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Solutions of the pollution transport problem and its adjoint are used to monitor mean pollution concentration in an ecologically important zone. Four strategies of control over pollutants released into the atmosphere by industrial plants are suggested. They differ by the restrictions imposed on the emission rate of each plant. All the strategies use solutions of the adjoint transport problem and assure the fulfillment of the sanitary norm in the zone. A linear interpolation of these strategies also brings pollution level in the zone down to the sanitary norm. A method of detecting the plants violating the prescribed emission rates is also given. A simple example is given to illustrate the strategies suggested. 相似文献
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Yi Zhang Lin Wu Chao Zou Boyu Jing Xiaoyu Li Tim Barlow Turpin Kevin Michel André Yao Liu Peipei Ren Gongdong Wang Hongjun Mao 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2017,22(5):445-458
This paper reports on the development and application of an urban high temporal-spatial resolution vehicle emission inventory model and decision support system based on the current situation in China and actual vehicle emission control requirements. The system incorporates a user-friendly modular architecture that integrates a vehicle emission model and a decision support platform and includes scenario analysis and visualisation capabilities. A bottom-up approach based on localised emission factors and actual on-road driving condition has been adopted to develop the system. As a case study of application and evaluation, an emission reduction effect analysis of the supposed low-emission zone (LEZ) policy in Beijing (2012) was conducted. According to the simulated results in the forms of tables, histograms and grid maps, the establishment of this LEZ had a definite effect on the emission reduction of various types of air pollutants, especially carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon. In the system, the simulation methodology for identifying environmental benefits brought by the LEZ policy could be used to assess other similar environmental policies. Through flexible modification of configuration values or input data variables, the efficacy of separate or joint policies could be quantifiably evaluated and graphically displayed. 相似文献
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Every mine in India has to obtain environmental clearance fromthe Govt. Air pollution is one of the most important parametersto be considered in preparing an EIA. However, there is no welldefined method for predicting thr air pollution impact due tomining. Increasing trend of opencast (O/C) mining leads toproduction of huge quantities of dust. Emission factor data havebeen utilised to quantify the generation of dust. The projectunder study is one of the largest opencast project (OCP) forcoking coal. The main sources of air pollution have beenidentified. The rate of emission per unit of a given activityknown as an emission factor has been utilised, taking localfactors into account. It has been estimated that due to topsoilremoval, overburden (O/B) removal, extraction of coal, sizereduction generated 7.8 t of dust per day. Wind erosiongenerated 1.6 t of dust per day and the whole operationproduced dust which accounted for 9.4 mt/day. They cause airpollution in the work zone and surrouding locations. Themethodology adopted may be used to quantify generation for otherprojects also. 相似文献
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This paper presents the impact of road user charging (RUC) on vehicle emissions through application of traffic assignment
and pollutant emission models. It presents results of an analysis of five RUC schemes on vehicle emissions in Leeds, UK for
2005. The schemes were: a £3 inner ring road cordoncharge; a double cordon with a £2 inner ring road and a £1 outer ring road
charge; and distance charges of 2, 10 and 20 p/km levied for travel within the outer cordon. Schemes were compared to a no
charge option and results presented here. Emissions are significantly reduced within the inner cordon, whilst beyond the cordon,
localised increases and decreases occur. The double cordon exhibits a similar but less marked pattern. Distance charging reduces
city-wide emissions by 10% under a 2 p/km charge, 42–49% under a 10 p/km charge and 52–59% under a 20 p/km charge. The higher
distance charges reduce emissions within the charge zone, and are also associated with elevated emissions outside the zone,
but to a lesser extent than that observed for cordon charging. 相似文献
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Henriks-Eckerman ML Välimaa J Rosenberg C Peltonen K Engström K 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2002,4(5):717-721
The thermal degradation products of polyurethanes (PURs) and exposure to isocyanates were studied by stationary and personal measurements in five different occupational environments. Isocyanates were collected on glass fibre filters impregnated with 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (2MP) and in impingers containing n-dibutylamine (DBA) in toluene. connected to a glass fibre postfilter. The derivatives formed were analysed by liquid chromatography: 2MP derivatives with UV and electrochemical detection and DBA derivatives with mass spectrometric detection. The release of aldehydes and other volatile organic compounds into the air was also studied. In a comparison of the two sampling methods, the 2MP method yielded about 20% lower concentrations for 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) than did the DBA method. In car repair shops, the median concentration of diisocyanates (given as NCO groups) in the breathing zone was 1.1 microg NCO m(-3) during grinding and 0.3 microg NCO m(-3) during welding, with highest concentrations of 1.7 and 16 pg NCO m(-3), respectively. High concentrations of MDI, up to 25 and 19 microg NCO m(-3), respectively, were also measured in the breathing zone during welding of district heating pipes and turning of a PUR-coated metal cylinder. During installation of PUR-coated floor covering, small amounts of aliphatic diisocyanates were detected in the air. A small-molecular monoisocyanate, methyl isocyanate, and isocyanic acid were detected only during welding and turning operations. The diisocyanate concentrations were in general higher near the emission source than in the workers' breathing zone. A sampling strategy to evaluate the risk of exposure to isocyanates is presented. 相似文献
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Claudio Carnevale Giovanna Finzi Marialuisa Volta 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2008,13(3):337-348
The chemical and size characterisation of aerosol in northern Italy was investigated by means of transport chemical aerosol
model (TCAM) multiphase model long-term simulations performed within the frame of the CityDelta-CAFE exercise. The results
show a high contribution of secondary inorganic compounds, in particular far from the Milan metropolitan area and in the large
rural area of the Po valley where the major chemical fractions are ammonium and nitrates. The sulphate contribution is quite
similar throughout this region, with the exception of areas close to SOx point emissions. Primary PM and organic compounds
fractions, on the other hand, are greater close to major urban areas, in particular the Milan metropolitan zone. This work
also presents a seasonal characterisation analysis of physical and chemical aerosol features. The results show that in winter,
due to domestic heating emission of NOx and low temperatures, which favour the formation of secondary nitrate and organic
aerosol, the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations are higher than those in summer, in agreement with experimental data presented
in several studies focussing on the same region. 相似文献
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A geographic information system (GIS)-based approach with spatial analysis advantages was developed to optimize the total
emission control scheme on air pollution in Lanzhou, combined with Models-3 modeling system and a linear programming model.
GIS system is mainly used for establishing a multifactor assessment model to quantitatively divide environmental functional
zone, and also used for selecting control sites in linear programming model. The results show that most of the urban area
belongs to the second type of function, which is 122.8 km2 occupying about 76.5% and the third type of about 32.9 km2 occupying 20.5%. To reach the air quality up to the national standard in the entire control area, some large-emission factories
need to cut emissions from 19% to 27%. For small but low-emission height sources, the cut may be as high 40%. The improvement
of the ecological environment is urgently needed for controlling the background particle pollution in Lanzhou city. 相似文献
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Heavy metal mobility was studied in overbank sediments of the Grote Beek river in Central Belgium. The geochemical signature of heavy metals in fine-scale sampled overbank sediments was compared with data on heavy metal emission into the river. The influence of acidification, organic and inorganic complexation on heavy metal mobility in overbank sediments was studied by single and sequential extractions and leaching tests. As confirmed by these tests, the elevated CaCl(2) content of the river water significantly enhanced the mobilisation of especially Cd, while Zn was mobilised to a lesser extent. The mobilisation of As on the other hand decreased in the presence of elevated CaCl(2) concentrations. Based on the results of single extractions, two highly contaminated zones with a different Cd mobility were observed in one of the overbank profiles. A detailed investigation of Cd leaching behaviour in the zone of Fe-accumulation during pH(stat) leaching tests, suggested that it was related to the association of Cd with Fe-oxides, while adsorption was the dominant binding form of Cd in the clay-rich part of the overbank sediment profile. 相似文献