7 mg kg^?1). Comparison of Ni levels between food plants and its recommended daily intake (RDI) suggests that consumption of food-plants grown in the study area is unlikely to pose health risks. However, caution must be taken against combined consumption of food plants with high Ni levels or their prolonged consumption, as it can induce accumulation of Ni above RDI.     

Changes in the trade in native medicinal plants in Brazilian public markets

Plants continue to be an important source of new bioactive substances. Brazil is one of the world’s mega-diverse countries, with 20 % of the world’s flora. However, the accelerated destruction of botanically rich ecosystems has contributed to a gradual loss of native medicinal species. In previous study, we have observed a fast and intensive change in trade of medicinal plants in an area of Amazon, where human occupation took place. In this study, we surveyed 15 public markets in different parts of Brazil in search of samples of 40 plants used in traditional medicine and present in first edition of Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia (FBRAS), published in 1926. Samples of plants commercialized as the same vernacular name as in Pharmacopoeia were acquired and submitted to analysis for authentication. A total of 252 plant samples were purchased, but the laboratory analyses showed that only one-half of the samples (126, 50.2 %) were confirmed as the same plant species so named in FBRAS. The high number of unauthenticated samples demonstrates a loss of knowledge of the original native species. The proximity of the market from areas in which the plant occurs does not guarantee that trade of false samples occurs. The impact of the commerce of the substitute species on their conservation and in public health is worrying. Strategies are necessary to promote the better use and conservation of this rich heritage offered by Brazilian biodiversity.     

Challenges in meeting international standards in undertaking social impact assessment in Russia

Implementing good practice social impact assessment (SIA) that meets international standards in countries in transition is problematic. We reflect on the challenges faced when undertaking SIA in the Russian Federation. These challenges restrict meaningful SIA processes from being undertaken and limit public participation and the effective community engagement of project-affected local people. Based on the self-reflexive professional experience of two Russian-based social practitioners, and their discursive interactions with two leading academics in environmental and social impact assessment, as well as on in-depth interviews with prominent Russian and international experts, we identified the key challenges that prevent effective SIA from being implemented in Russia: a lack of understanding of the international standards; discrepancy in the determination of the social area of influence between the national requirements and international standards; difficulties in combining national and international impact assessment processes; and a tendency by companies to restrict stakeholder engagement to the minimum. We hope that by having an awareness of these limitations, improvements to SIA practice in Russia and elsewhere will be made.     

HPLC法测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D 3 和维生素E

建立了以w(C2H5OH)=95 %乙醇直接提取,高效液相色谱仪在波长280 nm和254 nm处连续测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D3和维生素E的方法.色谱柱为大连依利特Hypersil ODS C18(25 cm×4.6 mm×5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.2 mL/min.维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E的质量浓度分别在1.0 mg/L～20.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L～15.0 mg/L 、2.5 mg/L～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.3×10-6 μg、0.04×10-6 μg、5.0×10-6 μg,相对标准偏差分别为1.6 %、2.7 %、2.4 %,平均回收率分别为99 %、102 %、98 %.     

Variations in the level of some trace elements in hair of participants in the Italian expeditions in Antarctica

As a part the Italian National Programme of Research in Antarctica (PNRA) a monitoring study has been undertaken to quantify the concentrations of some selected trace elements in human hair of participants in the Antarctic expeditions. Such concentrations may vary as a consequence of the extreme environmental conditions and changes in lifestyle experienced by participants in the expeditions, as some evidence in previous investigations seems to suggest. The present study regards samples collected on the occasion of the 2002-2003 expedition to the Italian Base of Terra Nova Bay (now Mario Zucchelli Base), i.e., just before the expedition and about one month later. Seven essential elements were taken into account, namely, Ca, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn and Mo. Determinations were performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Dynamic Reaction Cell Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (DRC-ICP-MS). Data obtained were statistically treated by using the non-parametric Friedman test. The concentrations of Ca, Cu and Mg were found to decrease (P < 0.05). The stress caused by the severe environmental conditions might well play a role in the observed decrease.     

Trends in Nitrogen Transport in Swedish Rivers

Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p 0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO₃-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.     

丽水市空气中Pb污染调查

为调查丽水市空气中Pb污染现状，在机动车相对集中的市区布设5个测点，测点高度1．2m；监测周期为1a，每星期采样1d或2d，每天采集1个样，每次采样6h；监测项目为TSP、Pb；评价标准采用GB3095—1996《环境空气质量标准》。结果表明，丽水市各测点空气中Pb最大的季均值、年均值均未超标；常规测点和交通路口测点之间TSP、Pb质量浓度值均存在显著的差异性。     

Indoor and outdoor formaldehyde concentrations in homes in residential areas in Greater Cairo

Indoor and outdoor measurements of formaldehyde were conducted at seven flats located in residential areas in Greater Cairo, during spring and summer seasons 1999. The mean daytime formaldehyde concentrations in kitchens, bedrooms and living rooms were 89, 100 and 100 ppb, respectively, in the seven flats. Significant positive correlations were found between the concentrations of formaldehyde found in these three rooms. On the other hand, no significant differences were found between the mean formaldehyde concentrations in these three rooms. The maximum mean concentration of formaldehyde (147 ppb) was recorded in a new flat, while the minimum concentration (43 ppb) was observed in an old flat. The maximum hourly and daytime concentrations were 350 and 225 ppb, respectively. Air temperature, relative humidity and the age of the flat are factors affecting the emission and concentration of formaldehyde. The maximum indoor and outdoor formaldehyde concentrations were recorded during the summer season. During the spring, 38% of the samples indicated that the concentration of formaldehyde in the seven flats exceeded 0.1 ppm, the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers' (ASHRAE) standard; in the summer, this figure increased to 53%.